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Topic: Authorship

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	APA Style \| Determining Authorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The importance of authorship in the faculty—student research context was underscored by Goodyear, Crego, and Johnston (1992), who found that authorship issues were among the "critical incidents" identified by experienced researchers in faculty—student research collaborations.
		If authorship expectations are clearly established and agreed on early in the collaborative process, both the supervisor and the student have given their informed consent to participate in the project (Goodyear et al., 1992).
		Authorship decisions should be based on the scholarly importance of the professional contribution and not just the time and effort made (Bridgewater et al., 1981).
	www.apastyle.org /authorship.html (5278 words)

	AUTHORSHIP GUIDELINES
		Authorship is important to the reputation, academic promotion, and grant support of the individuals involved as well as to the strength and reputation of their institution.
		Examples of authorship policies include descending order of contribution, placing the person who took the lead in writing the manuscript or doing the research first and the most experienced contributor last, and alphabetical or random order.
		Authorship should be a component of the research ethics course that is required for all research fellows at Harvard Medical School.
	www.hms.harvard.edu /integrity/authorship.html (980 words)

	Shakespearean authorship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Around one hundred and fifty years after William Shakespeare's death in 1616, doubts began to be expressed by some about the authorship of the plays and poetry attributed to him.
		The debate, such as it is, is unresolved, with standard scholarship noting that the theories of ghost authorship began to develop two centuries or more after Shakespeare's death while anti-Stratfordians claim evidence of a "cover-up" during the lifetime of the author.
		A sign of the great interest taken in the authorship question even in today's era where Shakespeare's plays must compete with a vast array of other media for attention is the tremendous press attention paid to this discovery, which made the New York Times and other headlines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shakespearean_authorship (4703 words)

	Sportscience Resources: Authorship Guideline
		Authorship credit should be based only on substantial contributions to (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of data; and to (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and on (c) final revision of the version to be published.
		As your career progresses, being last author and author for correspondence signals that this is a paper from your lab, you are the main person responsible for its contents, and a younger colleague has made major contributions to the paper, hence they are listed first.
		The rules governing authorship and the bigger issues of scientific misconduct are evolving to meet the demands of the times we live in.
	www.sportsci.org /resource/writing/author.html (2026 words)

	The Ethics of Authorship: Feature Overview--How Should Authorship Be Decided? -- Cottingham, 2001-03-30, UNITED STATES ...
		Although they may set forth policies on authorship for their own journals, each editor is obliged to take it on faith that the authors have been truthful in assigning authorship.
		Our modus operandi was to cook up a hypothetical authorship dilemma in the form of a case study (see sidebar), which we then presented to four authorship "experts," each of whom has written a short essay on the dilemma from a unique perspective.
		Authorship, in this context, is complicated by the hierarchical, yet team-based, structure of the modern laboratory.
	nextwave.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/2001/03/27/4 (1137 words)

	The Council of Science Editors (CSE) - Services: Authorship Task Force
		Authorship credit should be based only on substantial contributions to a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of data; and to b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and on c) final approval of the version to be published.
		Gift authorship which has been bestowed as either a tribute or as a ploy for recognition, within the context of a reciprocal exchange or as the consequence of a dependence, is distinctly different from guest authorship which has been paid for.
		As such, gift authorship is more difficult to eradicate, a process which will involve the direct participation, or at least the agreement, of research institutions and funding agencies, in addition to a process of weaning away from long-standing academic tradition.
	www.councilscienceeditors.org /services/atf_whitepaper.cfm (7496 words)

	RCR Education Resources :: Online Resource for RCR Instructors
		Authorship is the most visible form of credit, but credit in publications is also given in the form of acknowledgments or appropriate reference citations.
		Authorship might be justified by significant contributions to the ideas that preceded the work, the design of the studies, execution of the study, analysis of the data, or drafting the manuscript.
		Because criteria for authorship are not universally accepted, authorship is a frequent cause of disputes among scientists.
	rcrec.org /r/index.php?module=ContentExpress&file=index&func=display&ceid=19&meid=35 (1273 words)

	ICMJE - Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
		Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published.
		On the other hand, if editors knowingly publish a manuscript written by only some of a collaborating team, they could be denying the rest of the team their legitimate co authorship rights; they could also be denying the journal’s readers access to legitimate differences of opinion about the interpretation of a study.
		Two kinds of competing submissions are considered: submissions by coworkers who disagree on the analysis and interpretation of their study, and submissions by coworkers who disagree on what the facts are and which data should be reported.
	www.icmje.org (12027 words)

	University of Pennsylvania Co-Authorship Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A brief memo summarizing the agreement regarding authorship and the division of labor may be helpful, but such a written agreement is not required.
		An important consideration for authorship is based on an answer to the question "Whose idea was it?" Having the idea for the study is one basis for a claim to authorship, but most projects evolve over time and there are many revisions in the initial idea along the way.
		Conversations about authorship are particularly important in cases where graduate student research is based on data collected by their faculty advisor.
	www.ssc.upenn.edu /soc/Graduate/authorshippolicy.html (1400 words)

