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Topic: Autonomic nervous system

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Parasympathetic

Central nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Motoneuron

Voluntary nervous system

Central nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Postganglionic cell

Autonomic ganglion

Nervous system

Medulla spinalis

Enteric nervous system

Limbic system

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	Autonomic nervous system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In general, the parasympathetic nervous system is involved with digestion and energy conservation, while the sympathetic nervous system is involved with energy expenditure and the 'fight or flight' response.
		The peripheral portion of the sympathetic nervous system is characterized by the presence of numerous ganglia and complicated plexuses.
		The ganglion cells of the sympathetic system are derived from the cells of the neural crests.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system (3419 words)

	Autonomic nervous system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Anatomy and Physiology of the A.N.S. In contrast to the voluntary nervous system, the "involuntary" or autonomic nervous system is responsible for homeostasis, maintaining a relatively constant internal environment by controlling such involuntary functions as digestion, respiration, perspiration, and metabolism, and by modulating blood pressure.
		These tasks are under the control of the parasympathetic system, which lowers the heart rate and blood pressure, diverts blood back to the skin and the gastrointestinal tract, contracts the pupils and bronchioles, stimulates salivary gland secretion, and accelerates peristalsis.
		However, the enteric nervous system is capable of operating on its own, even after having been severed from input from the SNS and PNS.
	www.newalbany.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Autonomic_nervous_system (3068 words)

	Autonomic Nervous System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The autonomic nervous system conveys sensory impulses from the blood vessels, the heart and all of the organs in the chest, abdomen and pelvis through nerves to other parts of the brain (mainly the brain stem which consists of the medulla, pons and hypothalamus).
		Through these nervous pathways, the autonomic nerves convey stimuli resulting in largely unconscious, reflex, bodily adjustments such as in the size of the pupil, the digestive functions of the stomach and intestines, the rate and depth of respiration and dilatation or constriction of the blood vessels.
		Like other nerves, those of the autonomic nervous system convey their messages to the appropriate end organs (blood vessels, viscera, etc.) by releasing transmitter substances to which the receptors of the target cells are responsive.
	www.drwastl.org /files/autonomic.html (1199 words)

	nervous system on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Invertebrate animals show varying degrees of complexity in their nervous systems, but it is in the vertebrate animals (phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata) that the system reaches its greatest complexity.
		All of the fibers of the autonomic nervous system are motor channels, and their impulses arise from the nerve tissue itself, so that the organs they innervate perform more or less involuntarily and do not require stimulation to function.
		Autonomic nerve fibers exit from the central nervous system as part of other peripheral nerves but branch from them to form two more subsystems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the actions of which usually oppose each other.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/nervouss_AutonomicNervousSystem.asp (2400 words)

	The Autonomic Nervous System
		The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that functions to regulate the basic visceral (organ) processes needed for the maintenance of normal bodily functions.
		The autonomic system is usually defined as a motor system that innervates three major types of tissue: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
		A third division of the autonomic system, termed the enteric nervous system, consists of a collection of neurons embedded within the wall of the entire gastrointestinal tract and its derivatives.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /article/bodynervousadvanced/822 (1644 words)

	Autonomic Nervous System
		The autonomic nervous system serves as a relay station to the visceral organs of the body.
		In the autonomic nervous system, the message is transferred at the synapse from one neuron to a second one that carries it to the muscle or gland cell.
		The autonomic nervous system is actually part of the peripheral nervous system in that it consists of motor portions of some cranial and spinal nerves.
	www.maexamhelp.com /id91.htm (547 words)

	The Autonomic Nervous System (page 1)
		The nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system which controls organs under voluntary control (mainly muscles) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) which regulates individual organ function and homeostasis, and for the most part is not subject to voluntary control.
		The ANS is predominantly an efferent system transmitting impulses from the Central Nervous System (CNS) to peripheral organ systems.
		The preganglionic outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system arises from the cell bodies of the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X in the brain stem and from the second, third and fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord.
	www.nda.ox.ac.uk /wfsa/html/u05/u05_010.htm (879 words)

