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Topic: Austro Ottoman War

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	American Leaders Speak: From War to Normalcy, p.2
		The war effort inspired high patriotic fervor and vicious campaigns against pacifists, radicals, and citizens of German origin.
		The addition of America's forces to the war effort ended a bloody stalemate, and the fighting came to an end with the Armistice of November 11, 1918.
		During World War I, Gompers sought to unite labor behind the war effort, forming the War Committee on Labor.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/nfhtml/nfexww1.html (503 words)

	1762-96. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		WAR WITH THE OTTOMANS (See 1768–74), as a result of Russian advances into Poland (See 1772, Aug. 5), in which the Russians won unprecedented victories.
		The Ottoman leaders were with difficulty dissuaded by Britain and Austria from declaring war on Russia.
		War with Sweden and the Swedish invasion of Finland.
	www.bartleby.com /67/789.html (599 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		WORLD WAR I, military conflict, from 1914 to 1918, that began as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914; was transformed into a general European struggle by declaration of war against Russia on Aug. 1, 1914; and eventually became a global war involving 32 nations.
		The immediate cause of the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was the assassination on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia (together with Hercegovina, then part of Austria-Hungary), of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir-presumptive to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones, by Gavrilo Princip (1893?–1918), a Serb nationalist.
		The underlying causes of World War I were the intense nationalism that permeated Europe throughout the 19th and into the 20th century, the political and economic rivalry among nations, and the military buildup that occurred after 1871, when Germany emerged as a great world power.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/us_history/worldwar1.html (4451 words)

	SANE Serbian-American Alliance of New England
		Kosovo-Metohija was located deep inside the Ottoman possessions in Europe and it resembled typical province where different religious and ethnic communities coexisted under the surveillance of the centralized administration under the supreme power of the sultan.
		The new wars with the Habsburg Empire during the 18th century and the weakening of the central authorities in Constantinople stimulated the growth of anarchy which prior to the 19th century acquired large proportions.
		The wars Serbia and Montenegro supported by the Russian Empire waged against Turkey (1876-1878) resulted in the defeat of Albanian troops and the migration, either voluntarily or forcibly, of Albanians from the liberated territories in southeast Serbia.
	www.sane-boston.org /aboutserbs_kos.html (6054 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - U.S. Reply to Austro-Hungarian Protest Regarding Shipment of U.S. Munitions ...
		During the Boer War between Great Britain and the South African republics the patrol of the coast of neighbouring neutral colonies by British naval vessels prevented arms and ammunition reaching the Transvaal or the Orange Free State.
		While, as compared with the present war, the quantities sold were small (a table of the sales is appended), the principle of neutrality involved was the same.
		While these latter cases are not analogous, as in the case of the South African War, to the situation of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the present war, they nevertheless clearly indicate the long established practice of the two empires in the matter of trade in war supplies.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/usmunitions_lansing.htm (1580 words)

	AllRefer.com - Berlin, Congress of (Turkish And Ottoman History) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Greater Bulgaria, which had been created at San Stefano, was divided into N Bulgaria, a principality under nominal Ottoman suzerainty; Eastern Rumelia, to be governed, with certain autonomous rights, by a Christian appointee of the Ottoman emperor; and Macedonia (including Adrianople), under unrestricted Ottoman sovereignty.
		Bosnia and Hercegovina, original cause of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, were assigned to Austria-Hungary for administration and military occupation.
		In Asia, Russia acquired Ardahan, Batum, and Kars from the Ottomans.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/BerlinCong.html (414 words)

	spulaha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although the Ottoman documents are numerous, the situation is better described by the registers of the cadastral office and the census data of the Ottoman Empire.
		The publication of the Ottoman cadastral registers has been instrumental in the creation of a thorough set of data for all the population of the Plain of Dukagjini and for the population of the towns of Kosova during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
		With the Ottoman occupation, a situation which was not very favorable to the colonization of these areas by the Slavs and to the Slavization of the Albanian population was created.
	members.aol.com /dxhezo/spulaha.htm (18124 words)

