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	Garbage collection (computer science) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Garbage collection was invented by John McCarthy around 1959 to solve the problems of manual memory management in his recently devised Lisp programming language.
		However, other forms of garbage collection do not necessarily share all of these faults, although the last is nearly universal, but they may have different faults of their own; all options should be considered when deciding whether to use garbage collection.
		In contrast to tracing garbage collection, reference counting is a form of automatic memory management where each object has a count of the number of references to it, and the object's memory is reclaimed when the count reaches zero.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Automatic_garbage_collection (2322 words)

	Collecting the Garbage for High-Availability Real-Time Java Systems
		Garbage collection pacing makes it possible for a virtual machine to ensure reasonable upper bounds on the time that will be required by application software threads to allocate new objects.
		Garbage collection requires a working allocation buffer of extra memory to allow additional allocation to be performed, while the garbage collector is reclaiming previously allocated objects that are no longer in use.
		Garbage collection focuses its efforts on the youngest generations, with the intent that for the same total garbage collection effort, the percentage of reclaimed memory is generally much higher for the young-generation regions.
	www.commsdesign.com /printableArticle?articleID=16503463 (2369 words)

	The Memory Management Glossary: G
		In tracing garbage collection, the term is sometimes used to mean objects that are known to be dead; that is, objects that are unreachable.
		Garbage collection is performed by a garbage collector which recycles memory that it can prove will never be used again.
		In tracing garbage collection, the approximation is that an object can't be live unless it is reachable.
	www.memorymanagement.org /glossary/g.html (1379 words)

	Automatic Garbage Collection in Java and C++
		Garbage collection concerns objects with dynamic extent (allocated with a
		The term “AGC” is not applied to this reclaiming since it is fairly easy and efficient to implement in the language.
		AGC is a significant variable that hurts Java’s suitability for real-time applications.
	sleibowitz.home.att.net /CPP_Java/AGC.html (1612 words)

	Garbage Collection-Part 2: Automatic Memory Management in the Microsoft .NET Framework -- MSDN Magazine, December 2000
		This means that the garbage collector sets the pointer to null in the short weak reference table as soon as it has determined that the object is unreachable.
		So, collecting and compacting generation 0 objects is likely to reclaim a significant amount of space from the heap and be faster than if the collector had examined the objects in all generations.
		Passing 0 causes generation 0 to be collected; passing 1 causes generation 1 and 0 to be collected; and passing 2 causes generation 2, 1, and 0 to be collected.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/1200/GCI2/default.aspx (3951 words)

	The Very Basics of Garbage Collection
		Garbage collection is the process of automatically determining what memory a program is no longer using, and making it available for other use.
		Garbage collection can, but does not have to, be assisted by the compiler, the hardware, or the OS.
		Conservative collection is very important because it permits the use of garbage collection with programs that were not written with garbage collection in mind.
	aass.oru.se /~tpy/koi/2004-2005-p1/texts/gc/gc.html (3146 words)

	Squawks of the Parrot: What the heck is: Garbage Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The garbage collection code is usually small and isolated, however, which offsets this to some extent.
		While a number of the garbage collection schemes have bounded worst-case memory usage and collection times, their worst case performance (either in memory usage or pause) is generally worse than a refcounting scheme.
		While I prefer garbage collection, its nondeterministic finalization keeps biting me. I would like to be able to explicitly (and implicitly, via stack-based objects [in the lexical sense]) tell the GC to synchronously finalize an object.
	www.sidhe.org /~dan/blog/archives/000200.html (3723 words)

	Automatic garbage collection at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Note that some language semantics imply garbage collection without explicit mention: for example, the lambda calculus is a language with a specification that implies garbage collection.
		While garbage collection assists the management of memory, the feature is also almost always necessary in order to make a programming language type safe.
		Reference counting is a form of garbage collection where each object stores a count of the number of references to it, and the object is reclaimed when the count reaches zero.
	wiki.tatet.com /Automatic_garbage_collection.html (1670 words)

	A guide to automatic garbage collection systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Automatic memory management allows the developer to focus on application logic (e.g., payroll, solving math problems) instead of innate details, such as memory allocation.
		Garbage collecting algorithms work either on the fly while objects are being referenced and dereferenced, or in snapshot mode as if periodically the memory picture of the application is frozen while the collection runs and finds the garbage.
		Mark and sweep garbage collecting seems to always be the first try when developers of new systems implement garbage collection.
	builder.com.com /5100-6387-1050291.html (789 words)

