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Topic: Austronesian expansion

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		All the surviving Aeta populations in the Philippines speak Austronesian languages.
		The speed of the Austronesian expansion was also a consequence of their maritime culture.
		The western branch of the Austronesian expansion reached its furthest extent by 500 AD plying the monsoons to colonize Madagascar.
	www.ualberta.ca /~vmitchel/rev3.html (656 words)

	Lingua Franca - 03/08/2002: The Austronesians...
		Intermarriage with Austronesians, and the adoption of their technologies might have led the so-called Negritos to adopt Austronesian languages, but a substrate of vocabulary from the earlier languages remains in some of them.
		When the Austronesians reached the Bismarck Archipelago, however, they paused for a while around the islands of New Britain and New Ireland, where another of the great prehistoric cultures of the world was born.
		For most of the great Austronesian voyage up to this point, people had been able to see from one island to the next, at least after climbing to a high point on the island they were leaving from, when the weather was good.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/arts/ling/stories/s638709.htm (1976 words)

	Austronesian Navigation and Migration
		In most cases, the Austronesians left evidence of their journeys by means of their languages surviving in the lands they visited and settled.
		Austronesian is a subset of the larger proposed Austric language family.
		Austronesian navigators were also familar with methods of establishing latitude by various local charateristics of the sea and environment.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Temple/9845/austro.htm (7733 words)

	View topic - In-depth Philippine History
		Austronesian aka "Malayo-Polynesian" is very important word which identifies not only the Malay's native culture, but also the languages we speak.
		Though this was mixed with the native Austronesian and Indic/Chinese traditions already adopted and practiced by the natives of the Philippines.
		The native Austronesian practioners of the Philippine islands who successfully resisted all foreign dominon and preserved the truly native culture are the Igorot tribes of Luzon and the Lumad tribes of Mindanao.
	www.pinoyspace.com /forums/post-9709.html (1794 words)

	Affinities among Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians: A neutral, biparental genetic perspective Human Biology - ...
		Further expansion into the Pacific began within the last 3500 BP and is associated archaeologically with the Lapita cultural complex and linguistically with the Austronesian language family (Bellwood 1985; Kirch 1997; Kirch 2000).
		All of the populations of Remote Oceania speak Austronesian languages, and all except the people of the Marianas and Palau in Western Micronesia speak Oceanic languages, a lower-order branch of the Austronesian language family (Bender 1971; Pawley and Green 1973; Pawley and Ross 1993; Ross 1996).
		The Austronesian languages of Remote Oceania are thought to have originated in Taiwan within the last 5000 to 6000 years (Blust 1981; Bellwood 1985; Blust 1995).
	calbears.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200206/ai_n9087063 (772 words)

	History of Madagascar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This explains the range of Malagasy phenotypic features, which are a mixture of Asian (Austronesian) and African, as well as of the Arabs, Indians and Europeans who came later.
		Archeologists place the arrival of humans on the island to the years between 200 and 500 C.E., when the first inhabitants of Madagascar, seafarers from southeast Asia, probably Borneo or the southern Celebes, arrived in their outrigger canoes.
		These original Malagasies were Southeast Asians who came to the island as part of the great Austronesian expansion, the movement of people that populated the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, New Zealand, and all of Polynesia and Micronesia, as well as Hawaii and the Easter Islands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Madagascar (3925 words)

	Asia Finest Discussion Forum > Concise History Of The Philippine Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Once the east to west movement of the Austronesian cultures met the high civilization of southern India, a cultural movement of Hindic-Buddhist influences reflected back through the archipelago from west to east.
		Unlike the rapid and ubiquitous spread of Islam that was to follow, the influence of Hindic-Buddhist culture in the archipelago remained localized in the vicinity of the Straits.
		Spain's immediate objectives in the Philippines were to use the islands as a base for further expansion, to establish the colony as a center for the production and export of tropical spices, and to convert the natives to Christianity.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t9244.html (21183 words)

	chapt8
		Since Bashiic is part of the Austronesian language family, the migration of its speakers may be connected to the migration history of other Austronesian language-speaking peoples.
		According to this hypothesis, the origin of the Austronesian language-speaking cultures was in the northern part of China, from where these cultures spread and populated the archipelagos of the South Seas.
		The assumptions of this new theory were that "cereal agriculture led inexorably to population growth, which in turn led to pressure, expansion and eventual migration into the islands of Southeast Asia which were sparsely inhabited, if at all, by negrito hunter-gatherers with a paleolithic industry" (Meacham 1975, 4).
	www.uga.edu /~asian-lp/jpn_html/yami/chapt8.html (2276 words)

