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Topic: Austronesian linguistic family

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	Austronesian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hawaiian, Rapanui, and Malagasy (spoken on Madagascar) are the geographic outliers of the Austronesian family.
		Austronesian is one of the largest language families in the world, both in terms of number of languages (1268 according to Ethnologue) and in terms of the geographical extent of the homelands of its languages (from Madagascar to Easter Island).
		On this island the deepest divisions in Austronesian are found, among the families of the native Formosan languages; none of the mainland languages have survived.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Austronesian_languages (898 words)

	Austronesian Languages - ninemsn Encarta
		Austronesian Languages, (formerly also referred to as Malayo-Polynesian languages), one of the world's largest language families, both in terms of numbers of languages—exceeding 1,200—and geographical spread—from Madagascar to Easter Island and Hawaii.
		In general, the Austronesian languages use affixes (suffixes, infixes, prefixes) attached to base words to modify the meaning or to indicate the function of the word in the sentence.
		Austronesian languages are written either in the Roman alphabet or in their own unique alphabets based on Indian and Arabic scripts.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553922/Austronesian_Languages.html (645 words)

	Language family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A language family is a group of genetically related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language.
		An accurately identified family is a phylogenetic unit; that is, all its members derive from a common ancestor.
		The concept of linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than the concept of biological ancestry, as in cases of extreme historical language contact, in particular the formation of creole languages and other types of mixed languages; it may be unclear which language should be considered the ancestor of a given language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Language_families_and_languages (1626 words)

	Wikinfo \| Austronesian languages
		Austronesian has ten primary subgroups, nine of them found in Taiwan (the Formosan languages) and one ancestral to all other members of the family (Malayo-Polynesian languages).
		Austronesian is one of the largest language families in the world, both in terms of number of languages (1244 according to Ethnologue) and in terms of the geographical extent of the homelands of its languages (from Madagascar to Easter Island).
		Comparative reconstruction, confirmed by archaeology, has shown that the original homeland of the linguistic ancestors of all these languages was the island of Taiwan, and that the deepest divisions in Austronesian are among families of native Taiwanese (Formosan) languages (unrelated to Chinese).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Austronesian_languages (461 words)

	mahistory
		Linguists and anthropologists agree that, prior to the colonial era, the African continent was peopled by speakers from four major language families.
		This was argued most clearly by linguist Joseph Greenberg in the late 1950's, as he examined data collected by numerous scholars and explorers from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries (Greenberg 1963).
		Linguistically, some of these are extremely close, though even within these subdivisions the lexicon of speakers from one village to another may vary slightly.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~dlpayne/maasai/mahist.htm (634 words)

	Welcome to Routledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Some 800 Austronesian languages are spoken in the area extending from Madagascar to eastern Indonesia and, to the north, to Taiwan and the Philippines.
		It highlights the cultural and linguistic diversity of this of languages while at the same time, keeping track of their common heritage.
		Five introductory articles on linguistic history, language politics, language endangerment, ritual speech and special registers, and major typological features have the entire area in their scope and provide a balanced and up-to-date discussion of the major issues.
	www.routledge-ny.com /shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=0700712860&parent_id=&pc= (193 words)

	Niger-Congo Language Family
		The Niger-Congo language family is one of the largest language families in the world and the largest one in Africa in terms of its geographical spread across most of sub-Saharan Africa, number of speakers, and the sheer number of languages (1514).
		Determining the number of languages in this family is complicated by the fact that it is often difficult to decide, in the absence of written historical records, whether two language varieties are two dialects of the same language or two separate languages.
		The Niger-Congo language family is usually divided several major branches that are estimated to have split from the ancestral language some 5,000 years ago.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/september/niger.html (1157 words)

	Celebrating 93rd Double Tenth National Day - Republic of China(Taiwan) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Ami society is matrilineal, with the oldest woman in the extended family being the head of the household.
		The extended family inheritance goes to the eldest daughter, but the kinship system is ambilineal, and the positions of chieftains and shamans are patrilineal.
		Delegates from different linguistic backgrounds, headed by Wu Jing-heng (also known as Wu Jhi-huei), a philosopher and one of the founders of the ROC, successfully created a national language that transcended locality and dialect, and which is today known to English speakers as Mandarin.
	www.bruneidirect.com /New_bizcentre/BR/new_clients/taiwan/people_language.html (4463 words)

	Oceanic subgroups
		The Oceanic languages are members of the Austronesian language family, a language family which, until the advent of European exploration and settlement of the 'New World', had spread out across a considerably larger proportion of the earth than had any other language family.
		Austronesian languages are spoken from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east, and from Taiwan and Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south.
		One of the results of this was that the linguistic features which were definitive of Oceanic languages were well known quite a time before many of the languages had been studied much at all.
	www.tlg.uci.edu /~opoudjis/Work/Oceanic_guide.html (5840 words)