	WHKMLA : Austro-Ottoman War 1592-1606
		The areas adjacent to Ottoman Hungary and Bosnia were constantly exposed to the threat of raids undertaken from Ottoman soil.
		The Habsburg force retook Györ and Veszprem in 1598, the Ottoman force took Kanisza in 1600; in 1603 and 1605, Ottoman troops raided Styria.
		Early in the war, Transylvania had sided with the Habsburgs; attempts to introduce the Counterreformation in Transylvanian areas defended by Habsburg mercenary troops, commanded by Gen. Basta (an ethnic Albanian), as well as atrocities committed by the latter, alienated the Transylvanians.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/austroott15921606.html (373 words)

	Ottoman Bosnia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Land was distributed according to the Ottoman feudal system, in which the holder of a timar (estate) had to report for military duty, bringing and supporting other soldiers.
		In the next major war (1714–18) Austria joined forces with Venice; at the Treaty of Passarowitz (Pozarevac) in 1718, Venetian-ruled Dalmatia was allowed to extend its territory inland, reaching a line that since then has formed part of the southwestern border of Bosnia.
		The social consequences of war also included a change in the system of land tenure: increasingly, the old feudal timar estates were converted into a type of private estate known as a ciftlik, in response to the imperial treasury's need for cash instead of old-style feudal service.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-42681?tocId=42681 (2477 words)

	Pre-war crises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		War seemed imminent but Russia was obliged to back down because England and France were unwilling to become involved in this issue and because Germany promised to give military support to Austria (The Kaiser said, "a knight in shining armour will be found by her [Austrian side.").
		In 1912, Britain and France made a naval agreement that in the event of a war, the British fleet should guard the North Sea and the English channel, while the French fleet was to be deployed in the Mediterranean.
		Firstly, Serbia was twice victorious in the Balkan wars and was larger than ever--her area doubled as she got a large part of Macedonia.
	www.thecorner.org /wwi/crises.htm (2186 words)

	Austro-Hungarian Army - General Wladimir Giesl Freiherr von Gieslingen
		During the Ottoman-Greek war he was in the Thessalonica theatre and was part of the Grenzregulierungskommission (Border regulating commission).
		For his efforts during this war he was honored with the award of the Ottoman War Commemoration Medal and finally with the Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold with war decoration on the 26th of September 1898.
		During the two decades prior to the world war the eyes and ears of the Dual Monarchy at this critical junction were those of Giesl and only a few others like Consul Alfred Rappaport, the expert on Albania and Montenegro.
	www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk /biog/gieslw.htm (1608 words)

	Ottoman Empire - 3 - 1881 - Conservative Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By the terms of the Treaty of Ancona the Ottoman Empire agreed to aid Italy in the defense of her nation.
		The sudden, unprovoked, declaration of war by France on Germany seems to have caught the entire world by suprise, that is with the exception of Austria-Hungary.
		It is Austria and not the Ottoman Empire (and, incidently, not Germany or Italy) that has pursued a militaristic policy and has consistenly threatened the less warlike countries around her.
	www.cse.sc.edu /~girard/1881/OE_3_1881_ConA.html (717 words)

	[No title]
		Ottoman Sultan Abd-al Hamid II rejects Herzl's proposal that Palestine be granted to the Jews.
		Ottoman government sends commission of inquiry to Palestine to study implications of Zionist mass immigration and land acquisition.
		Palestinian deputies from Jerusalem, Jaffa, Nablus and Acre elected to Ottoman parliament of 1908 in Constantinople.
	www.alnakba.org /chronology/first.htm (820 words)

	Mehmed III - TheBestLinks.com - December 22, Hungary, Habsburg, May 26, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Mehmed III (May 26, 1566 – December 22, 1603) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death.
		The major event of his reign was the Austro-Ottoman War in Hungary (1596–1605).
		Mehmed's armies conquered Erlau (1596) and defeated the Habsburg and Transylvanian forces at the Battle of Mezokeresztes during which the Sultan had to be dissuaded from fleeing the field halfway through the battle.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Mehmed_III.html (186 words)

