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	A History of Scholarship on American Automobile Design: The Postmodern Validation of Auto Design as Art
		What the purveyors of this perspective failed to understand is that automobile design is part of the separate realm of popular art and thus cannot be understood by nor held to the standards of high art.
		Even among the “designers,” whose drawings initiate and shape the look of the car, there is a division of labor–one sketching grilles and front ends, another sketching taillights and bumpers–such that no one individual is solely responsible for any design.
		Although the author recognized, unlike Armi and others, that auto design is an amalgam of form and function and appeals to a wider market than high art, his book was organized in chapters on individual designers and ignored the changes in the broad population that constituted their market.
	www.autolife.umd.umich.edu /Design/Gartman/D_Overview/D_Overview5.htm (2954 words)

	Automobile - Wikicars
		In 2006, the automobile is recognized as a primary source of world-wide air pollution and a cause of substantial noise pollution and adverse health effects.
		The internal-combustion-engine automobile really can be said to have begun in Germany with Karl Benz in 1885, and Gottlieb Daimler in 1889, for their vehicles were successful, they went into series-production, and they inspired others.
		The automobile industry is dominated by relatively few large corporations (not to be confused with the much more numerous brands), the biggest of which (by numbers of produced cars) are currently General Motors, Toyota and Ford Motor Company.
	wikicars.org /en/Automobile (4822 words)

	A History of Scholarship on American Automobile Design: 1950s Scholarship on Design
		The 1950s did bring some scholarly commentary on automobile design, perhaps because it was becoming so central to American culture that it was hard to ignore.
		The “legitimate” design profession—that is, those practitioners, critics, and scholars who saw design as a high art and were concerned with form in and of itself—considered the aesthetics of mass-produced American automobiles as an abomination.
		This was interpreted to mean that the design had to be severe, pristine, and restrained, with an absolute minimum of decoration.
	www.autolife.umd.umich.edu /Design/Gartman/D_Overview/D_Overview4.htm (1558 words)

	Automobile design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Automobile design or car design is the design of automobiles and or cars.
		The design of modern cars is typically handled by a large team of designers and engineers from many different disciplines.
		For example, a designer might be tasked with designing the rear light clusters or the steering wheel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Automobile_design (660 words)

	Laser Design - Automobile Fixtures Case Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A leading supplier of automobile components is using rapid prototyping and laser scanning to dramatically reduce the time required to produce precision fixtures for inspecting automotive components.
		The fixture designers then converted the model into the software they used to design fixtures and developed a concept design for the fixture itself, including applying the gap needed to account for manufacturing variation in the production components.
		After the design was approved, the model was then converted to a computer numerical control (CNC) program used to produce the fixture on a machining center.
	www.laserdesign.com /story-automotive-fixtures.htm (1462 words)

	No. 255: Car Design
		It was so far from known automobiles it could have come from Mars.
		Designer Dick Nesbit tells us that Orville Wright did wind-tunnel tests and found the Airflow offered more drag than previous cars had.
		The design evolution of the American automobile continues, as vigorous and promising as ever.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi255.htm (568 words)

	The NIDO by Pininfarina rethinks automobile design \| Design Forums
		The NIDO by Pininfarina rethinks automobile design
		Italian automobile manufacturer Pininfarina has been investing in car research and development programs for over thirty years, tackling environmental issues, alternative energy sources, fuel consumption and more efficient vehicle construction.
		The dash assembly serves a dual role: it houses the instruments and is an integral part of the sled shell, acting to compress the honeycomb absorber during a collision.
	www.dexigner.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1661 (1314 words)

	Automobile at AllExperts
		Benz built his first three-wheeled automobile in 1885 and it was granted a patent in Mannheim, dated January of 1886.
		Selden did not build an automobile until 1905, when he was forced to do so, due to a lawsuit threatening the legality of his patent because the subject had never been built.
		Nevertheless demand for automobiles remains high and inelastic, suggesting that its advantages, such as on-demand and door-to-door travel, are highly prized and not easily susbtituted by cheaper alternative modes of transport.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/au/automobile.htm (4621 words)

	GT TECHNIC // GT2-GT3 // COMPETITION AUTOMOBILE DESIGN
		Design and engineering of BMW competition automobiles is the thrust of the company.
		We employed a proven front suspension design which is virtually identical to that which enabled the 1998 GT3 national champion Nissan to break the Mid Ohio lap record at the time for both GT2 and GT3.
		Several West Coast designers, of which we are one, are sharing information and are together developing competitive GT cars based on a similar chassis design.
	www.gttechnic.com /gt2_gt3.html (1725 words)

	PatentRoom.com: Early Design and Illustration \| Cars
		A design for an automobile assigned to the Chrysler Corporation by famed engineer Carl Breer.
		Design for a combined automobile hood, radiator and head lamps.
		A "design for an automobile trailer body." A classic, teardrop shaped design for a camper.
	www.patentroom.com /cars (327 words)

