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Topic: Autonomous republics

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	Georgia Europe - Tbilisi Pictures, Travel, Economy and Map
		9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 9 cities (k'alak'ebi, singular - k'alak'i), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika).
		Autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat'umi)
		ote: the administrative centers of the 2 autonomous republics are shown in parentheses.
	georgia.europe-countries.com (1261 words)

	Russia - Minority Peoples and Their Territories
		It was redesignated as the Republic of Adygea in 1992.
		In 1924 North Ossetia became an autonomous region of the Soviet Union; in 1936 it was declared an autonomous republic.
		In 1920 Chuvashia became an autonomous oblast, and in 1925 it was redesignated an autonomous republic.
	countrystudies.us /russia/34.htm (6057 words)

	[No title]
		Within republics large areas populated by separately identifiable ethnic groups were accorded the status of autonomous republics, ASSR, (20 in 1991) and autonomous regions such as oblast and okrug (about 70).
		Republics and autonomous ethnic regions were populated not only by titular nationalities but by a number of other ethnic groups.
		The republic was disbanded in 1944 not to be restored until 1957 when the people were rehabilitated and allowed to come back.(4) More than one million people were affected by these forced resettlements during the war years.
	www.econ.duke.edu /pub/treml/nations2.293 (3882 words)

	NKR Office in Washington, DC
		In case the Republic did not pass the decision to secede from the USSR based on results of the referendum, a new referendum on the same issue may be conducted not earlier than 10 years after the previous referendum took place.
		Soviet and autonomous republics, autonomous entities jointly with the government of the seceding republic settle the issues of property and financial matters.
		Citizens of the seceding republic, convicted in its court of law and currently serving terms on the territory of the USSR are to be transferred to the seceding republic to serve the rest of the term on its territory.
	www.nkrusa.org /nk_conflict/ussr_law.shtml (1533 words)

	USSR Constitution: 1964
		Article 61 The Supreme Soviet of a Union Republic elects the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, consisting of a President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, Vice-Presidents, a Secretary of the Presidium and members of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic.
		Article 80 The Council of Ministers of a Union Republic is responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, or, in the intervals between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic.
		Article 90 The Supreme Soviet of an Autonomous Republic is elected by the citizens of the Republic for a term of four years on a basis of representation established by the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic.
	www.psr.keele.ac.uk /docs/ussr64.htm (3372 words)

	Sovereignty after Empire: Peaceworks: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Several regions (Uralskaia, Volgogradskaia, and Vologodskaia among them) attempted to upgrade their status to the republic level, and St. Petersburg successfully conducted a referendum to be a full-fledged member of the Russian Federation with the same federal relationship as that between the center and the republics.
		The republic of Chechnya refused outright to hold the December 1993 referendum on the constitution.
		The case of Georgia, the newly independent Trans caucasian republic that was engulfed for years in a bloody civil war, exemplifies the problems that arise in an emerging sovereign country trying to assert its territorial integrity in the face of ethnic minorities' self-determination claims.
	www.usip.org /pubs/peaceworks/pwks19/chap3_19.html (13751 words)

	Soviet-Empire.com - View topic - 1936 Constitution of the U.S.S.R.
		The Supreme Soviet of a Union Republic elects the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, consisting of a Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, Vice-Chairmen, a Secretary of the Presidium and members of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic.
		The Council of People's Commissars of a Union Republic is responsible to the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic and accountable to it; and in the intervals between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic it is responsible and accountable to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the respective Union Republic.
		The Supreme Soviet of an Autonomous Republic is elected by the citizens of the Republic for a term of four years on the basis of representation established by the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic.
	www.soviet-empire.com /ussr/viewtopic.php?t=28557 (5167 words)

	1977 Constitution of the USSR, Part III
		The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is an integral, federal, multinational state formed on the principle of socialist federalism as a result of the free self-determination of nations and the voluntary association of equal Soviet Socialist Republics.
		A Union Republic shall ensure comprehensive economic and social development on its territory, facilitate exercise of the powers of the USSR on its territory, and implement the decisions of the highest bodies of state authority and administration of the USSR.
		An Autonomous Republic shall ensure comprehensive economic and social development on its territory, facilitate exercise of the powers of the USSR and the Union Republic on its territory, and implement decisions of the highest bodies of state authority and administration of the USSR and the Union Republic.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /russian/const/77cons03.html (1108 words)

	Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia Official Site
		Excerpts from the text of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, relevant to issue of Karabagh, as adopted at the Seventh Session of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., Ninth Convocation, on October 7, 1977.
		The boundaries between Union Republics may be altered by mutual agreement of the republics concerned, subject to ratification by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
		An Autonomous Republic is a constituent pan of a Union Republic.
	www.armeniaforeignministry.com /fr/nk/nk_file/article/31.html (1465 words)

	Virtual Azerbaijan: The Legal Aspects of the Karabakh Conflict
		On February 20 1988 a Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAR) in regional center of Stepanakert appealed to the Supreme Soviet of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the USSR government to allow it to be joined to Armenia.
		The Autonomous Regions in the former USSR did not have constitutions as did Autonomous Republics and neither had the right of secession as did the Union Republics.
		The principle of granting autonomous Status (Region or Republic) to the national minorities in the former USSR did not have any logical basis and their creation had more political aims rooted in imperialistic rule, than desire for protection of minorities rights.
	www.zerbaijan.com /azeri/legal.htm (2355 words)

