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Topic: Autochthonous language

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	McLeod W, 'Autochthonous language communities and the Race Relations Act', [1998] 1 Web JCLI
		Even if the autochthonous language communities do not merit recognition as racial groups in their own right, such discrimination claims could readily be defeated, depending on the nature of the job at issue, but justifying autochthonous language requirements may require a complex and sensitive analysis, attuned to various competing legal and social policies.
		Language cannot properly be considered something that stands alone; in particular, it very often tends to create among its speakers "a cultural tradition of [their] own" (Mandla [1983] 2 AC at 562), and it is certainly arguable that such a distinct tradition can be discerned among Welsh speakers.
		The autochthonous language communities are at the margins of British life, typically ignored by politicians, scholars and activists focused on the urban centre.
	webjcli.ncl.ac.uk /1998/issue1/mcleod1.html (6876 words)

	Indigenous language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An indigenous language or autochthonous language is a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous peoples.
		This language would be from a linguistically distinct community that has been settled in the area for many generations.
		Indigenous languages may not be national languages, or may have fallen out of use, because of language deaths or linguicide caused by colonization, where the original language is replaced by that of the colonists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autochthonous_language (164 words)

	The Economics of Multilingualism
		The economics of language can be defined as the study of the relationships between linguistic and economic variables; in addition, it also includes the study of language-related issues where economic variables have little or no part, but which can nevertheless be examined with the concepts and methods of neo-classical economics.
		Language was implicitly treated as human capital by Hocevar (1975) and explicitly described as such by Carliner (1976) and Breton (1978).
		However, her knowledge of languages B and C will increase the usefulness of the language skills of some trilingual individual k, because the latter's language skills will now be usable with an additional person; this may have a positive (if marginal) effect on k's wage rate.
	www1.worldbank.org /wbiep/decentralization/library12/grin.htm (7270 words)

	[No title]
		Occitan speakers, most of whom have learned the language within their family, emphasise the role of the language, especially when their views are compared to those who do not speak Occitan, who prefer place of birth as the basic criterion to decide who is Aranese and who is not.
		Its language and culture are clearly linked to the north, as the autochthonous language of the valley, the so-called aranès, is a Gascon variety of Occitan with some Catalan influences.
		The divergence in the vision of the exact role language -either vital or secondary- for the survival of the community is evident in the tension appeared when the language was a socially debated issue.
	www.aber.ac.uk /~jmcwww/Identact/Papers/paper46.doc (3308 words)

	EJVS 7-3.htm
		Advocates of the autochthonous theory, however, also maintain that there is not any evidence of demographic discontinuity in archaeological remains during the period from 4500 to 800 BCE,[N.69] and that an influx of foreign populations is not visible in the archaeological record.
		The older languages of an area, even when they are no longer spoken, continue to influence the younger languages as substrates, not in the least in their sound system; new, dominant classes influence the language of the conquered as superstrates in many ways.
		Autochthonists further neglect that language replacement, such as visible during the Vedic period, depends on a range of various socio-linguistic factors and not simply on the presence of nomads, increasing population density, etc. Rather, the situation differs from case to case, and the important factors for any particular replacement must be demonstrated.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~witzel/EJVS-7-3.htm (17476 words)

	Guardian Weekly Global English debate \| Guardian Weekly \| Guardian Unlimited
		EU language policy is, apart from some rights to interpretation in the supra-national institutions, and the promulgation of documents in all official languages (which in theory have equal rights), largely covert.
		English as a lingua franca (ELF) is a language for communication, and as such the "property" of all European speakers whose native languages will continue to serve as languages for identification, i.e., means for speakers to identify with their linguistic community's cultural heritage.
		Minority language organisations throughout the EU are now trying to further develop this link, and to use identity and positive self-worth as a motor for their communities' socio-economic development.
	www.guardian.co.uk /GWeekly/Global_English/0,8458,400340,00.html (986 words)

