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Topic: Autocrine signalling

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Autocrine

Paracrine signalling

Autocrine agent

Paracrine agent

Prostaglandin

Histamine

Somatostatin

Paracrine

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	Cell signalling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Autocrine signalling is the secretion of of cell signals that bind back onto its own receptors.
		Autocrine signalling may be the foundation of the community effect in development.
		Cell signals can be required just to maintain the health of the cell, such that if you remove the signal, the cell dies.
	campus.murraystate.edu /academic/faculty/David.Canning/WEBFILES/321sig.html (1094 words)

	Hormone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They move by circulation or diffusion to their target cells, which may be nearby cells (paracrine action) in the same tissue or cells of a distant organ of the body.
		The function of hormones is to serve as a signal to the target cells; the action of hormones is determined by the pattern of secretion and the signal transduction of the receiving tissue.
		Many of the responses to hormone signals can be described as serving to regulate metabolic activity of an organ or tissue.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hormone (897 words)

	Horst Ibelgaufts'COPE: Cytokines Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Autocrine loops effected through the interaction of growth factors with their corresponding receptors can take simple forms involving only a single growth factor or rather complex forms involving two or more growth factors.
		Autocrine growth of gastric carcinoma cells mediated by an interplay between IL1 and its receptor is demonstrated by the fact that antibodies against IL1-alpha and also IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra) significantly suppress cell growth.
		The uncontrolled synthesis of such autocrine growth factors by cells that also express the corresponding receptors is a mechanisms allowing, for example, tumor cells to regulate their own growth and to become independent of exogenous growth control mechanisms (see also: Factor-dependent cell lines).
	www.copewithcytokines.de /cope.cgi?766 (1744 words)

	Hintergründe / Topics
		In the body, these endocrine signals are normally released into the blood, and include hormones such as the sex hormonesoestrogen and testosterone; insulin to regulate blood sugar; and adrenaline to ready an animal for fighting or running away.
		These signals are sent over very short distances and include growth factors, which are involved in wound healing and cell division, and neurotransmitters, which convey signals between nerve cells.
		Most signalling molecules are water-loving or hydrophilic, so they are unable to pass through the fatty cell membrane (which is why they need a receptor to pass on their message).
	www.blauen-institut.ch /Tx/tT/ttSecretLanguage.html (3453 words)

	New Page 1
		Autocrine signalling: occurs when a cell stimulates itself through synthesis of a ligand that binds and activates receptors on the same cell.
		Endocrine signalling: occurs with factors produced in one part of the body that bind to receptors expressed on target cells that are far away.
		This form of signalling differs from endocrine signalling in that a.) ligands that participate in synaptic signals can achieve high local concentrations, b.) are associated with rapid, short-term responses and, c.) are often quickly degraded or sequestered to regulate the response.
	neurobio.mcphu.edu /GalloWeb/Loudon_intro_cell_signalling.htm (1598 words)

	The Society for Endocrinology - Training (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These processes are regulated in part by growth factor receptors, which act via autocrine, or paracrine mechanisms as positive or negative regulators.
		The IGFs serve as endocrine, paracrine and autocrine stimulators of growth, differentiation, metabolism and survival in a wide variety of cell types {2}.
		Together these studies, which have combined a variety of technologies to manipulate signal transduction pathways, have generated a number of surprising findings, but ultimately have demonstrated, that the pathway from the extracellular environment to the final intracellular outcome is not straightforward, and often, not what is expected.
	www.endocrinology.org /SFE/training/ss00/ss00_ste.htm (1280 words)

	Bio 52 _Lecture 16 _Feb 15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mating in yeast is controlled by cell signalling mechanisms similar to response to epidermal growth factor in mammals.
		Some signal molecules are embedded in the plasma membrane of the signalling cell and only influence cells that contact the signalling cell (eg.
		Autocrine signalling occurs when cells of the same type signal each other.
	www.unc.edu /courses/pre2000fall/biol052/lectures/lecture16.html (475 words)