	IE Design Levels and Transportation
		Incremental improvement in the design of automobiles, proposed radical redesign of small vehicles (the Hypercar concept), and plans for an integrated rail-based transportation system (Suntrain) illustrate the broad spectrum of design opportunities for industrial ecology.
		The automobile industry has made serious efforts to prevent pollution in manufacturing processes, decrease materials wastes, and practice internal and external recycling of metals and plastics (process design).
		Change in design in the U.S. is largely driven by Clean Air Act revisions, CAFE mileage standards, zero emissions vehicle legislation in California and the Northeast, and Germany’s proposed take-back legislation (placing responsibility on manufacturers for recycling at the end of a car’s life).
	www.indigodev.com /Transport.html (1846 words)

	PatentRoom.com: Early Design and Illustration \| What's New Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A piano shaped design for a gas station with what appears to be a tiny bay.
		Ganine was born in Russian, studied at the Corcoran gallery in Washington, D.C. and settled in Los Angeles.
		A design for a dispensing stand that we have tried many times, unsuccessfully, to plant in our back yard.
	www.patentroom.com /blog/index.html (890 words)

	Automobile design - Wikicars
		The design team under the leadership of the design director will typically comprise of an exterior designer, an interior designer (usually referred to as stylists) and a color and materials designer.
		The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a body-on-frame rather than the lighter, but less flexible monocoque design used by most European car makers.
		VW represented a surprising experiment in product-driven design integrity: one body shape that remained constant from year to year, parts interchangeable from year to year, and that stability made it possible to make incremental technical improvements with a cumulative effect.
	wikicars.org /en/Car_design (809 words)

	Kammback design history - Wunibald Kamm - aerodynamics engineer
		It is worthy to contrast the influence of the advanced airship design on Jaray's automobile patent with the common box approach that was used by contemporary automakers -- for comparison, a high line 1924 Cadillac Landau is shown.
		His design incorporates a smooth roofline with a taper in the automobile's body that is then whacked off at the rear end.
		The airplane-like streamlined design features many innovations such as front wheel skirts and twin roof fins, but the car's aerodynamical efficiency was achieved by a radically cut off tail combined with the tapered body.
	faculty.concord.edu /chrisz/hobby/80-AMXitems/Information/production/KammbackStory.html (1398 words)

	MSU News: Student engineers to compete in automobile design
		Mississippi State is among 17 universities named Tuesday to participate in a groundbreaking student engineering competition that could significantly impact the future design of automobiles and other vehicles.
		Students will be expected to follow a design procedure similar to that employed by GM engineers, and will be evaluated from that perspective, he said.
		Also participating in the Washington announcement were overall MSU project student leader David Oglesby, a mechanical engineering graduate student from Columbus; and Christy Burton, an engineering major from Starkville and one of the authors of MSU's Challenge X proposal.
	www.msstate.edu /web/media/detail.php?id=2475 (722 words)

	Automobile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to seven people, typically have four wheels and be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
		Benz built his first three-wheeled automobile in 1885 and it was granted a patent in Mannheim, dated January of 1886.
		People can now live far from their workplaces, the design of our cities is determined as much by the need to get vehicles into and out of the city as the nature of the buildings and public spaces within the city.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Automobile (4317 words)

	Car Design at 75
		COLOUR, GENERAL MOTORS STYLING or the term currently used by professionals today in the industry of automotive artistry, "GM DESIGN." The modern process or science of designing automobiles celebrated its 75th anniversary in June, 2003 and no doubt the entire automobile industry owes a debt of gratitude to Harley Earl.
		The pioneer who first introduced this conscious business activity also provided the landmark automobile design scholarship programs (under the guise of "GM Styling") that went on to allow this entirely new profession to cultivate a fresh new supply of talent sprouting forth from the world of academia.
		For example, no senior vice presidents of design at any major auto maker today would be able to stand next to their sexy clay model car designs (the popular Chrysler 300 included) unless of course H.J. Earl had not originally introduced this cutting-edge technology to Detroit's engineering world in the first place.
	www.carofthecentury.com /car_design_at_75.htm (1634 words)

	Interface in Design - Specialized Automobile Industry Related Services
		Our in-depth experience working with the automobile industry allows us to fulfill the needs of our clients through all phases of the development lifecycle and beyond.
		Interface in Design's ability to assist in the development of future models is also enhanced by our involvement in sales and marketing research.
		Design Concept Support - During the design development process, collect and analyze design reference and living scene samples and provide immediately usable information in the form of design taste and key words that are easier for designers to comprehend.
	www.iid-usa.com /dynamicdata/automobile.asp (528 words)

	NID :: Transportation & Automobile Design (PGDPD) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Designers have a very important contribution to make in the way in which the objects we make in our environment work and in term influence our perceptions towards them.
		This course aims to train young professionals with a thorough grounding in the systems approach to holistic problem solving processes and a sensitivity of concerns towards the environment and needs and requirements of different user groups.
		To understand the socio economic, cultural and ecological and environment contexts of transportation design and ethical responsibilities of the professional designer
	www.nid.edu /study_pg_tad.htm (502 words)

