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	Italo-Turkish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War (also known in Italy as guerra di Libia, "the Libyan war", and in Turkey as Trablusgarp Savaşı) was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Italy from September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912.
		Although minor, the war was an important precursor of the First World War as it sparked nationalism in the Balkan states.
		Giolitti refused, however, and war was declared on September 29, 1911.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italo-Turkish_War (1134 words)

	Great Turkish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century.
		The Russian involvement marked the beginning of the Russo-Turkish Wars.
		The League eventually won the war in 1699 and forced the Ottoman Empire to sign the Treaty of Karlowitz.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Turkish_war (390 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		WORLD WAR I, military conflict, from 1914 to 1918, that began as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914; was transformed into a general European struggle by declaration of war against Russia on Aug. 1, 1914; and eventually became a global war involving 32 nations.
		The immediate cause of the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was the assassination on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia (together with Hercegovina, then part of Austria-Hungary), of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir-presumptive to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones, by Gavrilo Princip (1893?–1918), a Serb nationalist.
		The underlying causes of World War I were the intense nationalism that permeated Europe throughout the 19th and into the 20th century, the political and economic rivalry among nations, and the military buildup that occurred after 1871, when Germany emerged as a great world power.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/us_history/worldwar1.html (4451 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Causes of World War One
		The explosive that was World War One had been long in the stockpiling; the spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
		Almost immediately following her defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, together with the humiliating annexation by the newly unified Germany of the coal-rich territories of Alsace and Lorraine, the French government and military alike were united in thirsting for revenge.
		To this end the French devised a strategy for a vengeful war upon Germany, Plan XVII, whose chief aim was the defeat of Germany and the restoration of Alsace and Lorraine.
	www.firstworldwar.com /origins/causes.htm (4287 words)

	The Bosnian Conflict: Origins and History - Bosnia-Hercegovina under Ottoman Rule, 1463-1878 \| Carl Savich \| Columns \| ...
		In the Turkish annals, Bosnia was referred to as the Lion that guards the gates of Stamboulî and as the ìchosen land of Mahometan Conservatism.
		Crucial for the Islamicization of Bosnia was the peculiar and venal Turkish Muslim institution of the boy-tribute, or Adzami-Oglan (devsirme, ìcollectingî).
		The Muslims used the Turkish dagger or scimitar in these massacres of unarmed Serbian civilians, the handzar, or kama (from Turkish hancer, kama, dagger, dirk), which was the weapon of the Ottoman Zaptiehs (from Turkish Zaptiye, gendarme), the Ottoman gendarmes or police, and the Bashi-Bazouks.
	www.serbianna.com /columns/savich/014.shtml (4459 words)

	The Great War . The Shaping of the 21st Century \| PBS
		Just as the war was ending, German Nationalists like Hitler gathered millions who rejected the peace and blamed Jews and Communists for their defeat.
		Whether or not the war on terrorism as a response to the World Trade Center attack is detrimental to the United States, has yet to be seen.
		It occurred in the context of total war, but it was also the policy of an independent state to eliminate inhabitants of its own population.
	www.pbs.org /greatwar/thenandnow/index.html (1481 words)

	The Near East and the First World War: Turkish Army Prepares For War
		For the Turkish General Staff and for the Turkish Army, 1914 was supposed to be year devoted to the rebuilding of an army shattered by war.
		The reorganization of Turkish forces in 1914 was comprehensive and was designed to redeploy the army into its pre-Balkan War garrison locations and also to rebuild the divisional and corps base of the army.
		Altogether, 14 of 36 Turkish infantry divisions organized in August 1914 were in the process of being rebuilt from scratch, and eight divisions of the 36 had conducted a major redeployment within the year.
	www.worldwar1.com /neareast/ta.htm (2304 words)

	The Heavenly Kingdom in Serbia's Historic Destiny
		The Balkan wars of 1912 interfered and interrupted the preparations for the building of a larger church.
		In World War I Serbia was once again placed in a situation of complete disadvantage, but she, once again, refused to accept the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, chose the Kingdom of Heaven, and accepted conflict with the powerful Hapsburg Empire, much like David against Goliath.
		After the war and the creation of Yugoslavia (1918), the initiative for the building of the Saint Sava Church on Vracar was renewed, as was the old spirit of Serbian zaduzbinarstvo.
	www.srpska-mreza.com /bookstore/kosovo/kosovo14.htm (3905 words)

	World War I Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The period from 1815-1914 is often referred to as the “Hundred Years’ Peace,” or “Pax Britannica.” From the end of the Napoleonic Wars at Waterloo in 1815 until the outbreak of war in 1914, Europe found itself relatively at peace.
		Following the American Civil war, with new weapons and techniques, it was clear that railroads, steamships, and other industrial advances were going to reshape not only war but defense policies and preparations for war as well.
		Founder of the Naval War College, Captain Mahan began to write books and articles which were widely read and applauded that called for America to develop its strength on the basis of sea power, which he found to have been a decisive force in making nations and empires great and long lasting throughout history.
	www.sagehistory.net /worldwar1/wwibg.htm (2255 words)

