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Carnation Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese, Revolução dos Cravos) was an almost bloodless, left-leaning, military-led coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy after a two-year process of a Left-wing semi-military administration. The revolution was closely watched from neighbouring Spain, where democrats and totalitarians were planning for the succession of Francisco Franco, who died a year later, in 1975. The carnation is the symbol of this revolution, since soldiers put these flowers in their guns, in what came to symbolise the absence of violence in changing the regime in Portugal — a regime that had been one of the longest single right-wing party regimes of the 20th century. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carnation_Revolution   (1560 words)

Color revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Color revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that developed in post-communist societies in Central and Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere including some places in the Middle East. The Orange Revolution in Ukraine, followed the disputed second round of the 2004 presidential election and led to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round—leader of the opposition Viktor Yushchenko was declared president, defeating Viktor Yanukovych. A name hypothesized for such an event was "grape revolution" because of the abundance of vineyards in the country; however, such a revolution failed to materialize after the governmental victory in the elections. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Color_revolution   (2132 words)

Cultural Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia During the Cultural Revolution, young people from the cities were forcibly moved to the countryside, where they were forced to abandon all forms of standard education for the propaganda teachings of the Communist Party of China. Sympathies for the Cultural Revolution were also famously denounced by John Lennon of the Beatles, in the song "Revolution", showing that the issue was of some controversy in the late 1960's West. These contradictory views of the Cultural Revolution were put into sharp relief during the Tiananmen Protests of 1989, when both the demonstrators and the government justified their actions as being necessary to avoid another Cultural Revolution. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cultural_Revolution   (7068 words)

Reign of Terror - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The stated aim of the Terror was to defend the Revolution by destroying internal enemies and conspirators and chasing the external enemies from French territory. In the summer of 1793, the French Revolution was threatened both by internal enemies and conspirators, and by foreign European monarchies fearing that the Revolution would spread. The Church was generally against the Revolution as well, which (through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy) turned the clergy into employees of the state, requiring that they take an oath of loyalty to the nation. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reign_of_Terror   (1840 words)

[No title] And from the moment when anarchists declare a conception of the revolution and the structure of society, they are obliged to give all these questions a clear response, to relate the solution of these problems to the general conception of libertarian communism, and to devote all their forces to the realisation of these. In the social revolution the most critical moment is not during the suppression of Authority, but following, that is, when the forces of the defeated regime launch a general offensive against the labourers, and when it is a question of safeguarding the conquests under attack. Extolling the social revolution, and further, being an anti- authoritarian organisation which aspires to the abolition of class society, the General Union of Anarchists depends equally on the two fundamental classes of society: the workers and the peasants. flag.blackened.net /liberty/spunk/Spunk348.txt   (9846 words)

Policy Watch: Revolution In Central Asia Revolutions are more likely to succeed against patrimonial/clientelistic regimes (i.e., where there is one-man rule) than against bureaucratic/rational regimes (i.e., where an organization such as the army or a party is collectively in charge). Of the authoritarian regimes in Central Asia, the one in Turkmenistan appears to be the most patrimonial/clientelistic (and hence likely to be overthrown) while the Akaev regime in Kyrgyzstan was the least so. Robert Pastor of American University has argued that when an authoritarian regime is breaking down, the crucial factor often proves to be which side the middle classes choose to ally with. www.terradaily.com /news/Policy_Watch_Revolution_In_Central_Asia.html   (986 words)

Permanent Revolution in the U.S. Today Should the European and colonial revolutions, now on the agenda of the day, precede in point of time the culmination of the struggle of the U.S., they would immediately be confronted with the necessity of defending their conquests against the economic and military assaults of the American imperialist monster. It is indeed true that revolutions elsewhere shake the foundations of the metropolis, which rests on neocolonial subjugation and the containment of the deformed and degenerated workers' states. The effect of this false theory was the imprisonment and murder of lesbians and gays during Stalin's reign and the incineration of German gays in Nazi concentration camps. www.socialism.com /library/perm1.html   (10352 words)

Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists These were based in workplaces, elected by mass assemblies of the workers and given the role of overseeing the running of the factory and co-ordinating with other workplaces in the same industry or region. They put forward the proposition that the workers were not yet able to take control of their destiny and therefore the Bolsheviks would take power themselves as an "interim measure" during the "transitional period". This lack of confidence in the abilities of ordinary people and the authoritarian seizure of power was to lead to the betrayal of the interests of the working class, and all its hopes and dreams. www.spunk.org /texts/pubs/cw/sp001669/platpref.html   (1047 words)

Indonesia - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Indonesia In 1926 and 1927 the PKI attempted revolution, but the fragmented risings were soon crushed. In 1984, in response to an OPM-organized rebellion in Irian Jaya, Suharto announced a stepping-up of his ‘transmigration programme’, aimed at resettling families from overpopulated Java, Madura, and Bali in sparsely populated outer islands, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya, where interethnic friction was evident. The election was the first free ballot in Indonesia in 44 years and the result was regarded as crucial to the democratic transformation of the after decades of authoritarian rule. encyclopedia.farlex.com /Indonesia   (6323 words)

Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions, VIII The would-be dictator of the Hungarian Revolution was one Bela Kun, a POW released from the Czar's prison camp in Tomsk. Communist revolutions easily crushed in their infancy could nevertheless spark reasonable fear in millions of people for decades to come. Rosa Luxemburg, she who had advised against revolution, was the only leader to act with vigor and enthusiasm. www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/his1h.htm   (1797 words)

[No title] All authoritarian political systems, by their very nature, have the potential to become totalitarian political systems since they do not recognize any limits on political power. However, in actuality, the number of authoritarian states which make the transition to totalitarianism is very small, due to a fundamental difference between authoritarian rulers and totalitarian rulers; that difference is the vision of an ideal society possessed and pursued by totalitarian leaders. A planned economy is crucial to the revolution's success, as the economy must be growing, or at least stabilized, both to fund the revolution and to keep the masses content. plato.acadiau.ca /dagora/Glossary/glossaryhtml/totalitarianism.html   (2914 words)

Anarchism in the Russian Revolution In so far as it was an authentic revolution, taking its impulse from the bottom upward and spontaneously producing the organs of direct democracy, it presented all the characteristics of a social revolution with libertarian tendencies. The point of departure of the Revolution of 1917 was that of 1905, during which a new kind of revolutionary organ had come into being: the soviets. They had been authoritarians for a long time, and were imbued with ideas of the State, of dictatorship, of : ':__':, of a ruling party, of management of the economy from above, of all things which were in flagrant contradiction with a really libertarian conception of soviet democracy. www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/1931/guerin/Russia.html   (7505 words)

The Russian Revolution   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24) Russia was left, in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905, with the same inept, authoritarian government that it had had before. A revolution on the land, which was beyond the control of city authorities, was occurring. While the Provisional Government were the moderate leaders attempting to carry out a liberal revolution, the majority of the Soviets were members of the Social Democratic Party, a Marxist party expecting the socialist revolution to follow the liberal revolution. www2.sunysuffolk.edu /westn/russrev.html   (1820 words)

To Remember Spain / An Overview of the Spanish Libertarian Movement What distinguishes the Spanish Revolution from those which preceded it is not only the fact that it placed much of Spain's economy in the hands of workers' committees and peasant assemblies or that it established a democratically elected militia system. What made the Spanish Revolution unique was its workers' control and collectives which had been advocated for nearly three generations by a massive libertarian movement and which became one of the most serious issues to divide the so-called "republican" camp (together with the fate of the militia system). It is not surprising that the most communistic collectives in the Spanish Revolution appeared in the countryside rather than the cities, among villagers who were still influenced by archaic collectivistic traditions and were less ensnared in a market economy than their urban cousins. www.spunk.org /library/writers/bookchin/sp001642/overview.html   (9497 words)

[No title] Every revolution has it symbols, Milic tells me, and in Belgrade three symbols had come to encapsulate this struggle: the egg, the whistle, and the Net. What crime, ads, and revolutions have in common is that they are predicated on the spread of ideas, ideas that travel along slowly through populations and then suddenly break out - spreading exponentially. Now, with a real case study at hand, it appears clear that access to the Internet is incompat-ible with authoritarianism, that régimes around the world that want the benefits of the information age while maintaining a lock on information control are facing a paradox. www.wired.com /wired/archive/5.04/ff_belgrad_pr.html   (6657 words)

Louis XVI The Revolution itself was an extraordinarly complicated affair; it was principally lit by the antagonisms between the first two and the Third Estate, antagonisms rooted in decades of abuse and frustration. The Revolution took her and Louis by surprise; while she was vilified and hated by the Revolutionaries and the Third Estate, she had no part in any of the abuses of the government or the nobility which precipitated the Revolution. Both the Seven Years War and the French support of the American Revolution had put France deeply in debt; over one half of the country's budget was dedicated to paying off that debt. www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/REV/LOUISXVI.HTM   (784 words)

Feature Data Conflicts conference, which was hosted by the Einstein Forum in Potsdam, Germany and was first planned a year ago to explore how cyberspace is altering the political dynamic in Eastern Europe. After the revolutions of 1989 to 1991, when the Soviet empire collapsed, these states entered a transitional phase supposedly leading to the creation of democratic systems and a loosening of state control over the media. The student protests are producing data on whether expanded access to information is utterly inconsistent with authoritarian government, whether it's impossible to have both a modern information-based economy and a dictator, and whether, therefore, the Internet is innately predisposed to undermine such régimes. www.wired.com /wired/archive/5.04/ff_belgrad.html   (747 words)

How did Bolshevik ideology contribute to the failure of the Revolution?   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24) And that perspective ensured that during the Russian Revolution the Makhnovists had to encourage free soviets and workers' self-management, freedom of speech and organisation in order for the revolution to remain socialist (see the appendix on "Why does the Makhnovist movement show there is an alternative to Bolshevism?"). As the Bolshevik revolution showed, representative government is the first step in the political expropriation of the working class from control over their fate. As we discuss in section 12 of the appendix "What happened during the Russian Revolution?", there was an alternative in the form of the factory committees and the federation. www.anarchistfaq.de /append44.html   (18327 words)