	Ada95 Lovelace Tutorial Section 12.6 - Unchecked_Deallocation
		Handling this case is called ``garbage collection.'' Ada was designed to permit, but not require, automatic garbage collection.
		Collection overhead might appear at any time, instead of when a specific allocation or deallocation call is made.
		automatic garbage collection is difficult to implement well (and thus can be expensive to implement well).
	www.inf.enst.fr /~domdl/Ada/lovelace/s12s6.htm (575 words)

	Incremental Mature Garbage Collection Using the Train Algorithm
		However, traditional garbage collection techniques lead to long and unpredictable delays and are therefore unsatisfactory in a number of settings, such as interactive systems, where non-disruptive behavior is of paramount importance.
		As each garbage train is processed, the objects residing there are either recognized as garbage and reclaimed or evacuated to higher numbered garbage trains holding references to them.
		Whenever the amount of garbage detected in mature object space was larger than expected, the collection frequency was automatically increased in order to keep memory consumption down; and whenever the garbage ratio was lower than expected, the collection frequency was decreased to improve the overall performance.
	www.daimi.au.dk /~beta/Papers/Train/train.html (5853 words)

	Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management in the Microsoft .NET Framework -- MSDN Magazine, November 2000
		The garbage collector then shifts the non-garbage objects down in memory (using the standard memcpy function that you've known for years), removing all of the gaps in the heap.
		Then, when the garbage collector moves an object's entry from the finalization queue to the freachable queue, the object is no longer considered garbage and its memory is not reclaimed.
		The next time the garbage collector is invoked, it sees that the finalized objects are truly garbage, since the application's roots don't point to it and the freachable queue no longer points to it.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/1100/GCI/default.aspx (5643 words)

	kbAlertz: (171414) - COM's automatic garbage collection mechanism enables objects in COM servers to reclaim their ...
		COM's automatic garbage collection mechanism enables objects in COM servers to reclaim their resource allocations and delete themselves in the event that all clients terminate abnormally.
		NOTE: Garbage collection applies to all servers regardless of whether their clients are local or remote, or a combination of local and remote.
		It must be kept in mind that garbage collection is done on an object-by- object basis and not on a process-by-process basis.
	www.kbalertz.com /kb_171414.aspx (1322 words)

	[No title]
		Java's automatic garbage collection is something of a mixed blessing: Although it reclaims memory of unused objects, it can take away some of the programmer's freedom.
		Java’s garbage collection eliminates the potential for a number of common bugs related to memory management, which are at the same time serious and hard to debug.
		On the downside, automatic garbage collection does take some of the programmer’s freedom away, because it’s not possible to know when a given object will be collected, and there's no control over memory management.
	techrepublic.com.com /5102-22-1049545-2.html (1074 words)

	Garbage Collection in Visual FoxPro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Automatic garbage collection is one of the features of Java that has drawn programmers away from C++.
		You may be asking yourself, "Why talk about garbage collection in VFP if it is automatically handled for you?" As good as garbage collection is, it is possible to create and connect objects in such a way that the automatic garbage collection process causes things to blow up.
		The motto with creating your own garbage collection is to put things away (release objects and object references) when you are done with them.
	gethelp.devx.com /techtips/vfox_pro/10min/10min0800/10min0800.asp (1315 words)

	SCJP Study Notes - Garbage Collection
		The finalization mechanism does provide a means for resurrecting an object after it is no longer in use and eligible for garbage collection, but finalization is rarely used for this purpose.
		Objects that are created and accessed by local references in a method are eligible for garbage collection when the method terminates, unless references to those objects are exported out of the method.
		This is a good thing, because garbage collection has some overhead, and if you never do it you never incur that expense.
	www.akgupta.com /Java/Notes/section3.htm (830 words)

	3.2 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
		This function will only locate those containers which support garbage collection; extension types which do refer to other objects but do not support garbage collection will not be found.
		Note that objects which have already been dereferenced, but which live in cycles and have not yet been collected by the garbage collector can be listed among the resulting referrers.
		methods are supported only by objects that support garbage collection, and are only required to visit objects that may be involved in a cycle.
	www.python.org /doc/current/lib/module-gc.html (701 words)

	Understanding Automatic Garbage Collection
		Understanding how automatic garbage collection works is important, as programmers can influence when garbage collection occurs and which objects are destroyed.
		Without a clear comprehension of garbage collection, your software may not be running at peak performance and may be consuming more memory than is needed.
		The garbage collector thread normally runs as a very low process thread, but once started, it might not be suspended until its task is complete.
	www.developer.com /java/other/article.php/628881 (1364 words)

