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Topic: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

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~kszucs The Stamps of the Monarchy for Special Collectors members.tripod.com /~kszucs

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was created by the union of the Germanic, Slavonic, and Hungarian provinces which now lie within its territory. But if the beginning of the modern era is made, as it usually is, to coincide with the Reformation, then it is further marked by the rise of that monarchy which was formed by the union of the Austrian, Slavonian, and Hungarian provinces under the Hapsburgs in 1526. By this name is designated the European monarchy whose dominions have for their main life-distributing artery the River Danube, in its course from Engelhartszell, near Passau, to Orsova. www.newadvent.org /cathen/02121b.htm

Austria-Hungary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Austria-Hungary had been established by a compromise between the Hungarian nobility and the Habsburg monarchy in an attempt to maintain the old Austrian Empire. Although military direction was determined by the unified government, the Austrian and Hungarian governments each remained in charge of "the quota of recruits, legislation concerning compulsory military service, transfer and provision of the armed forces, and regulation of the civic, non-military affairs of members of the armed forces". The disputes between the halves of the empire culminated in the mid- 1900s in a prolonged constitutional crisis triggered by disagreement over the language of command in Hungarian army units, and deepened by the advent to power in Budapest (April 1906) of a Hungarian nationalist coalition. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire

Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918 The aim of this site is to document the organisational history of the land forces of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy from just prior to the outbreak of the Great War until the collapse of the monarchy in 1918. We have additionally decided to also expand the scope of the site to encompass the period from 1848 up to the collapse of the Monarchy and the post-war Bundesheer. Very little is available in the English language and what is available tends to be of the allied forces intelligence type information and books derived from those sources. www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The reorganization of Austria and Hungary was made possible by the Ausgleich [compromise] of 1867, a constitutional compromise between Hungarian aspirations for independence and Emperor Francis Joseph ’s desire for a strong, centralized empire as a source of power after Austria’s defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. The agreement to establish the Dual Monarchy, which was worked out primarily by the Austrian foreign minister, Count Beust, and two Hungarians, the elder Count Andrássy and Francis Deak, divided the Hapsburg empire into two states. The Hungarians gained control of their internal affairs in return for agreeing to a centralized foreign policy and continued union of the Austrian and Hungarian crowns in the Hapsburg ruler. www.bartleby.com /65/au/AustroHu.html

Thomas's Glassware Tour to Central Europa This is a collection of old souvenir glasses of a type that was popular in and around the countries of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy between around 1900 and the 1940s. www.thomasgraz.net /main.htm

Old Homes of New Americans, Chapter 1 But the other races of Austria-Hungary, speaking a dozen languages and dialects, who look to Vienna and Budapest as their capitals, are of supreme, interest and importance to us of America, as we think of the new life-blood which is constantly infused into our veins from the lands of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Thus it happens that though the ruling family is of German descent and many of the nobles and high officials confess their Teutonic origin, the monarchy is largely Gomposed of Slavic and Magyar peoples, with a comparatively small element of Germans. For this reason I need say little about the German Austrians, or their beautiful capital of Vienna, for as compared with the great masses of Slavs and Magyars they do not come in great numbers to our shores, and those that do come are scarcely distinguishable from other German emigrants. www.iarelative.com /oldhomes/chap_01.htm

Treaty of Trianon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hungarian state that replaced the Kingdom of Hungary, part of former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, after the World War I. Hungary also renounced all privileges in territory outside Europe which belonged to the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Further provisions stated that in Hungary, no railway shall be built with more than one track. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVAL ENSIGNS & FLAGS Though the Austrian Empire (known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy after the constitutional reforms of 1867) was never major sea power, it had since the eighteenth century maintained a small but efficient navy. When the Dual Monarchy collapsed in 1918, the ships of its navy were allocated to the victorious Entente powers. It is unlikely that either the 1915 ensign and jack or the 1915 rank flags were much used before the war (and the Dual Monarchy) came to an end in 1918. tmg110.tripod.com /austria1.htm

Austro-Hungarian Military Mail 1914-1918 Chapter 1 The purpose of this chapter is to offer the collector of Austro-Hungarian military post 1914-18 an introduction to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy as it existed in 1914. By 1914 the Monarchy was allied to the German Empire and the Kingdom of Italy in the Triple Alliance; and also to the Kingdom of Romania. The Monarchy of 1914 dated from 1866, the Battle of Königgrätz, or Sadowa as it is sometimes known. www.kitzbuhel.demon.co.uk /austamps/dixnut/dn1.htm