	The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State
		During the Austro-Turkish war of 1788-1791 he served in a Serbian unit raised by the Austrians.
		After a riot at a Turkish estate in 1814, the Turkish authorities massacred the local population and publicly impaled two hundred prisoners at Belgrade.
		Unlike a man like Ali, whose interest was confined to manipulating the old system to benefit himself and his family, the new Serb leaders set aside the old forms to pursue goals that changed the position of their co-nationals as well.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture5.html (4078 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Dragutin Dimitrijevic
		Born in Naples on 4 December 1861, Diaz graduated from the military colleges of Naples and Turin prior to serving with distinction in the Italo-Turkish war of 1911-12.
		Although personally credited for his conduct at Caporetto in October 1917, the overall humiliating Italian defeat there resulted in Cadorna's dismissal as Chief of Staff; Diaz was appointed his replacement by incoming Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando.
		After the war Diaz served as Mussolini's Minister of War from 1922.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/diaz.htm (270 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		12 years after Karlowitz the Turks began the long prospect of taking revenge for their defeat in the Sixteen Years War.
		Firstly the Turkish Grand Vizier BaltacÄ± Mehmet's army defeated the Russian Army which was controlled by Peter the Great.
		As such the Ottoman Empire declared war against Austria.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_of_1716-18_.html (100 words)

	World War I infoTurkish.com Herşey Hakkında Türkçe Bilgi
		The War was also the catalyst for the Russian Revolution, which would inspire later revolutions in countries as diverse as China and Cuba, and would lay the basis for the Cold War standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States.
		Dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew despite the success of the June 1916 Brusilov offensive in eastern Galicia against the Austrians, when Russian success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces in support of the victorious sector commander.
		At the outbreak of the war, it was a widely held belief that the war would usher in a new age of humanity.
	www.infoturkish.com /Turkey/World-War-I.html (13153 words)

	THE KARPOSH UPRISING
		Some Turkish chronicles and local tradition call Karpos " King of Kumanovo " (and certainly he was accorded this title), together with the ceremonial helmet, by Emperor Leopold I of Austria.
		Later there was a change in the military and political situation in the Balkans, which had a crucial effect on the rebellion.
		The Austrian army was forced to withdraw and powerful Turkish forces, reinforced by Tatar detachments belonging to the Crimean Khan Selim Giral, attacked the rebels.
	www.cybermacedonia.com /karpos.html (203 words)

	Imperialism and World War One
		Wars do, more or less by accident, result in some social change, but in the long run they retard and deter social progress more than aid it.
		Wars should not be seen as "aiding" or "blocking" social change or progress.
		Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations.
	web.uccs.edu /history/courses/fall2000websites/hist153/impwar.htm (2285 words)

	World War One - Theatres of War
		Although World War One was a world war, most of the fighting was confined to a few key areas.
		This pattern of attack and counter-attack continued for the first two years of the war and meant that the Eastern Front changed position as land was captured and lost by both sides.
		Prior to the outbreak of war in August 1914, Italy had tended to side with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
	www.historyonthenet.com /WW1/theatresofwar.htm (880 words)

	Worl War I
		(a) The longest and bloodiest battle of the war.
		d. Article 231: Germany forced to admit sole responsibility, with her allies, for causing World War I. This most the most unjustified feature of the treaty, and a blow to German pride preparing the way for Hitler's appeal to the Germans.
		b. The war with Germany was officially brought to an end by joint congressional resolution on May 20, 1920, but this was vetoed by President Wilson.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Stu/jhubbell/Outlines/WWarI.html (3027 words)

	Diary of an Uncivil War
		Consequently, Ignatieff's supporting arguments for the campaign are based on the same two "galvanizing incidents" used by NATO spokesmen to justify their actions: the January 1999 massacre of Albanian civilians by Serbian police at Racak, and Operation Horseshoe, the plan for Yugoslavia to ethnically-cleanse Kosovo.
		By the time Virtual War was published in 2000, German intelligence confessed to having fabricated the Operation Horseshoe documents, and a UN forensic team had concluded that "no massacre" had taken place at Racak.
		In reporting the civil wars in Croatia and Bosnia, journalists often described the Serbs as invaders and whatever territory they occupied was referred to as captured.
	www.antiwar.com /orig/taylor2.html (2288 words)

	Austro-Ottoman War, 1737-1739
		A Treaty of Alliance with Russia obliged Austria to support Russia in her quest for a port on the Black Sea.
		After diplomatic pressure failed, Austria declared war in 1737; the War of Polish Succession had practically ended, so Austria's forces were free to act.
		Yet a War of Austrian Succession was likely to happen, and therefore the available forces had to be freed of other engagements.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/18cen/austott17371739.html (181 words)