	Understanding Garbage Collection in the .NET Framework (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The term garbage collection can be defined as management of the allocation and release of memory in an application.
		The garbage collector is optimized to perform the memory free-up at the best time based upon the allocations being made.
		The “using” statement available in C# automatically calls Dispose and provides a convenient way to deal with unmanaged resources which are required for a lifetime that extends within the method in which the objects are created.
	www.c-sharpcorner.com /Code/2002/Aug/GCinNet.asp (770 words)

	Java Report- ADTmag.com
		The idea of automatic garbage collection is that a utility thread or process running within the program will follow the program along and clean up all its unused memory, giving it back to the operating system or program to be reused.
		The preceding section described how object-instance garbage collection is done, but there is yet another important area that is not discussed as often—class garbage collection and unloading.
		The general idea of garbage collection is that when we are done with an object and want it to be removed from memory, we stop referencing it and expect it to go away.
	www.adtmag.com /java/articleold.asp?id=165 (2698 words)

	java programming language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Java, this problem is solved by automatic garbage collection.
		When no references to an object remain, the Java garbage collector autmatically deletes the object, freeing memory and preventing a memory leak.
		They found C++'s lack of garbage collection to also be a problem.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /java_programming_language.html (3718 words)

	garbage collection : Java Glossary
		To nearly everyone's great surprise, the more dead objects there are, the more efficient automatic garbage collection becomes relative to the explicit schemes used in C++.
		Unfortunately, automatic garbage collection is not as efficient in its use of RAM as explicit freeing because dead objects are not immediately detected.
		Conservative collection assumes everything on the stack is a pointer, and tries to trace its descendants.
	mindprod.com /jgloss/garbagecollection.html (653 words)

	Richard Jones' Garbage Collection Page
		In particular, we are interested in bugs and performance limitations that can be ascribed to the garbage collector, or scenarios in which collector simply got in the way (for example, when objects are collected too late or not at all).
		There is an abundant but disparate literature on the subject of garbage collection, most of which is confined to research papers.
		Garbage Collection: algorithms for automatic dynamic memory management sets out to pool this experience in a single accessible and unified framework.
	www.cs.kent.ac.uk /people/staff/rej/gc.html (1066 words)

	Java for C++ Developers - Automatic Garbage Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If you've never encountered automatic garbage collection before, you may find it a bit uncomfortable allocating memory but never freeing it.
		Garbage collection is the same idea, except on a wider scale (It needs more intelligence to know when the memory is no longer being used).
		No more worries about dangling pointers; no more analysis of ownership of objects; no more manual garbage collection techniques (like reference counting); and possibly a huge reduction in the amount of destructors you need to write.
	www.inf.fu-berlin.de /lehre/SS97/SWP/Java_vs_C++/gc.html (209 words)

	Garbage Collection
		A more sophisticated explanation for the effectiveness of generational garbage collectors is that they try to predict which objects are likely to die soon, and how well they work depends upon the accuracy of these heuristic predictions.
		Although they invented older-first collection for the theoretical purpose of showing that a generational collector can outperform non-generational collection even for the radioactive decay model, they reasoned that older-first collection might work well for the long-lived objects of real programs.
		Generational garbage collection works well when the collector can identify regions of heap storage that contain a higher proportion of garbage than for the heap as a whole.
	www.ccs.neu.edu /home/will/GC (1018 words)

	memory - internet resources (memory management, garbage collection) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector can be used as a garbage collecting replacement for C malloc or C++ new.
		Garbage collection concerns objects with dynamic extent (allocated with a new statement in these languages.).
		This short list is a starting point to tracking down garbage collection information on the net.
	www.eg3.com /WebID/software/garbage/blank/software/a-z.htm (236 words)

	Mirago : Computers: Programming: Memory Management
		A garbage collector for C/C++ (Hans Boehm) - Hans Boehm's page on the widely used Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector for C/C++.
		Parallel and Distributed Garbage Collectors - A parallel and distributed extension of the BDW conservative collector.
		Paul Wilson's Garbage Collection Archive - A collection of papers on garbage collection, memory allocation, and the like from the OOPS Research Group at the University of Texas at Austin.
	www.mirago.com /scripts/dir.aspx?cat=Top/Computers/Programming/Memory_Management (485 words)

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