	Bland Car Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When he wasn't sketching automobiles, Raymond Loewy designed stuff for the Pennsylvania Railroad - everything from trash bins to locomotives, like the streamlined T-1 passenger steam loco of the early 1940s.
		Most of today's car designers live in the little world of Detroit - they are 'smaller' men than their predecessors - and have a less catholic outlook (not Catholic, in the religious sense, but, rather, in its secular meaning).
		Automobile manufacturers should be aware that they always have the option of giving me free cars to try and change my mind.
	www.joesherlock.com /Dull-Design.html (549 words)

	TAHProductions.com
		We also have a drawing for a walk-in-clay oven - the design was created and used by Hoadley Associates for the many projects that required large quantities of modeling clay to be heated to an optimal temperature.
		Fred Hoadleys' 37 year career at Ford Motor Company has allowed him to introduce innovations in the development of design systems and enjoy the benefits of improved materials and techniques.
		He has helped drive the metamorphosis of design departments, improvements in technology and the introduction of computerized design and scanning operations.
	www.tahproductions.com (169 words)

	ITALIA - Italian Design - Cars and scooters
		Very often, engineers' talent influences modern design, as in the case of Pininfarina, Michelotti, Zagato and Frua, who are directly involved in the automobile design.
		So far, concept cars have always contributed to show the designers' talent, the engineers' vision for style and safety and the great potentials of the Italian automobile industry.
		In 1945-1946 engineer, Pierluigi Torre was assigned to design a new scooter that would employ a steel tube frame construction.
	www.italiantourism.com /design.html (707 words)

	Automobile design - costs, efficiency, and Chrysler Corporation
		For example-in an off road race car- I design (for obvious reasons) a multitube space frame to provide direct load transfer paths to minimize weight and maximize stiffness, to provide a stable base for a long travel suspension to adapt to high frequency, large, variable amplitude waveform inputs.
		The key to efficient design is the intended application - the same ideas vary in cost based on the "how it will be used", so proper design parameters must be defined initially in a new car program to eliminate as must wasted time as possible.
		An average design cycle is anywhere from 36 months to 60 months (3 years to 5 years) for a total labor cost of (assuming 3 years) is $17,280,000,000.
	www.allpar.com /ed/old/costs.html (1073 words)

	Skoda Auto - Automobile Design Development
		Upon compiling draft designs, based on the Konzernâ€™s platform, the overall vehicle concept is ready for further elaboration.
		Simultaneously with the development of the platform, there are various studies and comparative analyses of competitorsâ€™ vehicles under progress, in order to define optimal external and internal dimensions.
		The designing process includes creation of cross sections of the individual design versions and the junction points of the future body frames.
	www.skoda-auto.com /global/entech/designcenter/designcenter_4.htm (159 words)

	red dot online: Automobile design trend report
		Particularly in the automobile industry, design has outstanding significance and is one of the most important factors for commercial success.
		Design has to fulfil significant tasks in automobile manufacturing: It has to have its finger on the pulse of the age, without wanting to please; it has to be innovative while at the same time fulfilling technical demands such as safety standards and standards of environmental protection.
		It has to fulfil the user’s wish to identify with their vehicle as well as their need for differentiation and individualisation, because a car is much more than a means of transport - it is also a status symbol and reflects the “mobile part” of the attitude to life.
	en.red-dot.org /1530.html (279 words)

	ELA Lesson Overview
		The basics of car design and car production present an excellent opportunity to learn the automotive industry and the many jobs associated with the industry.
		Boys are particularly entranced by cars, especially, the design and the speed of the car.
		Encourage girls to consider design, engineering, and planning, as women are not holding many of these positions.
	www.resa.net /smart_ctor/ela_overview.htm (156 words)

	Car Design at 75
		COLOUR, GENERAL MOTORS STYLING or the term currently used by professionals today in the industry of automotive artistry, "GM DESIGN." The modern process or science of designing automobiles celebrated its 75th anniversary in June, 2003 and no doubt the entire automobile industry owes a debt of gratitude to Harley Earl.
		The pioneer who first introduced this conscious business activity also provided the landmark automobile design scholarship programs (under the guise of "GM Styling") that went on to allow this entirely new profession to cultivate a fresh new supply of talent sprouting forth from the world of academia.
		For example, no senior vice presidents of design at any major auto maker today would be able to stand next to their sexy clay model car designs (the popular Chrysler 300 included) unless of course H.J. Earl had not originally introduced this cutting-edge technology to Detroit's engineering world in the first place.
	carofthecentury.com /car_design_at_75.htm (1634 words)

	New directions in design - Cover Story - automobile design Automotive Industries - Find Articles
		They've redefined their priorities and restructured their design staffs -- two of them have hired new design chiefs -- to ensure that design plays a major role in driving their future business.
		With a new design boss and a controversial new sports coupe, Mazda is emerging from Ford's majority-shareholder shadow to establish its own look and true global presence.
		These designers are sent out by le Quement to look outside the automotive world for inspiration and influence.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3012/is_12_181/ai_84377763 (921 words)

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