	Accountability and Authorship -- Barker, 2002-11-08, UNITED STATES -- Science's Next Wave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Most authorship controversies arise because standards are fuzzy and because scientists often fail to understand those standards that do exist.
		The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), which has for years tried to emphasize authorship responsibility, requires each author to delineate his or her contribution in each of three areas: intellectual and experimental; manuscript writing and editing; supervisory and funding.
		But no matter, if you are in a lab where authorship decisions aren't transparent--especially if transparency is deliberately obstructed--you may be in the wrong place.
	nextwave.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/2002/11/06/14 (1464 words)

	Encyclopedia: Shakespearean authorship
		Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar.
		Jump to: navigation, search Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 â€“ September 23, 1939;) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, based on his theory that unconscious motives control much behavior, that particular kinds of unconscious thoughts and memories, especially sexual and aggressive ones...
		In 1984, Charlton Ogburn Jr.'s The Mysterious William Shakespeare not only renewed the case for Oxford's authorship with an abundance of new research results but also engaged a trenchant critique of the standards and methods used by the orthodox school.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Shakespearean-authorship (8733 words)

	Authorship and Imagery
		The big objection to apostolic authorship is that of the style of its Greek which is totally different to the style of Greek used in the gospel and epistles.
		The authorship is of some importance because if he is the same John who wrote the gospel of John, he clearly expected to remain alive until Christ's return, John 21:21-24 and in 1 John 2:18 he says 'it is the last hour'.
		However the question of authorship is academic, in the sense that this book claims that its author is God, it is the word of God, (Rev 1:1-2), it is the only book in the bible that has such a claim, 1:1.
	www.apocalipsis.org /rev-auth.htm (4464 words)

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		This increased collaboration has produced many new oppor tunities for researchers to work with colleagues at different stages in their careers, in different disciplines, or even in widely separated locations.
		Frank and open discussion of the division of credit within research groups-as early in the research process as possible and preferably at the very beginning, especially for research leading to a published paper-can prevent later difficulties.
		The best pra ctice is for authorship criteria to be explicit among all collaborators.
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/obas/contents/authorship.html (993 words)

	Authorship Guidelines
		Senior Author and Order of Authorship - The senior author is generally defined as the person who leads a study and makes a major contribution to the work.
		It is the responsibility of the senior author to assure that the contributions of study participants are properly recognized.
		During the arbitration process all the authors are expected to refrain from unilateral actions that may damage the authorship interests and rights of the other authors.
	www.msu.edu /unit/vprgs/authorshipguidelines.htm (545 words)

	Authorship...[Fulltext, July 15 JAMA. 1998;280:216-217] (c) AMA 1998
		From the 1991-1992 through the 1996-1997 academic years, queries relating to authorship have grown as a percentage of the total complaints made to the Ombuds Office from 8 (2.3%) to 59 (10.7%) (Figure).
		From 1994 to 1995 through 1996 to 1997, 61 (46%) of the 133 authorship issues were from faculty and 45 (34%) were from postdoctoral fellows, interns, or residents.
		The increase in reported authorship disputes has been far greater than the increase in either total issues brought to the Ombuds Office or in the size of the population served.
	www.ama-assn.org /public/peer/7_15_98/jpv71009.htm (1074 words)

	The Council of Science Editors (CSE) - Services: Authorship Task Force
		Studies of authorship in science suggest that traditional criteria for authorship no longer reflect the way research is actually done.
		Although published guidelines on authorship have existed for decades, investigations reveal that they are not followed consistently, and many researchers remain unaware of them.
		The reality seems to be that definitions of what contributions merit authorship vary from one department to another within institutions, as well as among institutions and scientific disciplines.
	www.councilscienceeditors.org /services/authorship.cfm (451 words)

	Shakespeare Authorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Oxfordians claim that these scholars are blinded to the evidence by a vested self-interest in preserving the authorship of "the Stratford Man," and some more extreme Oxfordians claim that there is an active conspiracy among orthodox scholars to suppress pro-Oxford evidence and keep it from the attention of the general public.
		Here is a complete transcript of the Authorship debate between Paul Streitz and Richard Nathan that appeared on the newsgroup in 1998.
		The authorship of the works is one of many topics discussed at the Shakespeare Web's Queries and Replies page.
	www.shakespeareauthorship.com (6200 words)

	The authorship dilemma: who gets credit for what?
		Fueling the discord over authorship is the "extraordinary" pressure on junior researchers to author more research papers sooner than they had to in years past, says McGue.
		The rules of authorship are similar in other social sciences, but they differ slightly in the biological sciences, in which the last author is typically the intellectual force behind the project and the first author is the one who did the empirical work, says McGue.
		She notes that the practice sometimes leads to problems of gift authorship in which people who haven’t really worked on the project are named because they hold important positions, such as head of a research department or principal investigator on a grant.
	www.apa.org /monitor/dec98/credit.html (1740 words)