	NEW EMBO MEMBER'S REVIEW: Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals during development -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Davey,F. and Davies,A.M. (1998) TrkB signalling inhibits p75-mediated apoptosis induced by NGF in embryonic proprioceptive neurons.
		Howe,C.L., Valletta,J.S., Rusnak,A.S. and Mobley,W.C. (2001) NGF signaling from clathrin-coated vesicles: evidence that signaling endosomes serve as a platform for the Ras–MAPK pathway.
		Nishimune,H., Vasseur,S., Wiese,S., Birling,M.C., Holtmann,B., Sendtner,M., Iovanna,J.L. and Henderson,C.E. (2000) Reg-2 is a motoneuron neurotrophic factor and a signalling intermediate in the CNTF survival pathway.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/22/11/2537 (6203 words)

	EUROCONFERENCES
		To identify the signalling features controlling VEGF expression, i) we analyzed the regulation of VEGF mRNA in normal and transformed CCL39 fibroblasts, ii) we dissected the VEGF promoter to identify the signalling pathway(s) controlling its activation in response to growth factors, oncogenes and hypoxic stress, and iii) we explored the signalling elements controlling mRNA stability.
		Whether other signaling molecules also contribute to the function of Tie2 during angiogenesis remains to be determined.
		However, the expression and activation of Tie2 in the quiescent vasculature suggests that Tie2 may play a role in the maintenance of the adult vasculature and that therapeutic blockade of the Tie2 pathway should be done with caution.
	www.pasteur.fr /applications/euroconf/angio/angio-abs.html (12290 words)

	Activated MEK Stimulates Expression of AP-1 Components Independently of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3-Kinase) but ...
		ERK signalling is responsible for Fra-1 and Fra-2 expression.
		Signalling through the ERK/MAP kinase pathway is thought to depend at least in part on the activation of gene expression.
		Structure and chromosomal assignment of the mouse fra-1 gene, and its exclusion as a candidate gene for oc (osteosclerosis).
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/19/1/321 (7447 words)

	Distinct pathways for autocrine and paracrine Wingless signalling in Drosophila embryos.
		Distinct pathways for autocrine and paracrine Wingless signalling in Drosophila embryos.
		Distinct pathways for autocrine and paracrine Wingless signalling in Drosophila embryos.Immediately after gastrulation, the two cell types are mutually dependent.
		Direct Wg autoregulation (autocrine signalling) is masked by its paracrine role in maintaining hh, which in turn maintains wg.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/8141737.html (184 words)

	Cell Signaling
		Paracrine signalling occurs when a growth factor is secreted by one cell and activates another cell.
		Cell signal molecules, or ligands, bind specifically to certain receptors on the cells surface or inside the cell.
		These domains are involved in the growth factor signaling pathway upstream from ras, a gene that is highly correlated with cancer.
	www.msu.edu /~trimarkb/440_web2.htm (587 words)

	The Scientist :: Autocrine loops, Nov. 1, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Misregulation of autocrine signalling loops may contribute to cancer phenotypes.
		Graeber and Eisenberg identified ligand-receptor partners previously implicated in autocrine signaling (for example, inerleukin 10 and its receptor and tumor necrosis factor and its receptors), and propose some new effectors (including several chemokines, such as CCL4 and the CCR5 receptor).
		Graeber TG and Eisenberg D: Bioinformatic identification of potential autocrine signaling loops in cancers from gene expression profiles.
	www.biomedcentral.com /news/20011101/01 (189 words)

	Autocrine growth inhibition by transforming growth factor {beta}-1 (TGF{beta}-1) in human neuroendocrine tumour cells ...
		Autocrine growth inhibition by transforming growth factor {beta}-1 (TGF{beta}-1) in human neuroendocrine tumour cells -- Wimmel et al.
		Autocrine growth inhibition by transforming growth factor ß-1 (TGFß-1) in human neuroendocrine tumour cells
		Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is an autocrine positive regulator of colon carcinoma U9 cells in vivo as shown by transfection of a TGF beta 1 antisense expression plasmid.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/52/9/1308 (4523 words)