	The autonomic nervous system
		The nervous system as a whole includes the Central Nervous System, consisting of brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System, whose nerve fibres connect all parts of the body with the central nervous system.
		Autonomic identifications and polarisations become built in – for example, a child may react like the over-excited mother (sympathetic); or they may become the complementary object and be mother’s ‘rock’ steady, dependable, imperturbable (parasympathetic).
		The Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System – the muscular system – are regulated by sensory-motor loops.
	www.thinkbody.co.uk /papers/autonomic-nervous-system.htm (8102 words)

	The Autonomic Nervous System
		The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are continually active and the basal rates of activity are known as sympathetic and parasympatheric tone respectively.
		Autonomic Regulatory Systems maintain a constant internal environment for the optimal functioning of the various organs and their cells.
		Efferent (motor) neurons of the autonomic dvision are closely limked to homeostatic control centers in the hypothalamus, pons and medulla.
	www.bioweb.uncc.edu /humanphys/autonomi.htm (2058 words)

	Fibromyalgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The periodic components of this heart rate variation are dictated by the input of the two branches of the autonomic nervous system: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
		We observed a paradoxical derangement of the sympathetic nervous system response to the upright posture.
		This autonomic nervous system dysfunction could induce other symptoms of fibromyalgia such as irritable bowel, urinary discomfort, limb numbness, anxiety and dryness of the eyes and mouth.
	www.martinez-lavin.com /Fibromyalgia.htm (1417 words)

	SPINE AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
		The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are the integral anatomical and physiological components of the spine.
		Due to the fact that the majority of the central and peripheral nervous system dysfunctions are somatic in nature, the autonomic nervous system has been over-shadowed and has received very little attention in regard to its role in spinal pathology.
		The neuronal structures in the autonomic nervous system are divided into supraspinal, preganglionic, and postganglionic neurons, The postganglionic fibers are poorly or myelinated (small c) fibers.
	www.medforum.com /jobline-srch/lifeline/articles/nvs00012/article.html (2923 words)

	Pictures of birds autonomic nervous system - Encyclopedia: Nervous system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Loesch, Dr Andrzej - Relationship between the autonomic nervous system and the mechanisms of behavior, using vocalizing fish and social bird models.
		The regulatory function of the autonomic nervous system is fundamental.
		The autonomic nervous system is the involuntary part of the nervous system where all of the internal maintenance is taken care of.
	directinfoseek.com /dris/pictures-of-birds-autonomic-nervous-system.html (413 words)

	Hypothalamus and ANS
		The autonomic nervous system is an entire little brain unto itself; its name comes from "autonomous", and it runs bodily functions without our awareness or control.
		The sympathetic system evokes responses characteristic of the "fight-or-flight" response: pupils dilate, muscle vasculature dilates, the heart rate increases, and the digestive system is put on hold.
		The parasympathetic system has many specific functions, including slowing the heart, constricting the pupils, stimulating the gut and salivary glands, and other responses that are not a priority when being "chased by a tiger".
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/hypoANS.html (1805 words)

	the nervous system
		Nervous tissue is composed of two main cell types: neurons and glial cells.
		The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the CNS to other parts of the body, and is composed of nerves (bundles of neurons).
		The autonomic system controls muscles in the heart, the smooth muscle in internal organs such as the intestine, bladder, and uterus.
	www.estrellamountain.edu /faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookNERV.html (3645 words)

	Peripheral Nervous System, Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System . . .
		system of nerves outside of the central nervous system (CNS or brain and spinal cord).
		The the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is under control of central nervous system and is also part of the peripheral nervous system, although these nerves stay within the body and effect organs and soft tissues and do not leave to effect appendages (arms and legs).
		The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is "automatic" and in control of involuntary bodily functions and it is divided into two parts: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
	www.drstandley.com /bodysystems_peripheralnervous.shtml (580 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Autonomic Nervous System
		The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it controls many organs and muscles within the body.
		Notice in the picture on the left that the sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord.
		The enteric nervous system is a meshwork of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gall bladder).
	staff.washington.edu /chudler/auto.html (584 words)

	The Science of Coherent Breathing - Complete Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Given that this “signal” is communicated by the autonomic nervous system throughout the body, this rest period is sacrificed relative to the entire organism.
		This particular spectral signature is of special significance because it is representative of optimal autonomic nervous system balance, spectral components to the left of the peak being reflective of sympathetic activity and spectral components to the right being reflective of parasympathetic activity.
		Autonomic balance or lack thereof is a relative matter and for this reason it is best to conceive of it as a spectrum along which numerous psychophysiological factors lie.
	www.coherence.com /science_full_html_production.htm (4735 words)