	Lawrence A. Reid, UH-Manoa Linguistics Department
		The current state of linguistic research on the relatedness of the language families of East and Southeast Asia.
		After three years of graduate study in the then newly formed Department of Linguistics at the University of Hawaii (1963-66), I returned to the Philippines as a linguistic consultant for four years (1966-70), becoming more or less acquainted with many of the more than 100 languages spoken in the country.
		Although many of his claims could not be supported, given our greater knowledge of the families involved, a careful re-examination of the morphology of the two language families, especially that found in Nicobarese, an isolated Mon-Khmer language, clearly established that there does in fact exist a genetic relationship between the two families.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/reid (1376 words)

	STEDT: The Sino-Tibetan Family
		The field of ST linguistics is only about 50 years old, and has been a flourishing object of inquiry for only the past 25.
		The existence of the TB family was posited as early as the 1850's, when it was noticed that many words in "Written Tibetan" (WT), attested since the 7th c.
		The most exciting recent development in TB studies is the discovery of a new branch of the family, hitherto virtually unknown to Western scholars.
	stedt.berkeley.edu /html/STfamily.html (3045 words)

	Austronesian Navigation and Migration
		Linguistic arguments on the existence of Austric influence in India and South Asia can be found on the Austric in India Webpage at http://www.he.net/~skyeagle/austric.htm.
		Austronesian is a subset of the larger proposed Austric language family.
		Austronesian navigators were also familar with methods of establishing latitude by various local charateristics of the sea and environment.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Temple/9845/austro.htm (7733 words)

	Faculty - Linguistics
		Descriptive Linguistics is concerned with the documentation of all aspects of individual languages, including their sound structure (phonetics and phonology), word structure (morphology), phrase and sentence structure (syntax), semantics, discourse patterns, and pragmatics of use.
		The Oregon research program also includes the broad hypothesis that linguistic structures are the way they are for one (or more) of three reasons: because of their function as "tools" for human communication, because of their developmental history, or because of the nature of human cognitive processing.
		Lowland South America is one of the least studied linguistic areas of the world, and in South America, the indigenous languages of Guyana are among the least known.
	logos.uoregon.edu /research/research-desc-ling.shtml (1152 words)

	Notes on Oceania
		They introduced new languages of the Austronesian linguistic family whose roots are thought to have originated in the island of Formosa, now called Taiwan.
		A particularly advanced group of seafaring Austronesians, recognised by their pottery of "Lapita" style, continued their expansion to populate Polynesia in the east and Micronesia in the north.
		Melanesians gained the seafaring skills of the Austronesian newcomers and adopted their languages but they retained the social organisation of their Papuan ancestors based on the predominance of the "Big Man" who had the most followers but whose leadership could always be contested.
	berclo.net /page02/02en-notes-oceania.html (2596 words)

	LoLA: Preliminary List of Languages and Linguistic Groups in Los Angeles
		The difference of the linguistic knowledge between the age and gender groups inside one family: Serrano mythological texts recorded (near LA) by a male representative of a younger age group who does not speak the language, but can interpret and translate the stories told by his mother and aunt.
		The fate of the other languages of the same Uto-Aztecan family that originally occupied chiefly all the LAC as Gabrieleño (one of the mission languages of the Uto-Aztec group named by the monks) did.
		At the edge of the present city according to the notes of one of the pioneers (Benjamin I. Hayes) on a little rise of the ground (in San Fernando Valley) there was a "petty village of fifty beings" who spoke Cahuilla (at present it is spoken in the area of Palm Springs).
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /languagesofla/lolalangs.htm (2000 words)

	CRL - Workshops - Comparative Austronesian Syntax
		The choice of the Austronesian language family as the focus of this seminar is not accidental.
		But for the effort to get off the ground, it is critical to get Austronesian linguists, most of whom specialize in a particular language, to begin talking and thinking in comparative terms about intriguing features of Austronesian languages that may be subject to variation within the family and require more attention.
		Many Austronesian languages impose unusually stringent constraints on the status of the sentence constituent that can be questioned, focused (“emphasized”), or topicalized (presented as background information); in a number of languages the only constituent eligible for these processes is the ‘subject’ mentioned above.
	crl.ucsd.edu /workshops/20061008 (668 words)

	Problems in the European Linguistic Analyses of Southeast Asian Languages
		Mark Alves is a Ph.D. candidate in the linguistics department at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
		Current Western linguistic frameworks 3 are ill-equipped to analyze many aspects of syntax in Southeast Asian languages due to pre-established European notions of grammar in human language.
		The conclusion of this discussion is that linguists within the field of Southeast Asian linguistics have a responsibility to find ways of analyzing and explaining the syntax of Southeast Asian languages on their own terms while at the same time creating categories that work towards general cross-linguistic comparison.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~seassa/explorations/v1n1/art1/v1n1-art1.html (4044 words)

	ECAI - Austronesia Team Website
		The Austronesian speaking people have voyaged for centuries across the Pacific and Indian oceans making a network of communication within a linguistic family that became the most extensive in the world prior to European expansion.
		The Austronesian projects were proposed by the founder and chairman of ECAI, Lewis Lancaster, at a meeting entitled Austronesian Studies in Taiwan--Retrospective and Prospect (UC Berkeley sponsored with the Shung Ye Museum in 1997).
		This scholarly and educational process of annotated mapping with the assistance Indo-Pacific linguistics, archaeology, ethnology, sociology, geography, and history is proceeding in phases to serve as an academic bulletin board for scholarly exchange.
	ecai.org /austronesiaweb (396 words)