	PreludeWar
		The Ottoman Empire were also aware of the threat of the war that seemed inevitable decided to add two battleships to their navy to assist in the defence of the empire from possible Russian attack via the Black Sea or attack via the Dardanelles.
		But the Ottoman Empire didn't have enough money in their treasury to pay for those battleships so an appeal was held throughout Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.
		The Marquis di San Giuliano said "as the war undertaken by Austria was aggressive and did not fall within the purely defensive character of the Triple Alliance,.., Italy could take part in the war.
	www.anzacs.net /PreludeWar.htm (2053 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Timeline: 1879-1914 The Deadly Alliances
		This strategic alliance was formed for the express purpose of stopping Italy from attacking Austria-Hungary in the event of war with Russia.
		Bismarck's ø Reinsurance Treaty with Russia was an attempt to avoid this seemingly inevitable war.
		Bulgaria, newly independent from the Ottoman Empire, allies itself with Russia in an attempt to ward off the possibility of Austro-Hungarian aggression.
	www.worldwar1.com /tlalli.htm (472 words)

	Art History - History of Art - Art History in Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Art History
		Before the Ottoman conquest, that church had had very few members in the Bosnian lands outside Herzegovina and the eastern strip of the Drina valley; there is no definite evidence of any Orthodox church buildings in central, northern, or western Bosnia before 1463.
		In the next major war (1714-18) Austria joined forces with Venice; at the Treaty of Passarowitz (Poºarevac) in 1718, Venetian-ruled Dalmatia was allowed to extend its territory inland, reaching a line that since then has formed part of the southwestern border of Bosnia in Bosnian History.
		During these final decades of Ottoman rule, Muslims were violently expelled from Serbia; the rise of Serbia as a quasi-autonomous Christian province made Bosnian Muslims feel more isolated and vulnerable, and the increasing role of foreign powers (especially Austria and Russia) as "protectors" of the interests of Christians in the Balkans also raised their suspicions.
	www.easterncorner.com /Bosnia.htm (2203 words)

	Whispers from Sarajevo: A Lesson from World War One
		Out of the ashes of ancient empires, and fueled by years of war, oppression and nationalist sentiments, groups of terrorists formed to overthrow the established order through violence.
		The entry into the war of the United States was accompanied by the biggest single episode of loss of domestic liberty in that country's history.
		The "war to end all wars" had been a tragic and costly failure.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig2/miniato1.html (1141 words)

	Austro-Turkish War 1737-9
		The main Ottoman army was benefiting from the limited military reforms of the Sultan Mahmut I. Janissary discipline and training were improved, the timar system reorganised and foreign expertise recruited including the French artillerist Bonneval.
		With the arrival of the main Ottoman army in 1738 Bosnian forces reinforced by Tartar troops crossed the Una and captured the fortress of Ziren and devastated the border areas.
		The Austrian army is covered in 'Austria's Wars of Emergence 1683-1797' by Michael Hochedlinger and Gunther Rothenberg's two volume history of the military border in Croatia.
	www.balkanhistory.com /austro-turkish_war_1737-9.htm (1471 words)

	World War links
		American Ex - Prisoners of War - a congresionally chartered non-profit organization The American Ex-Prisoners of War organization is a national organization for American citizens who were captured by the enemy.
		During the war years of 1941-1943, Seuss served as editorial cartoonist for the New York newspaper "PM," and his patriotic "war bond" cartoons appeared in many other newspapers as well.
		Oryoku Maru Story - World War II - The Oryoku Maru Story and a searchable list of POWs who were aboard the ship that left the Phillipines filled with US POW traveling to Japan.
	killeenroos.com /link/war.htm (2705 words)

	SFOR - History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
		By the time of the Crimean war against Russia in 1853, the Ottoman Empire had begun to lose power in the region, allowing Russia to gain influence in the Balkans, particularly with Serbia and Montenegro.
		World War I is said to have started in Sarajevo with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the summer of 1914.
		On June 28 (the anniversary of the battle of “Kosovo Polje” in 1389), the successor to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was murdered in Sarajevo.
	www.nato.int /sfor/indexinf/120/p03a/chapter4.htm (700 words)