	Mosaic Authorship of the Pentateuch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Catholicism, the dogma of Mosaic authorship was enshrined in the modern period by the Pontifical Biblical Commission (1906).
		Modern translations not bound by confessional obligations to the tradition of Mosaic authorship (e.g., the Jewish Publication Society TaNaKh [1985] and the NRSV [1989]) dispense with the introduction, which is not found in the Hebrew text of the Bible.
		The modern critical rejection of Mosaic authorship is often traced to the work of a French priest, Richard Simon (1638–1712), who was expelled from the Oratorian order for his liberalities.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~eslinger/genrels/issues/MosaicAuthPent.html (309 words)

	Online Ethics Center: Research Ethics Module: Responsible Authorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Authorship between graduate students or post-doctoral trainees and their research supervisors in the laboratory sciences is addressed in Carl Djerassi's novel
		Understanding of ethical norms governing authorship and fair credit in research, the general guidelines and how discretion is appropriately exercised.
		The article argues that name of a prestigious person as author tends to enhance the visibility of a publication and perceived legitimacy of its findings, so others are likely to seek collaboration or at least co-authorship with such people, but the credit tends to then go to the well-known person.
	www.onlineethics.org /reseth/mod/auth.html (1521 words)

	Joint Authorship Doctrine
		When more than one person is involved in the authorship process the identity of the authors, and the "rights and duties" of the authors may not be so obvious.
		The "joint authorship" doctrine involves a "sharing" of rights, although hopefully, especially if the publisher is a co-author, it is a deliberate sharing of rights and not an inadvertent loss of the publisher's complete ownership of rights in the work of authorship.
		The Copyright Act provides for joint authorship when a work is prepared by more than one author "with the intention that their contributions be merged into inseparable or interdependent parts of a unitary whole".
	www.publaw.com /joint.html (1036 words)

	The Council of Science Editors (CSE) - Services: Authorship Task Force: A new standard for authorship
		We emphasize that no one of these contributions constitutes the basis for authorship, but that it requires two or three, the appropriate minimum depending on individual circumstances, such as the number of authors.
		Note that some contributions formerly properly relegated to the acknowledgments section are included, but that those who participated in only one category would move from the authors' byline to the acknowledgments.
		According to the contributions to authorship requirements, someone whose only contribution to a paper was writing would only merit acknowledgment, but more comprehensive contributions, such as adding the literature search and critical revision of the manuscript, might be considered worthy of authorship.
	www.councilscienceeditors.org /services/friedman_article.cfm (835 words)

	Citations: The Idea of Authorship in America - Dauber (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Authorship analysis on computer software, however, is different and more difficult than in literature.
		Authorship analysis in computer software does not have the same stylistic characteristics as authorship analysis in literature.
		Authorship analysis in computer software does not use the same stylistic characteristics as authorship analysis in literature.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/209342/0 (218 words)

	Shakespeare Authorship - Earl of Oxford, Edward de Vere, William Shakespeare, Shakespeare Fellowship, research, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The goals of the Fellowship include bringing the Shakespeare authorship debate to a world-wide audience via the Internet and stimulating a wide-ranging dialogue on the relevance of Shakespeare to the 21st century.
		If you're looking for news about Shakespeare, the Shakespeare authorship question or Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, this is your gateway to internet resources.
		Unlike most Shakespeare authorship sites, we link to a broad cross-section of resources on Shakespeare scholarship, performance and pedagogy.
	www.shakespearefellowship.org (621 words)

	Shakespeare Resource Center - The Great Debate
		Whether or not the claim of Shakespeare is legitimate, the burden of proof would seem to lie on those who wish to discredit the Bard.
		Writers, researchers and scholars advance "the authorship question"—and Shakespeare ain't what he used to be.
		The Shakespeare Authorship Roundtable is dedicated to the study of the Elizabethan theatre, the social and political life of the Elizabethan period, and open-minded exploration of the authorship of the Shakespeare canon.
	www.bardweb.net /debates.html (875 words)

	The Instability of Authorship: Credit and Responsibility in Contemporary Biomedicine -- Biagioli 12 (1): 3 -- The FASEB ...
		this trend is having on the notion of authorship and responsibility.
		The protocols of authorship in large particle physics experiments are discussed in Peter Galison, "The Collective Author," paper presented at the conference on "What is a Scientific Author?", Harvard University, March 7–9, 1997.
		The remarkable paucity of analyses of the peer review system before the wave of fraud scandals and the early tendencies to underestimate the frequency of misconduct may reflect a built-in tendency to denial that, far from being arbitrary, is connected to the structural blind spots of the reward system of science.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/12/1/3 (10190 words)

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