	Lower Mamberamo - The Warembori
		The Warembori language (locally: Waremboivoro) is spoken by the inhabitants of three villages along the northern coast of Irian Jaya, at and to the west of the mouth of the Mamberamo river, split between the districts (kabupaten) of Yapen-Waropen and Jayapura.
		Of these, only Kurudu is Austronesian; Yoke is related to Warembori (in the Lower Mamberamo family); Bagusa is a variety of western Kwerba, and Anasi is related to Bauzi and other languages of the hinterland between the Waropen coast and the Mamberamo.
		Whether this is true or not, this should serve as a caution to linguists working in the field not to underestimate the sociological effects that they might have on the populations with which they work.
	www.irja.org /anthro/war.htm (1372 words)

	5.4. LINGUISTIC ARGUMENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		That the “genealogical tree” of the Dravidian family seems to have its trunk in the coastal West of India, i.e.
		Linguists had already pointed out, and Sergent confirms, that Dravidian has left its mark on the Sindhi, Gujarati and Marathi languages (as with the distinction between inclusive and exclusive first person plural) and toponymy.
		This in contrast with Biblical Judaism and especially with Islam: Hindu converts to Islam were often required to prove their conversion by eating beef and, if possible, marrying a cousin or niece; half of the marriages in rural Pakistan are between cousins.
	voi.org /books/ait/ch54.htm (4024 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Malayo-Polynesian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES [Malayo-Polynesian languages], sometimes also called Austronesian languages, family of languages estimated at from 300 to 500 tongues and understood by approximately 300 million people in Madagascar; the Malay Peninsula; Indonesia and New Guinea; the Philippines; Taiwan; the Melanesian, Micronesian, and Polynesian islands; and New Zealand.
		These languages have come to be widely understood in their respective countries, although not always as a first language.
		In fact, the Malayo-Polynesian tongues do not seem to be related to any other linguistic family.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m/malayop1o.asp (553 words)

	UCSB General Catalog - Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Prerequisite: Linguistics 208 or 211 or 212 or 235 (for 251A): Linguistics 208, 211, 212, 235, and 251A (for 251B).
		Prerequisite: Linguistics 212 or 214 or 234 (for 254A): Linguistics 212, 214, 234, and 254A (for 254B).
		Prerequisites: Linguistics 208 or 222 or 234 or 235 (for 256A): Linguistics 208, 222, 234, 235, and 256A (for 256B).
	www.catalog.ucsb.edu /LS/ling.htm (6861 words)

	China's Ethnic Composition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Each family member is free to worship as he pleases, and many choose not to take part in any religious worship at all.
		The latter are composed of groups of families which share the same ancestor and bear the collective name of their leading clan.
		Ami society is matrilineal, and the oldest woman in the extended family is generally the household head.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/theo-3/data/web_country/china/People.ch02_2.html (5017 words)

	Language and Linguistics
		Besides, one does not have to learn to speak many languages in order to study linguistics, the science of all human languages.
		The main focus of my historical linguistic interests has been for most of the past 20 years the Austric family of languages.
		And since I'm the only one who is to my knowledge devoting any significant amount of time to studying the history of Austric, I shall endeavor to present an introduction to this language family, its history, and some issues associated with it.
	home.att.net /~lvhayes/Langling/langpg1.htm (221 words)

	yourDictionary.com.Comprehensive and Authoritative Language Portal
		Association of Linguistic Typology encourages the study of cross-linguistic diversity and the patterns underlying it.
		Linguistic Society of America is the major international linguistic association.
		SIL is a major force in the preservation of endangered languages, famed for its Ethnologueoque language family data base.
	www.yourdictionary.com /othrsite.html (865 words)

	Philippines
		A large Muslim minority (5%) exists predominantly on the island of Mindanao and Buddhism and other faiths make up the remainder.
		Over a hundred native languages and dialects are spoken, all belonging to the Austronesian linguistic family.
		Since 1939, in an effort to develop national unity, the government has promoted the use of the official national language, Filipino, which is based on Tagalog.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fi/Filipina.html (1067 words)

	The Sino-Tibetan Language Family
		The Sino-Tibetan language family is one of the largest in the world, with more first-language speakers than any other family.
		The Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) Branch of the Sino-Tibetan Family
		By the time of their arrival, this area was already settled by speakers of Austro-Asiatic and Austronesian languages.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/may/SinoTibetanLanguageFamily.htm (836 words)

	Languages : Malayo-Polynesian Family
		Also known as Austronesian, the Malayo-Polynesian Family is made up of over 1000 languages spread throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans as well as South East Asia.
		Its nearest linguistic relative is spoken in Borneo.
		The speakers of this language family are thought to have originated in southern China (the Yellow River valleys) and migrated via Taiwan into the islands of the Philippines (about 2500BC), Indonesia and out into the Pacific (about 1000BC).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_malayo.html (473 words)

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