	Science -- Gibbons 291 (5509): 1735
		This parade of pots, argues Bellwood, indicates the expansion of a particular group of people: the speakers of Austronesian languages, which today is one of the world's largest language groups, with 1200 languages spoken from Madagascar to Easter Island.
		A new analysis of the historical relationships of the Austronesian languages by University of Hawaii, Manoa, linguist Robert Blust found that all 1200 languages fall into 10 subgroups; the languages in nine of those subgroups are spoken only by the non-Chinese natives of Taiwan.
		Although samples of Polynesians are still small, all four studies report a "striking" lack of genetic diversity within the Polynesian haplogroups, suggesting that only a few men founded the Polynesian populations, notes population geneticist Matthew Hurles of the University of Cambridge, U.K., a co-author of one of the studies.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /~etaylor/413www/gibbons.htm (2621 words)

	Dong Son Civilization - Asia Finest Discussion Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Perhaps the arise of the Dong Son civilization does connect with the arrive of the austronesian, which allowed them to trade with Indonesia as the source of tin in the region, made it possible to develop an advanced metallurgic technology.
		We speak of Austronesians here but lets not forget, its not just one tribe sticking together on one place.The austronesians from mainland are to be distinguished from their brothers in Indonesia so naturally the cultures are not always totally the same.
		Austronesian is usually taken linguistic/culturally and Austronesian groups differ diverse in genetic makeup.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?act=findpost&pid=934012 (4157 words)

	Patrick Manning \| Homo sapiens Populates the Earth: A Provisional Synthesis, Privileging Linguistic Evidence \| Journal ...
		For the Austronesian languages—spoken throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific and in Madagascar—analysis has shown that the languages originated in coastal south China (where they are no longer spoken) and that speakers migrated to Taiwan and then migrated by stages to wider regions.
		The middle Nile was arguably the region that started the whole process of expansion to the east about 80,000 B.P.; in addition, it may also have been a source of expansion to the north in later times.
		I too accept the earlier period as the time for expansion of these languages, as it is consistent with the hypothesized expansion of Eurasiatic and with the evidence of genetic difference.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/17.2/manning.html (13014 words)

	Informat.io on History Of The Philippines
		Austronesian-speakers arrive 2000-4000 BC Starting 2000-4000 BC (http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/5727/language.html), Austronesian groups descended from Yunnan Plateau in China and settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing using balangays or by traversing land bridges coming from Taiwan.
		Most of these Austronesians primarily used the Philippines as a stepping stone to the outlying Pacific islands or to the Indonesian archipelago further south.
		The Austronesians pushed the Negritos to the mountains, while they occupied the fertile coastal plains.
	www.quaest.io /?title=history-of-the-philippines (11076 words)

	Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: Research
		Austronesian : Crows : Mayan : Bantu : Utoaztecan
		The Austronesian language family is one of the largest in the world, and one of the most widely dispersed, with around 1,200 languages spoken in the area between Madagascar, Taiwan, Hawaii, Easter Island and Aotearoa/New Zealand.
		The analyses will be used to test hypotheses about the expansion of the Austronesian language family and the settlement of the Pacific.
	language.psy.auckland.ac.nz /austronesian/research.php (319 words)

	Science and Society: OVERVIEW PAGE
		Diamond concentrates and summarizes massive amounts of archeological, anthropological, historical and linguistic evidence to trace both major and minor population movements: the migration throughout the Americas; the Austronesian expansion that populated the Pacific islands, Hawaii and New Zealand; the various conquests of and within Europe; the Bantu expansion through sub-Saharan Africa; and others.
		To put the matter differently, an easy diffusion path may mean conquest and population growth in some circumstances, or expansion to the point of stasis in others.
		There is the obvious point that an arbitrary decision by a ruler, or ruling faction, that throttles technological development or economic expansion creates a material political basis for opposition to and overthrow of that ruler/faction.
	www.scienceandsociety.com /editorial_sum03.html (1784 words)

	intro. of Taiwan Mountain Aborigines
		"The Austronesian expansion into Southeast Asia and the pacific starting from Taiwan and southern China around 3000 BC, was one of the most significant movement of human history."(Diamond,5) We can see that Taiwan became a homeland of the Austronesians, including the aboriginal Taiwanese.
		The area the Austronesians live in is very wide, and most of them contribute in South Pacific Ocean.
		In brief, the Austronesians came to Taiwan 6000 years before the present, and that is, they moved to Taiwan in the Neolithic Age.
	members.tripod.com /hula1978/aborigines.htm (2062 words)