	Marc Leprêtre
		This paper gives an overview on the different language policies implemented in Russia and in the Soviet successor states, stressing the importance of the historical background, the relations between language and nationalism, and language promotion as a tool for preventing inter-ethnic conflicts and for ensuring a peaceful and balanced linguistic diversity.
		The processes of language planning and language policy carried on since 1991 in the Soviet successor states can't be explained without a short reference to the historical, political and social outcomes raised by the nationality and language policies implemented during decades in the USSR.
		In such a situation, faced with the intensification of the anti-Russian xenophobe feelings in the Transcaucasian and Centro-Asiatic Republics and the establishment of new legislations as regards languages and education that benefited autochthonous languages, the Russian nationalists organized themselves by creating popular fronts, as was happening in the Baltic countries or in Transcaucasia.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/ussr/lepretre/LEPRETRE.HTM (3494 words)

	Revista de Llengua i Dret
		The concept of autochthonous language has three basic aspects: an administrative-institutional aspect (Catalan shall be the language of all institutions), a territorial aspect (Catalan shall be the preferential language within Catalonia), and a cultural aspect (the use of Catalan must be fostered).
		Failure to answer a customer in his own language is a violation of the Act and punishable by fine.Aside from the possible conflicts generated by Catalan's being the autochthonous language of Catalonia and its official status in Catalonia alongside Spanish, the Act's aim of acting as a force for language normalisation is clear.
		As for the concept of official language, which applies both to Catalan and Castilian, its normative consequences are twofold: first, individuals have the right to use the official language of their choice; second, for this right to be guaranteed, a language normalisation policy is called for.
	www.eapc.es /publicacions/RLD/rld29abs.htm (2029 words)

	TRANS Nr. 16: Hugo C. Cardoso (Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands): Linguistic traces of a colonial structure
		Bourdieu’s (1990) analysis of linguistic practice in society stresses that the definition of a language’s or language variety’s relative "value" (in terms of putative correctness or prestige) is a political or social exercise charged with notions of power asymmetry.
		Language is therefore instrumental in setting the boundaries of the Christian community and enforcing the notion of its separate identity with regard to the rest of the population.
		However, in the case of a language with strong colonial echoes, such as Portuguese or French, it is felt that there may be an additional drive behind its demotion, namely the will to counter the remains of a colonial past that may have been brutal and traumatic.
	www.inst.at /trans/16Nr/03_2/cardoso16.htm (5963 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1231: Lang Description/Typology: Dixon (2002)
		Although Dixon's system of classifying the totality of Australian languages is by itself extremely well-done, the convention he uses to refer to individual languages is somewhat difficult to assimilate by the reader.
		It is appropriate for describing a period of population expansion and split, with concomitant split of languages.
		Accordingly, Australian languages are marked for a basically 'triptotic' system as opposed to 'diptotic' systems that would show the merger of the locative with one of the directional functions.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1231.html (4928 words)

	[No title]
		But 1 want to tackle the question of language in the way I think it should be addressed in the republic from the point of view of general philosophical principles, and not specifically within the.
		Abkhaz Although Abkhaz and its divergent Abaza dialect have had official status as literary languages on their home-territories since the early days of the Soviet Union, the demographic facts and the dominance of Russian (or Turkish amongst the diaspora) mean that Abkhaz(-Abaza) must be classified as endangered (at least over the medium term).
		Abkhazia's other languages If what has been said thus far represents some musings in relation to the present state of, and future possibilities for, Abkhaz, we have to remember that Abkhazia, like most regions in the Caucasus, is a cosmopolitan area with a heterogeneous population.
	www.socsci.uci.edu /istudies/peace/progs/conf/GeorgeHewittscan.doc (2125 words)

	Genetic Distance and Language Affinities
		While this was a thrilling prospect for understanding the early history of languages and the initial dispersal of the human species across the world, some think it is too speculative and questionable for us to have great confidence in the results.
		The ultimate relations of Egyptian are especially problematic because most of the languages to which it may be closely related, the old "Hamitic" group, are only known from their modern versions, while Egyptian is attested from 3000 BC.
		Some of the oldest attested languages in the world, from the oldest civilizations, are in the family of the Afroasiatic languages.
	www.friesian.com /trees.htm (3758 words)