	World War I - Phantis
		World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict lasting from 1914 to 1919, with the fighting lasting until 1918.
		The label World War I or First World War did not come into general use until after the outbreak of World War II in 1939, and until then it was known as the Great War or the World War.
		The state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months until it was finally ended by the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919 with Germany and the following treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and The Ottoman Empire signed at St. Germain, Trianon, Neuilly and Sèvres.
	wiki.phantis.com /index.php/First_World_War (2532 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Zivojin Misic
		From 1898-1904 Misic taught strategy at the Military Academy, and served on Radomir Putnik's staff during the 1908-09 Bosnian crisis.
		Appointed Chief of General Staff with the end of the war Misic died on 20 January 1921 at the age of 66.
		During the war 1,200 French churches were destroyed.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/misic.htm (378 words)

	Poniatowski
		In 1788 fought in the Russo-Austro-Turkish War and was seriously wounded at the Sava River on April 24, during the siege of Sabatch, as he was leading an assault on the fortress.
		In spring of 1809 Poniatowski led the Polish forces against an Austrian invasion under the Archduke Ferdinand d'Este, in the war that was regarded by Austrian high command as a crucial element of their struggle with Napoleonic France.
		On the eve of the 1812 war a heated debate took place, concerning the shape of the future (expected) Poland (Napoleon already allowed the Kingdom of Poland to be proclaimed).
	members.core.com /~gugalo (5709 words)

	Beograd - Karadjordjeva Street (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He had spent his youth resisting Turkish violence, first as an outlaw and later as a brave fighter in the volunteer company (Frei Korps) of Captain Radić Petrović in the Austro-Turkish war of 1788-1791.
		He managed to evade the shameful action by the Turks when they cut off the heads of 72 Serbian chiefs, and, at the beginning of February 1804, was chosen as leader of the uprising at a meeting in Oraac.
		It was his crucial influence which transformed the rebellion against the Turkish dahis into a war of independence.
	web.mit.edu /~most/Public/Belgrade/karadjordjeva.html (366 words)

	Warfare in the Seventeenth Century (Smithsonian History of Warfare) - Keystone Camera & Photo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This richly illustrated book is part of Casell's History of Warfare series, and the author is a professor of Military History at Leeds and has written extensively on 17th and 18th C. military.
		Being unfamiliar with much of the 17th C. military history of the Continent, including the 30 Years War, Austro-Turkish War and Wars of Louis XIV, I found the...
		The book briefly covers the 30 Years War, the English Civil Wars, and the wars of mid-century, as well as the wars of Louis XIV.
	www.keystonecameras.com /store/asinsearch_1588341917 (313 words)

	Amazon.com: The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1): 1914-16 (Men-at-Arms): Books: Peter Jung,Darko Pavlovic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The part played in the Great War by the army of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy is little known to English-speakers, perhaps because the end of the war saw the complete destruction of the Empire.
		The first half of the story of this complex multi-national organisation at war is described here in a concise but detailed text, supported by data tables and an insignia chart, and illustrated with rare photographs and colourful uniform plates.
		Given that the brash, new, powerful German Empire was outlived by the arthritic, "ramshackle" Austro- Hungarian state (held together by the army) for a mere matter of weeks in 1918, there must be a case for some recognition.
	www.amazon.com /Austro-Hungarian-Forces-World-War-Men-at-Arms/dp/1841765945 (2014 words)

	Belgrade
		After the Austro-Turkish war 1737-1739, Belgrade again came under the Turkish rule and the fortress appearance was once more altered.
		The cruelty and oppression to which they were subjected roused the Serbian people to rebellion, with the aim of throwing off Turkish rule and its feudal system, in 1804.
		The Serbian insurgents under Karadjordje (Black George) Petrovich captured the town of Belgrade at the end of 1806, and the fortress early in 1807.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /users/lpv/YU/HTML/bg.html (809 words)

	HistoryWiz Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Each is volume written by a leading authority in the field and edited by John Keegan, the world's preeminent military historian.
		The comprehensive history of the social, political, and economic contexts of the significant wars that raged across Europe in the seventeenth century.
		Being unfamiliar with much of the 17th C. military history of the Continent, including the 30 Years War, Austro-Turkish War and Wars of Louis...
	www.historywiz.com /cgi-bin/apf4/amazon_products_feed.cgi?Operation=ItemLookup&ItemId=1588341917 (422 words)

	Austro-Ottoman War, 1788-1791
		As in the case of the Austro-Ottoman War 1737-1739, a Treaty of Alliance with Russia obliged Austria to come to the latter's support in her war on the Ottoman Empire.
		Austria declared war in 1788, as Emperor Joseph intended to get his share when Ottoman territory was to be partitioned.
		However, Prussia caused trouble, stirring up rebellious mood within the Habsburg territories; an open rebellion broke out in the Austrian Netherlands (the Brabant Revolution), and Emperor Joseph's health deteriorated; he died in 1790.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/18cen/austott17881791.html (154 words)

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