Dahrendorf Vs. Eley Dahrendorf argues that Germany’s industrial revolution is incomparable to the revolutions of England or France because a late start and a rapid development of industry entrenched itself into German society so deeply that a capitalist economy was bypassed. Eley states: “We should think again about the assumed absence of bourgeois revolution in nineteenth-century Germany and accept that the bourgeoisie may come to social predominance by other than liberal routes.” To say that Germany deviated from the norm in their revolution is prejudicial and perhaps there is no specific norm. Often a bourgeois revolution is associated with shedding feudal authoritarianism and adopting a liberal system of government. www.personal.psu.edu /users/t/u/tuh125/eley.html   (982 words)

FRAC - Federation of Revolutionary Anarchist Collectives We need to be a clear pole within the street protest movements arguing for and developing effective anarchist politics and tactics. The revolution must break this grip over how we live as much as overthrow the structures that hold us down. But any collective that was able to approach its projects with these goals in mind and slowly but surely implement aspects and weave different strands together, would be well on the way to building the kind of anarchist nuclei needed to make libertarian revolution. www.frac.ws /papers.html   (504 words)

Interactivist Info Exchange | Building Revolutionary Nuclei   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24) Nuclei is a fancy word that means seeds, kernels, cells, "the head of the comet', "a central point, group, or mass about which gathering, concentration, or gradual build-up takes place". A Base in the Class:  The revolution will be made by the masses of working class and oppressed people or it will not be made at all. Creating Revolutionary Culture:  The authoritarian ruling class survives not mainly through its repressive force, but through the acceptance of hierarchal, racist, sexist, dog-eat-dog culture. slash.autonomedia.org /analysis/02/09/08/1640235.shtml   (578 words)

ABC News: Belarusians Wear Jeans in Silent Protest This is the fourth consecutive month that various human rights groups have staged an event on the same date to rally people and demand change in the autocratic state where KGB-like surveillance rules and the media have no rights. Although other Russian enclaves have been able to ride the wave of democracy with their own "colored revolution," experts say Belarus' "denim revolution" is different in nature and has many more obstacles to overcome. She commends these grass-roots organizations for taking a stand and showing that they exist, explaining that protesting is considered a criminal activity and any writing that is critical of the regime can land a person in jail for three years. abcnews.go.com /International/story?id=1502762   (779 words)

an introduction to insurrectionary anarchist practise - www.ezboard.com i think it is possible that an authoritarian revolution could bring about a libertarian way of living. To say that an authoritarian organization will likely lead the way to an authoritarian state is to miss the point. This is when revolutions occur, when there is a rupture within the existant society and possibilities open up. p201.ezboard.com /fanarchykkafrm1.showMessage?topicID=512.topic   (2219 words)

Marx & Friends in their own words The French Revolution was the rise of democracy in Europe. Leftist psychologists have, since the 1950 work of Theodor Adorno and his collaborators, been enthusiastic in claiming that conservatives are "authoritarian" -- despite much contrary evidence. "Revolution is certainly the most authoritarian thing there is; it is the act whereby one part of the population imposes its will upon the other part by means of rifles, bayonets and cannon" (Friedrich Engels -- from his controversy with the Anarchists). marxwords.blogspot.com /2005_01_01_marxwords_archive.html   (5144 words)

Daniel P. Becker | Brandeis University | Papers & Publications   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24) Nevertheless, the “National Revolution” enacted wide-ranging if somewhat contradictory reforms which often went far beyond German demands for collaboration; far from merely aping the Nazis, the Vichy regime had its own political, social, and cultural agenda. The rhetoric of the “National Revolution,” with its emphasis on a rather nostalgic return to the soil, on the decadence of democratic institutions, and on the sanctity of (rural) labor as a spring of regeneration for a humiliated fatherland, fell on fertile ground on the Red Island and became a convenient ideology of legitimation. In a sense, Jennings attempts to excavate the essence of Vichy ideology by analyzing it in a context in which it could unfold unhampered by Nazi bullying and the exigencies of occupation and collaboration. people.brandeis.edu /~becker/papers/reviews/jennings.html   (1096 words)

JAH Roundtable   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24) Since Fukuzawa did not have detailed historical knowledge of the British-colonial relations leading to the American Revolution, it was inevitable that he would fail to understand several sentences in the middle part of the declaration that described the tyrannical rule of George III. But it was the American Revolution that the people's rights agitators spoke of most; it was the Declaration of Independence that they most often quoted. But the French Revolution seemed marred by the excesses of the Terror and the ultimate defeat of the revolution. www.chnm.gmu.edu /declaration/japanese/aruga2.html   (9917 words)

Publius Pundit - Blogging the democratic revolution Georgian president Mikhail Saakashvili expressed confidence that Belarus is to become the next country where the revolution against authoritarian government is to burst. This idea was expressed during his visit to Italy in the interview to the local TV channel RAINEWS 24. In his interview which is to be translated on Wednesday July 20, Georgian president said on particular: “The next revolution is to take place in Belarus. www.publiuspundit.com /?p=1385   (508 words)

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