	Catalan Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Catalan, a language spoken by a population of around ten million, is, as French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Rumanian, a neo-latin language, that is, a language derived from Latin.
		The Catalan language is fairly homogeneous, although exist two main dialects or variants: the western (which includes Valencia, the western part of Catalonia and the eastern fringe of Aragon) and the eastern (which includes the rest of Catalonia, the Roussillon, the Balearics islands and Alguer).
		In Spain, in the regions where Catalan is the autochthonous language, it shares the co-officiality with Spanish.
	www.sola-sole.com /gcatala.htm (581 words)

	KERNEWEK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Cornish is not used as a medium of instruction at primary or secondary level, but it is taught as a subject in schools where an existing member of staff is willing and able to teach or where a volunteer teacher comes in.
		At higher level the language is not used as a medium or taught as a subject.
		It is possible, however, to study historical forms of the language within Celtic Studies courses at universities in Wales and elsewhere in the UK.
	www.minority2000.net /Gr-75/t70gb.htm (286 words)

	Linguistic Connections in regard to Atlantis
		The important thing in regard to their particular pattern of distribution is that when the languages of these people are analyzed, it is apparent that they speak languages that are related to each other, but not related to the other languages spoken throughout Europe and the Near East.
		In support of the theory that Basque, if not an autochthonous language, is at least one of the most primitive languages of Europe, in the sense of its being here before any of the existing others, is the fact that Basque.
		It appears that the earliest language of Britain is found--almost hidden at the root of the Welsh, Erse and Gaelic languages--to be the Atlantean language.
	www.atlantisquest.com /Linguistics.html (2294 words)

	Society for Philosophy and Technology - volume 2, number 1
		The Basque Country had miraculously been able to preserve its autochthonous language, tough as it was by usual standards.
		The autochthonous Basque language, which had no written texts up to the fifteenth century and was not taught until the end of the twentieth century, has survived in a cultural bubble without adapting to the modern world.
		The tragedy of the Basque Country, from this perspective, does not depend on political recognition; it depends on a type of cultural preservation which is independent of and prior to its autochthonous language.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/SPT/v2n1/alonso2.html (3924 words)

	Eureka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It acts and speaks on behalf of the more than 40 million European Union citizens who speak an autochthonous language other than the main official language of the State in which they live.
		The Bureau's general aim is to promote the autochthonous lesser used (regional, minority and non-territorial) languages of the member states of the European Union and the linguistic rights of those who speak these languages.
		One of the Bureau's goals is to define legal frameworks that could be applied to authorities at all levels - the European institutions, the States, the regions, etc. - in order to guarantee all citizens belonging to a linguistic minority all of the services they need to develop and use their language in everyday life.
	www.foreignword.com /eureka/details.asp?id=3648 (134 words)

	[No title]
		This law recognises the Lithuanian language as the official language of the state: all records are kept in Lithuanian; the state guarantees that Lithuanian should be the language of education and instruction.
		The Law on the Official Language does not interfere with the use of languages of the ethnic minorities, mainly Russian, Polish, Belarusian and Yiddish, which are protected by the Law on the Ethnic Minorities of the Republic of Lithuania.
		The resolutions passed by the Language Commission on the practical use of the language are obligatory to all institutions: offices, companies and organisations as provided by the Law on the Status of the State Lithuanian Language Commission passed by the Seimas in 1993.
	www.ucm.es /BUCM/cee/papeles/03/03.doc (6260 words)

	Review of Cubbins et al.
		As language -- and to a similar extent identity -- is complex and manifold it is continually pushing at the boundaries defined for it by society and state.
		Paul Gubbins' contribution is about language policy and its confusion causing linguistic identity within the European Union (EU) claiming the EU is ill-prepared for the linguistic challenges owing to the enlargement to possibly 25 nations.
		Despite Gubbins' conclusion the EU had a long way to go before reaching consensus on a democratic language policy it may yet avoid the fate envisaged by the Radical Party that the 'lack of a lasting solution for the language problem may threaten long term political cohesion of the EU'.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/tables/cubbins.html (1915 words)