	Austro-Ottoman War -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Austro-Ottoman War -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		the so-called (additional info and facts about Great Turkish war) Great Turkish war of 1683-1699, and/or the subsequent 1716-1718 war
		any number of other Austro- (additional info and facts about Ottoman wars in Europe) Ottoman wars in Europe
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/au/austro-ottoman_war1.htm (46 words)

	Srdja Trifkovic's NEWS & VIEWS UNFIT TO PRINT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the aftermath of the war the communist regime attempted to sweep the bloody legacy of World War II under the carpet.
		The demand for Serbia’s submission that had preceded the war was an act of self-betrayal by the West, incompatible with the logic of a system of sovereign states which for the past 350 years has formed the basis of Western politics and the rule of law.
		The precedent already existed in Donald Rumsfeld’s pointed invocation, during the war in Afghanistan, of America’s intereventions in Bosnia and Kosovo as the conclusive proof that the United States is not a priori anti-Muslim.
	www.chroniclesmagazine.org /News/Trifkovic04/NewsST032304.html (6074 words)

	Crimean War
		In July, 1853, Russia retorted by occupying the Ottoman vassal states of Moldavia and Walachia, and in October, after futile negotiations, the Ottomans declared war.
		Austria remained neutral, but by threatening to enter the war on the Ottoman side forced Russia to evacuate Moldavia and Walachia, which were occupied (Aug., 1854) by Austrian troops.
		The Crimean War ended the dominant role of Russia in SE Europe; the cooling of Austro-Russian relations was an important factor in subsequent European history.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0814043.html (610 words)

	Vojska Srbije i Crne Gore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		On August 4th 1791, a four-year Austro-Ottoman War ended with a Treaty of Sistova, which determined the borders of the two countries.
		The ceasefire granted amnesty to Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, Vlaska and Moldavia, thus confirming the Treaty of Belgrade from 1739.
		The Ottoman Empire was obligated to secure the river traffic and trade and Austria to evacuate the Turkish area.
	www.vj.yu /english/en_aktuelno/vesti/avgust2003/v0804e.htm (720 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Burgundy the Mighty, an AAR
		In January French diplomats delivered a formal declaration of war at the court in Madrid, announcing that they were supported by their allies Savoie, Brittany and his Holiness the Pope.
		During this war Burgundy expanded her armies to almost four times its size, and was surely becoming a force to be considered.
		The same year as the Dutch war begun our allies Austria was attacked by the Ottomans and their lackeys the Hafsids.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=15523 (5882 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Iraq
		Today the country and its people are scarred by more than two decades of war: an eight-year conflict with Iran that cost a million lives, the failed invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the crushing attack by U.S.-led forces in 2003.
		With its infrastructure all but destroyed and its leader deposed, Iraq is now the centre of a tug of war between the U.S. coalition and opposition forces.
		During the Cold War, the United States needed an Islamic ally strong enough to counterbalance Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt, and by 1956 the U.S. began sending technical and military assistance to Iraq.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/iraq (2810 words)

	ipedia.com: Battle of Vienna Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He covered this with a stern warning to Count Teckley, the leader of Hungary (then an Ottoman satellite), whom he threatened with destruction if he tried to take advantage of the situation.
		In the confusion, they made straight for the Ottoman camps, while the Vienna garrison sallied out of its defenses and joined in the assault.
		In less than three hours, the battle was won, as the Turks beat a hasty retreat to the south and east.
	www.ipedia.com /battle_of_vienna.html (581 words)

	World War I
		Four empires collapsed: the Russian Empire in 1917, the German and the Austro-Hungarian in 1918, and the Ottoman in 1922.
		Under the peace settlement, Germany was required to pay reparations eventually set at $33 billion; accept responsibility for the war; cede territory to Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, and Poland; give up its overseas colonies; and accept an allied military force on the west bank of the Rhine River for 15 years.
		Examines the impact of the war on the home front, including its impact on labor, dissenters, intellectuals, and African Americans, and assesses Wilson's presidential leadership.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /modules/ww1/index.cfm (554 words)

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