	Trypillian culture. Article: Trypillian Culture and Mythology by M. Videiko
		The expansion of this family was a gradual process: almost every forking was into just two parts.
		The Austronesian language expanded rapidly because the Austronesian culture suddenly developed the advantages of agriculture and ocean navigation, and overwhelmed less advanced cultures.
		The expansion of the I-E language family involved cultural transfers or migrations along the Black Sea to the east of the Mountains and, to a lesser extent, across the Plains to the north of the Mountains.
	www.trypillia.com /articles/eng/re6.shtml (3198 words)

	Quetzalcoatl: anthropology forum -> On prehistory of Austronesian-speaking peoples...
		It argues that the ancestors of Polynesians were the vanguard of a demic expansion of Austronesian-speaking, rice-growing agriculturists that originated on the southern Chinese mainland, around 6,000 years ago.
		This suggested at first glance that Austronesian expansion was perhaps from somewhere in island or mainland SE Asia and sub-sets of the "core" lineages expanded to Taiwan and Polynesia, thus resulting in the differences between Taiwan and Polynesia.
		It is most likely the result of the Austronesian-language expansion, non-linear in process and in small bands, dilluting/losing its original lineages and picking up lineages as it expanded further and further afield.
	s6.invisionfree.com /orient/index.php?showtopic=87 (6753 words)

	[No title]
		Proto-Oceanic (Lapita) society was a sophisticated maritime and horticultural society of Austronesian origin which developed in the region of the Bismarck Archipelago in western Melanesia around 1500 B.C. The society was based on an extensive voyaging and exchange network (Kirch HYPERLINK "http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CA/journal/issues/v44nS5/039703/039703.text.html" \l "rf28#rf28" 2000).
		A significant Caribbean parallel is Keegan and Maclachlan's ( HYPERLINK "http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CA/journal/issues/v44nS5/039703/039703.text.html" \l "rf26#rf26" 1989) reconstruction of the initial colonization of the West Indies as the expansion of a matrilineal-matrilocal society of long-distance seafarers and traders.
		If the Austronesian ancestors of the Polynesians were patrilineal, one would expect to find Polynesian Y chromosomes of predominantly Asian origin and mtDNA of mixed Asian and Melanesian non-Austronesian origin, the frequency of the latter depending on the frequency with which Austronesian-speaking men married indigenous non-Austronesian-speaking women.
	www.radicalanthropologygroup.org /class_text_025.doc (5699 words)

	Welcome to The Human Past - Student Study Guide Website
		The Austronesian dispersal is recent, particularly in Oceania, where they comprised the first settlers, arriving within the past 3500 to 800 years.
		Austronesians are thus the people who speak Austronesian languages, who have resisted inroads from many influences since they arrived in their present locations.
		Dispersals to Southeast Asia and Madagascar In the Philippines, Sarawak, Sabah, the Talaud Islands, northern Sulawesi, and the northern Moluccas archaeological traces of the Austronesian expansion of the 2nd and early 1st millennia BC are found in rockshelters and shell midden sites with pottery, shell artifacts, and polished stone adzes, and rice husks.
	www.thamesandhudsonusa.com /web/humanpast/summaries/ch08.html (3156 words)

	Malagasy language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Further information might be found in a section of the talk page or at Requests for expansion.
		See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key.
		Malagasy (in French also: Malgache) is the westernmost member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, spoken on Madagascar, where it is an official language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Malagasy (615 words)