	Bruce E. Elliott Research Interests I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We are now examining signalling mechanisms that regulate aberrant HGF expression in breast carcinomas, considering that this event may be relevant for prognostication and treatment strategies.
		Recently, we showed that Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) acts co-operatively with c-Src to induce transcription of HGF in mammary epithelial cells, thereby contributing to autocrine activation of Met, and enhanced cell scattering (Figure 4).
		Current studies are assessing parallel effectors of c-Src in HGF transcription regulation, and the efficacy of small molecule inhibitors of Stat3 in blocking HGF expression and autocrine HGF/Met signalling in human breast carcinomas (Figure 5).
	meds.queensu.ca /qcri/elliott/GrowthFactors.htm (298 words)

	Cellml.org - A Computational Model Analysis of the Self-Organisation of Polarised Cell Signalling via Autocrine Circuits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Autocrine cells both produce signalling modelcules and respond to them.
		A cell releases EGFR ligands into its environment, and a fraction of the released ligand is recaptured by the receptors at the cell surface.
		Model siumulations supported the hypothesis that autocrine EGFR siganlling circuits could contribute to the generation and/or maintainance of intrinsic cell spatial polarity, possibly realted to migration as ell as tissue organisation.
	www.cellml.org /examples/repository/maly_model_2004_doc.html (512 words)

	Articles - Autocrine signalling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Autocrine signalling is a form of signalling in which a cell secretes a chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that signals the same cell.
		An example of an autocrine agent is the cytokine interleukin-1 in monocytes.
		When this is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it.
	www.crunner.com /articles/Autocrine_agent (84 words)

	Cell Signaling
		Cells must be ready to respond to essential signals in their environment.
		Two categories of signaling molecules (steroids and nitric oxide) diffuse into the cell where they bind internal receptors.
		The signaling functions of NO begin with its binding to protein receptors in the cell.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellSignaling.html (2087 words)

	Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling and acquired resistance to gefitinib (ZD1839; Iressa) in human breast ...
		Connolly JM and Rose DP 1991 Autocrine regulation of DU145 human prostate cancer cell growth by epidermal growth factor-related polypeptides.
		Di Marco E, Pierce JH, Fleming TP, Kraus MH, Molloy CJ, Aaronson SA and Di Fiore PP 1989 Autocrine interaction between TGF alpha and EGF-receptor: quantitative requirements for induction of the malignant phenotype.
		Wang D, Patil S, Li W, Humphrey LE, Brattain MG and Howell GM 2002 Activation of the TGFalpha autocrine loop is downstream of IGF-I receptor activation during mitogenesis in growth factor dependent human colon carcinoma cells.
	erc.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/793 (8625 words)

	Read about Paracrine signalling at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Paracrine signalling and learn about Paracrine ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Paracrine signalling is a form of signalling in which the target cell is close to the signal releasing cell, and the signal chemical is broken down too quickly to be carried to other parts of the body.
		Growth factor signaling plays an important role in many aspects of developement.
		In mature organisms paracrine signaling functions include responses to allergens, repairs to damaged tissue, formation of scar tissue, and clotting.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Paracrine_signalling (127 words)

	Polyomavirus Large T Antigen Induces Alterations in Cytoplasmic Signalling Pathways Involving Shc Activation -- ...
		The Ras-MAPKs are a converging point of growth factor-dependent signals in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, as is Shc in the
		signaling by a dominant negative mutant of the Shc adaptor protein.
		Inactivation of retinoblastoma family proteins by SV40 T antigen results in creation of a hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor autocrine loop associated with an epithelial-fibroblastoid conversion and invasiveness.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/2/1427 (8087 words)

	Autocrine signalling -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Autocrine signalling -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		(Click link for more info and facts about Autocrine signalling) Autocrine signalling is a form of signalling in which the target cell is the secretory cell itself.
		It involves the use of (Click link for more info and facts about autocrine agent) autocrine agents.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/au/autocrine_signalling.htm (76 words)