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY RANK FLAGS The Austro-Hungarian Army (as it was known after the constitutional reforms of 1867 which created the Dual Monarchy) had many peculiar features, most of which reflected the polyglot and somewhat ramshackle character of the state it served. The majority of officers were German Austrians and most of the rest were Hungarians, while many of the troops they commanded were Croats, Czechs, Bosnian Muslims, Poles, Slovaks, etc., etc.--a situation hardly calculated to foster unit cohesion. Since regiments were organized along "national" lines, a career Army officer often found it necessary to learn three, four or even six languages in addition to his native tongue. tmg110.tripod.com /austria3.htm

The Avalon Project : Naturalization Convention Between the United States and Austria-Hungary; September, 20 1870 Reciprocally, citizens of the United States of America who have resided in the territories of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, uninterruptedly at least five years, and during such residence have become naturalized citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, shall be held by the United States to be citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and shall be treated as such. In particular, a former citizen of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy who, under the first article, is to be held as an American citizen, is liable to trial and punishment, according to the laws of Austro-Hungary, for non-fulfilment of military duty: 1st. ARTICLE I. Citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy who have resided in the United States of America uninterruptedly at least five years, and during such residence have become naturalized citizens of the United States, shall be held by the Government of Austria and Hungary to be American citizens, and shall be treated as such. www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/austria/aust06.htm

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY - LoveToKnow Article on AUSTRIA-HUNGARY Ariny.The military system of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy is similar in both states, and rests since 1868 upon the principle of the universal and personal obligation of the citizen to bear arms. The unity of the monarchy is expressed in the common head of the state, who bears the title Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary, and in the common administration of a series of affairs, which affect both halves of the Dual Monarchy. In conformity with the customs and commercial compact between the two states, renewed in 1899, the monarchy constitutes one identical customs and commercial territory, inclusive of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the principality of Liechtenstein. www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AU/AUSTRIA_HUNGARY.htm

Austro-Hungarian Empire This was the joint Austro-Hungarian flag brought in sometime after the 1867 "Ausgleich" or "Compromise", which gave Hungary home rule. As to its colours unchanged naval ensign the ancient Hungarian red-and-white coat of arms is to be shown next to the coat of arms of the "Austrian House". The version I'm familiar with was the joint naval ensign which has crowned shields for Austria (red-white-red) and Hungary (traditional Hungarian arms) on the white stripe(s). www.fotw.net /Flags/ah.html

The Treaty of Trianon Hungary hereby accepts all the consequences of the establishment of the French Protectorate in Morocco, which had been recognised by the Government of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and she renounces, so far as she is concerned, the régime of the capitulations in Morocco. Hungarian nationals who belong to racial, religious or linguistic minorities shall enjoy the same treatment and security in law and in fact as the other Hungarian nationals. Hungary will provide in the public educational system in towns and districts in which a considerable proportion of Hungarian nationals of other than Magyar speech are resident adequate facilities for ensuring that in the primary schools the instruction shall be given to the children of such Hungarian nationals through the medium of their own language. www.skygodproject.net /history/treaty_of_trianon.htm

The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy However when the Hungarians hear the word Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, they immediately think about oppression. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was a dualistic confederation between Austria and Hungary. Maybe the germanization would be stronger, but the Hungarians are famous about their consciousness and traditions ( we have been living in the middle of Europe not for nothing for more than 1000 years!!) Although it's not right to say that we would endure to be told what, how, when to do. www.iearn.hu /balkans/history/monarchia.htm

The Strength of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1914 - John Garland This meant that when the Delegations - 60 members of the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments - met separately in Vienna and Budapest to look after the common interests of the dual state, the Hungarian delegation was always able to speak with a single united voice. John Garland concludes the discussion in the December issue, in a second article, in which the strengths of the Austrian Monarchy are outlined, and the article concludes with an overall assessment of the Habsburg Monarchy's strength in 1914. In fact almost nobody inside the Monarchy was working for a republic during this period, and practically no one wanted to see the Monarchy break up. www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~semp/strength1.htm

BookkooB: Hapsburg Empire World of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Original Photographs, 1840-1916 - Franz Hubmann, Andrew Wheatcroft Below you will see a list of UK book stores, along with their stock and price details for Hapsburg Empire World of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Original Photographs, 1840-1916 by Franz Hubmann, Andrew Wheatcroft. Hapsburg Empire: The World of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Original Photographs, 1840-1916 To allow you to quickly compare prices, the stores are arranged in order of delivered price, cheapest first. www.bookkoob.co.uk /book/0912050241.htm

The Breakdown of the Austria-Hungarian Monarchy After the breakdown of the Austro Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 he worked on the organization of the Supreme Administrative Court in the new Czechoslovakian Republic. After the breakdown of the Austro Hungarian Monarchy he became private secretary to 12 Czech Ministers. After the breakdown of the Austro Hungarian Monarchy, he participated as first official in the Czechoslovakian Railway. dreyblatt.net /whoswho/TheBreakdownoftheAustr.HTML

Picture gallery of oil pastel artwork, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Mediterranean architecture Picture gallery of oil pastel artwork, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Mediterranean architecture www3.sympatico.ca /iboros/galleryone.html