	Language Trees Support The Express-Train Sequence Of Austronesian Expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This in some sense also a modern reincarnation of Alan Lomax' "Cantometric" a method that he wanted to use to study the structural distance and evolutions of traditional songs and dances.
		One of the most fascinating stories in the evolution and spread of languages is that of the family of the more than 1200 Austronesian languages that come in ten groups, nine of which are only spoken in Taiwan.
		The parsimony analysis of a matrix of 77 Austronesian languages with 5,185 lexical items produced a single most-parsimonious tree.
	www.comdig.org /print_article.php?id_article=764 (348 words)

	Quetzalcoatl: anthropology forum -> Balinese Y chromosomes
		Here, we examine genetic variation on the Y chromosomes of 551 Balinese men to investigate the relative contributions of Austronesian farmers and pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers to the contemporary Balinese paternal gene pool and to test the hypothesis of recent paternal gene flow from the Indian subcontinent.
		Phylogeographic analyses suggest that all three major Y-chromosome haplogroups migrated to Bali with the arrival of Austronesian speakers; however, STR diversity patterns associated with these haplogroups are complex and may be explained by multiple waves of Austronesian expansion to Indonesia by different routes.
		These results indicate that the Austronesian expansion had a profound effect on the composition of the Balinese paternal gene pool and that cultural transmission from India to Bali was accompanied by substantial levels of gene flow.
	z6.invisionfree.com /orient/index.php?s=d2efb46f3ebbb3da1ea2b8a417c366fb&showtopic=416&st=0&#last (1084 words)

	Pacific islands archaeology
		The Austronesians were horticulturalists who transported root, tuber, and tree crops via their canoes, along with breeding stocks of domestic pigs, dog, and chickens.
		Based on linguistic and archaeological evidence, early Austronesian societies were characterized by some degree of internal ranking (especially between senior and junior branches of a descent line), but were probably heterarchical rather than hierarchical in structure.
		The origins of Oceanic ritual systems can be traced back to common Austronesian concepts of the sacredness of ancestors; these concepts later became elaborated as cults in which the highest chiefs were seen as directly descended from powerful gods, and hence essential to the continued well-being of the society at large.
	sscl.berkeley.edu /~oal/background/pacislands.htm (2673 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog
		In a few words, the backstory is that linguistic evidence suggested an expansion of Austronesian-speaking peoples out of South China or Taiwan, because the most ancient branches of the Australasia languages are now found only on Taiwan.
		The maintenance of this female-centric population expansion, even as these communities spread into regions far from their initial source, would be an exceptional instance of the mediation of mating contacts by culture.
		In other words, the Austronesian expansion in this scenario was driven predominantly by a maternal core, even as it was surrounded by extensive expansion of other, non-maternal lineages.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/reviews/genetics/polynesia (1509 words)

	soci011 - module 10 (hs6) - horticultural societies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The decisive technological advantage facilitating the expansion were domestication of the horse and perhaps the invention of animal-drawn wheeled vehicles.
		A similar episode of "demic expansion" based on advance in subsistence technology has been documented in the case of the Bantu expansion in Africa, from about 3,000 BC to 500 AD.
		The expansion of Austronesian-speaking populations took place from about 3,500 BC to 1,300 AD from a center on the South China coast and Taiwan over the whole Pacific ocean and west all the way to Madagascar near the coast of Africa.
	www.unc.edu /~nielsen/soci011/hs6/hs6.htm (1455 words)

	Amazon.ca: Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The case is certain for Austronesian in at least part of its range.
		Austronesians introduced agriculture to Micronesia and Polynesia--in fact, they were the first people there.
		However, the dramatic Austronesian spread (from a South Chinese or just possibly Southeast Asian base) did not come with early agriculture, but with the development of complex, sophisticated, boat-savvy cultures, millennia after agriculture was invented in central China.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1902937201 (1156 words)

	Asia Finest Discussion Forum > Philippine Culture 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		But as for true Aboriginal Austronesian culture and civilization, that is a much more universal and unifying influence of the Malay people in the Malay archipelago, which is an area comprising the regions of (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and The Philippines) aka Insular Asia.
		As I have already hinted, the Austronesian culture is a singular culture practiced by Malay stron throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans and wherever else they immigrated and settled to through a means of ocean sea-faring navigation.
		So Whereas the Philippines plays a prominent role with linking the aboriginal Austronesian culture to the Malay who has since diverged and diversified their perspective cultures through foreign adaptations, it is among the last areas to receive the foreign cultures of India and the Middle east.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t3196.html (4482 words)

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