	Trophic signals acting via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase are required for normal pre-implantation mouse embryo ...
		Trophic signals acting via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase are required for normal pre-implantation mouse embryo development -- Lu et al.
		Trophic signals acting via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase are required for normal pre-implantation mouse embryo development
		O'Neill, C. Autocrine mediators are required to act on the embryo by the 2-cell stage to promote normal development and survival of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/8/1567 (5977 words)

	Magnus Doverskog
		From the results above it seemed clear that autocrine factors were involved in the regulation of proliferation in Sf9 cells, and indeed, we could show that a substance that binds to antibodies against hIGF-I was secreted by the cells.
		Another possibility is that increased levels of amino acids lead to cell swelling, which is an anabolic signal (Bussolati et al., 1996) and that amino acids have signalling functions as obviously is the case in their preventing apoptosis (Franek and Sramkova, 1996).
		Thus, an alternative explanation to the positive effects of exchanging spent medium for fresh at the time for infection (Reuveny et al., 1993) could well be that the autocrine signalling system and concomitant proliferative processes are activated again.
	www.nada.kth.se /~henrry/DomainGenerator/WSP/WSP97/magnus.html (2397 words)

	Soluble interleukin-6 receptor activates the human papillomavirus type 18 long control region in SW756 cervical ...
		IL-6 signalling in SW756 cells activates the HPV18-LCR.
		Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas.
		Association of transcription factor APRF and protein kinase Jak1 with the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/10/2335 (2770 words)

	Hormone --Biotechnology Encyclopedia
		The function of hormones is to serve as a signal to the target cells; the action of hormones is determined by the pattern of secretion and the
		In many cases, one hormone may regulate the production and release of other hormones.
		Many of the responses to hormone signals can be described as serving to
	www.biotech100.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/hormone.htm (490 words)

	Physiology Online - Proceedings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Autocrine/paracrine signalling between Schwann cells is partly responsible for maintaining viability (Meier et al.
		Cyclic AMP is a potent intracellular signal leading to Schwann cell differentiation at the point of commitment.
		The results are consistent with the possibility that independent signals exist for the growth-arrest and differentiation of Schwann cells, and that SPP could promote differentiation through one or more of receptors of the edg superfamily.
	www.physoc.org /publications/proceedings/archive/article.asp?ID=539PS253 (488 words)

	Autocrine-mediated activation of STAT3 correlates with cell proliferation in breast carcinoma lines -- Li and Shaw, ...
		The intracellular signals driving the proliferation of breast carcinoma (BC) cells have been widely studied.
		Other signalling molecules, including the oestrogen receptor, the tyrosine kinases c-Src and Syk and STAT proteins, especially STAT3, have also been implicated in BC tumour growth.
		This indicates that BC cell proliferation may be a consequence of STAT3 activation by autocrine/paracrine signals.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/short/M109962200v1 (654 words)

	Cell-type-dependent repression of yeast a-specific genes requires Itc1p, a subunit of the Isw2p-Itc1p chromatin ...
		Autocrine signalling causes constitutive activation of the pheromone signalling pathway in MAT
		Dohlman, H. and Thorner, J. Regulation of G protein-initiated signal transduction in yeast: paradigms and principles.
		Roth, A. F., Nelson, B., Boone, C. and Davis, N. Asg7p-Ste3p inhibition of pheromone signaling: regulation of the zygotic transition to vegetative growth.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/149/2/341 (6357 words)

	MCSlect1.html
		The actions of these signalling molecules may last only seconds or minutes, thus mediating short responses, which are terminated by degradation.
		In the past, cellular responses to particular stimuli were worked out by observation, using activators and inhibitors to mimic/disrupt ligand-activated pathways and also by reconstitution assays in which the conditions and concentrations of different components could be investigated in a cell-free environment.
		Several potential signalling genes (many of unknown function) have been identified as a consequence of the human genome sequencing project.
	homepages.strath.ac.uk /~dfs99109/BB329/MCSlect1.html (1282 words)

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