	The ANS
		The autonomic nervous system conveys sensory impulses from the blood vessels, the heart and all of the organs in the chest, abdomen and pelvis through nerves to other parts of the brain (mainly the medulla, pons and hypothalamus).
		The afferent nerves subserving both systems convey impulses from sensory organs, muscles, the circulatory system and all the organs of the body to the controlling centers in the medulla, pons and hypothalamus.
		It is evident, therefore, that while we are not constantly aware of the activity of the autonomic nervous system as we are of unusual sensory and motor events, the normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system day and night, from heart-beat to heart-beat, plays a largely unconscious but vital role in our livelihood.
	www.ndrf.org /ans.htm (1386 words)

	Autonomic nervous system
		The peripheral divisions of autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
		In general, autonomic hyperactivity tends to occur in the context of acute neurologic disease, whereas neurodegerative disorders are most commonly associated with autonomic failure.
		All the midbrain areas are in connection with the autonomic centers in the brain stem and spinal cord.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514271343/html/x614.html (2515 words)

	The Peripheral Nervous System
		The actions of the autonomic nervous system are largely involuntary (in contrast to those of the sensory-somatic system).
		The preganglionic motor neurons of the sympathetic system arise in the spinal cord.
		The main nerves of the parasympathetic system are the tenth cranial nerves, the vagus nerves.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html (904 words)

	MN99.08A Testing of Autonomic Nervous System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Autonomic nervous system tests consist of a battery of calibrated reproducible tests capable of providing an accurate assessment of the status of different parts of the autonomic system.
		While autonomic function tests are not needed for the evaluation of Parkinson’s disease, interposed between these two disorders are a number of intities sometimes designated Parkinsonism-plus, nonspecific multiple system atrophy as well as a number of other related disorders such as striatonigral degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and olivopontocerebellar degeneration.
		Autonomic Nervous System Testing requires specialized equipment and expertise which is most often available only in laboratories set up for this purpose.
	www.noridianmedicare.com /provider/pubs/med_a/policy/final/mn/mn99.08a.html (1200 words)

	eMedicine - Epilepsy and the Autonomic Nervous System : Article by Shahin Nouri, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bradycardia was mediated by activation of the parasympathetic system, whereas the pressor response was caused by an increase in peripheral resistance due to alpha-adrenergic receptor activation.
		Evaluation of autonomic cardiovascular reflexes in patients with epilepsy indicates dysfunction of both the sympathetic component (Massetani, 1997; Tomson, 1998; Isojavri, 1998; Novak, 1999; Ansakorpi, 2000) and the parasympathetic division (Kalviainen, 1990; Massetani, 1997; Drake, 1998; Isojavri, 1998; Novak, 1999; Ansakorpi, 2000).
		In summary, although autonomic dysfunction is known to be associated with epileptogenic activity, its importance as a contributory risk factor to potential fatal outcomes for this population is yet to be determined.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic658.htm (6329 words)

	autonomic nervous system
		In mammals, the part of the nervous system that controls those functions not controlled voluntarily, including the heart rate, activity of the intestines, and the production of sweat.
		The parasympathetic system is more important when the body is at rest, since it slows the heart rate, decreases blood pressure, and stimulates the digestive system.
		Today, it is known that the word ‘autonomic’ is misleading – the reflexes managed by this system are actually integrated by commands from the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system).
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0008152.html (323 words)

	IASP Newsletter Technical Corner: Testing the Autonomic Nervous System
		The sympathetic system preganglionic neurons lie in the intermediolateral column ofthe spinal cord: their axons synapse in the prevertebral and para-vertebral ganglia from where postsynaptic fibers travel a relatively long distance to innervate each organ.
		The sympathetic is a diffuse system, able to generate mass responses by epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla by virtue of its high postganglionic:preganglionic fiber ratio and long postganglionic fibers.
		The parasympathetic nervous system acts selectively because the preganglionic axons synapse in ganglia that lie in close proximity to the effector organs and because the parasympathetic postganglionic:preganglionic fiber ratio is much lower than in the sympathetic nervous system.
	www.iasp-pain.org /TC98NovDec.html (2843 words)

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