	Autochthon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Autochthon, the indigenous flora and fauna of a region; see native species
		Autochthon, a sediment or rock (geology) that can be found at its site of formation or deposition, as opposed to an allochthon, which has moved from that site
		Autochthon, a term in Netherlands law: a native-born citizen of the Netherlands whose parents were also native-born, as opposed to an allochtoon, whose parents were not native-born
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autochthonous (170 words)

	Pariah Dogs or Pharaohs: Who Are the Ik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The ultimate origin and relationships of this language, known as Kuliak, are still debated by linguists.
		However shadowy the early history of the Ik may be, their story becomes clearer when they settled in the relatively fertile valley of Kidepo, in extreme northeastern Uganda and north of the mountains and escarpments they inhabit today.
		It has still not been ascertained historically just when the Dodoth entered this area of Uganda relative to the Ik; but like their neighbors the Turkana to the east in what is now Kenya, they spoke a Karamojong-cluster language and practised a culture centered around the herding of cattle.
	home1.gte.net /hoffmanr/history.htm (815 words)

	The Piedmontese Language, the dialect of people of the Langhe
		In fact, Piedmontese and French are two twin Romance languages: the first was formed on the basis of a Celtic-Ligurian nucleus, on this side of the Alps; the second one on a Celt-Gallic nucleus, on the other side of the Alps.
		It is a language and not a dialect, for (as it will be shown) it has a written literature and follows precise grammatical rules.
		The relation between the koinè and the local speakings is similar to that between the written Italian language and the Italian language local variants.
	www.saporidilanga.com /cultura/lingua/indexen.htm (755 words)

	ROMANES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A series of decrees which came into effect in 95/96 stipulate that in pre-schools, comprehensive schools, upper secondary schools and upper secondary schools for adults, students whose native language is Sami, Romany or a foreign language can be taught in their native language in place of Finnish or Swedish.
		Most municipalities have formed groups of five from their Romani pupil/students, and these groups are given tuition in their own language and culture for two hours a week, either within the lesson framework of the school or outside of it.
		Personal study plans including the teaching of their own language and culture have also been formulated for pupils who failed to complete their school studies.
	www.minority2000.net /Gr-75/t50gb.htm (400 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:ita
		Population includes some of whom are native bilinguals of Italian and regional varieties, and some of whom may use Italian as second language.
		Regional varieties coexist with the standard language; some are inherently unintelligible (Nida) to speakers of other varieties unless they have learned them.
		Acknowledged as autochthonous communities and protected by the constitution.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=ita (320 words)

	The Magic of Autochthonous - DiWineTaste
		Perhaps it is not clear whether this is just another “fashion” which is entering the world of wine, and with that also new commercial opportunities, or it is a term capable of distinguish and further set apart the ones who talk about wine from the ones who try to get into it.
		According to the English language autochthonous, from Greek autóchthon, means something or someone “from its or his own land”, in our specific case, grapes originating from determined areas or regions.
		Maybe it could be that the renewed interest, or the discover, of autochthonous grapes has its origin from the necessity of knowing something new also supported by the indiscriminate invasion of so many wines “all similar, all the same”, produced with the same grapes and inevitably have the same taste and same aromas.
	www.diwinetaste.com /dwt/en2003111.php (1251 words)

	LINGUIST List 16.811: General Ling/Romance/Bremen, Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Elisabeth Verhoeven, Romanisation world-wide: The impact of French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish on the autochthonous languages of Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Austronesia (with special focus on Hispanicisation)
		Message 1: Romanisation world-wide: The impact of French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish on the autochthonous languages of Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Austronesia (with special focus on Hispanicisation)
		language of Africa, Asia, Oceania or the Americas as recipient language.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/16/16-811.html (215 words)

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