The Austro-Hungarian Red Book, Part I These newspapers, which were circulated not only in Servia but also, as we shall show later, illicitly smuggled into the Monarchy by well-organised secret methods, have awakened and kept alive this mood in the masses, a mood which has provided a fruitful field for the activities of the associations hostile to the Monarchy. From the atmosphere created by this malicious agitation there sprang up a whole series of murderous attacks on high functionaries of the Monarchy, which ended in the execrable crime against the exalted person of the heir to the throne, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had been carefully prepared in Servia. However, the sacrifice of his life for the Fatherland, by which our enemies in their mad folly expected that the downfall of the Monarchy would be accelerated, brought all the peoples of Austria-Hungary together in fiery unanimity around the dynasty. www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/papers/red1.htm

Turkey and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Steve Torok, a Hungarian, comments on our postings commending Kemal Ataturk for having saved Turkey from dismemberment: "Unfortunately there was no Ataturk in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, so the allies did break it up, with similar consequences on history textbooks in the successor states!" My comment: Much as I admire President Wilson, the break up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the name of self-determination was a tragedy. World War One also demonstrates how a young terrorist (now a national hero for the Serbs) can provoke a worldwide tragedy. wais.stanford.edu /Turkey/turkey_austrohungarianmonarchy6901.html

AllRefer.com - KomArno, Czech Republic & Slovakia (Czech And Slovak Political Geography) - Encyclopedia Later a part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, it was partitioned in 1920 between Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The site of KomArno was fortified by the Romans. reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/K/Komarno.html

First World War.com - Primary Documents - Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia, 23 July 1914 The above-mentioned results of the magisterial investigation do not permit the Austro-Hungarian Government to pursue any longer the attitude of expectant forbearance which they have maintained for years in face of the machinations hatched in Belgrade, and thence propagated in the territories of the Monarchy. (2) To dissolve immediately the society styled "Narodna Odbrana," to confiscate all its means of propaganda, and to proceed in the same manner against other societies and their branches in Serbia which engage in propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It has permitted the criminal machinations of various societies and associations directed against the Monarchy, and has tolerated unrestrained language on the part of the press, the glorification of the perpetrators of outrages, and the participation of officers and functionaries in subversive agitation. www.firstworldwar.com /source/austrianultimatum.htm

Hungarian History he Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was formed in 1867 under Emperor Franz Joseph who ruled until 1916. After its defeat in the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed, and two new states emerged to replace it. The German occupation of Hungary and the terror imposed by the Hungarian Fascist Arrow-Cross party ended at the beginning of April 1945, but were immediately followed by a Soviet invasion. www.paramountclassics.com /sunshine/history.html

Trenches on the Web - Timeline: 1906-1911 - The Pig War "The Hapsburg Monarchy could never allow the creation of a Greater Serbia." Trenches on the Web - Timeline: 1906-1911 - The Pig War The Pig War was not a conflict waged on a battlefield. www.worldwar1.com /tlpwars.htm

The July Crisis: The German Viewpoint With all our heart we were able to agree with our ally's estimate of the situation, and assured him that any action considered necessary to end the movement in Serbia directed against the conservation of the monarchy would meet with our approval. We were perfectly aware that a possible warlike attitude of Austria-Hungary against Serbia might bring Russia upon the field, and that it might therefore involve us in a war, in accordance with our duty as allies. This direction of Serbia's policy has not been altered in the least in spite of the repeated and solemn declarations of Serbia in which it vouchsafed a change in these policies towards Austria-Hungary a well as the cultivation of good and neighborly relations. web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob84w.html

Austro-Hungarian Land Forces - Links An English language site with many links to other sites dealing with orders and decorations of the World including the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Actually a site detailing the organisation of the Austro-Hungarian Forces during the war. A directory search engine specifically made for historians, genealogists, scholars and history enthusiasts. www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk /links.htm

German Genealogy: Habsburg Empire The decision was to compromise and the Ausgleich of 1867 created a dual monarchy known as Austria- Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In Burgenland, records are mostly in Hungarian and some secular records are still in the state archives in Budapest. In addition, it received from Hungary in 1921, the mostly German-speaking area of Burgenland with the exception of the municipality of Sopron/Ödenburg and immediately surrounding area where local resistance led to a plebiscite and the area remaining with Hungary. www.genealogienetz.de /reg/AUT/aut-hun.html

German Empire and Austro Hungarian Monarchy - 1899 Map German Empire and Austro Hungarian Monarchy - 1899 Map Your print will arrive archivally protected in acid-free, chemically inert sleeves and backer boards. Some of the countries in this fascinating map are familiar, many are gone, and at least one (Poland) disappeared and then came back. www.bonney.org /antiques/GermanEmpireAnd.html

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