	[No title]
		In practice, the republics remained subordinate to the Communist Party and Moscow. Despite appearances to the contrary, therefore, the Soviet Union did not practice federalism; instead, it was a unitary state, with central control resting in Moscow. When the Soviet Union finally collapsed in 1991, Russia’s new leaders sought to introduce an alternative political system.
		The autonomous republics were based on national divisions and named after the predominant regional ethnic group, although paradoxically, the titular nation sometimes did not even compose the majority of the local population. In contrast, the districts were divided along territorial lines and were named after a specific geographic region.
		It maintained that according to Article 66(4), the autonomous districts were automatically incorporated into the oblast’ and required to participate in any district-wide event, such as an election. In a decision released on July 14, 1997, the Court found that residents of the autonomous districts were also members of the Tiumen oblast’.
	www1.worldbank.org /publicsector/legal/RussConstlCt.doc (11954 words)

	Land Resources of Russia
		The former autonomous republics and autonomous regions became semi-independent republics in 1990—92.
		The republic is situated on the East European Plain in the middle course of the Volga.
		It was established on 22 August 1921 as an autonomous oblast; in December 1936 it was reestablished as the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic — ASSR.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/FOR/russia_cd/adm_des.htm (11816 words)

	Russia - Movements Toward Sovereignty, Chechnya
		Beginning in 1990, many of the constituent autonomous republics and regions, delineated at various stages of tsarist or Soviet control, used the chaos and centrifugal force created by the breakup of the Soviet Union to move toward local sovereignty.
		Although the declaration of full independence by the Chechen Autonomous Republic was the most extreme result of such moves, some observers felt that the political and economic stability of the Russian Federation was threatened by the separatism of regions that were valuable because of their strategic location or natural resources (see The Separatism Question, ch.
		In March 1992, representatives of all but two of the republics (Chechnya and Tatarstan) and most of the smaller ethnic jurisdictions signed the Federation Treaty, which was an attempt to forestall further separatism and define the respective jurisdictions of central and regional government.
	countrystudies.us /russia/36.htm (2618 words)

	[No title]
		The boundaries are determined by the union republic but cannot be changed without the consent of the autonomous republic (a protection written into the constitution of the Soviet Union in article 84).
		That autonomous prefecture is for the Korean nationality who were brought into that area of China by the Japanese, during their occupation of Manchuria, as a labour force.
		All the national autonomous areas are inalienable parts of the Peoples Republic of China." The minority populations have 10.9% of the deputies in the National Peoples Congress and in other congresses within the governmental system.
	www.halcyon.com /pub/FWDP/Eurasia/sinoussr.txt (3424 words)

	Constitution Of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
		The Soviet of Nationalities is elected by the citizens of the U.S.S.R. voting by Union Republics, Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Provinces and National Districts on the basis of 32 deputies from each Union Republic, 11 deputies from each Autonomous Republic, 5 deputies from each Autonomous Province and one deputy from each National District.
		The Supreme Soviet of a Union Republic is the sole legislative organ of the Republic.
		The Supreme Soviet of a Union Republic elects the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, consisting of a President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic, Vice- Presidents, a Secretary of the Presidium and members of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union Republic.
	www.russiannewsnetwork.com /soviet-const.html (3141 words)

	Chronology
		The bitterness of the Tatars stems from their perception of centuries of Russian exploitation, an influx of rural Tatars and refugees fleeing ethnic disorders in the republics of Kirghizia, Uzbekistan and Tadzhikistan.
		It dropped the label of "autonomous" from its new name, Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic, suggesting it would like to be considered on a footing with other full Soviet republics.
		Nationalists have demanded the complete withdrawal of Russian troops from the republic, the liquidation of Russian military headquarters, the introduction of Tatarstan citizenship and the republic’s own currency, an acceptance of Tatar as the official language and cutting back the number of Russian schools.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/rustatarchro.htm (2129 words)

	Georgia Regions
		Closer scrutiny reveals that the autonomous republics are subdivided into districts, not regions; and the part of Georgia which is not included in the autonomous republics has no name of its own, but is subdivided into regions.
		I think it's most reasonable to say that the primary divisions of Georgia are the two autonomous republics, nine regions, and one independent city (Tbilisi).
		Region: Abkhazia and Ajaria have the status of autonomous republic; Tbilisi is a city.
	www.statoids.com /uge.html (814 words)

	The FAME: Yugoslavia, 1945 - 1991 - Republics and Autonomous Regions
		In constitutions of 1946 and 1947 republics were defined as 'People's Republic' (Narodna Republika, in Slovene Ljudska Republika), and Autonomous Region of Vojvodina (Autonomna Pokraijna Vojvodina) and Autonomous District of Kosovo and Metohija (Autonnmna Oblast Kosovo i Metohija, often shortened to Kosmet) were formed.
		This coat of arms is retained as the coat of arms of the Republic of Macedonia after independence until present.
		Though this flag was often seen in Kosovo where the largest population of Albanians was, this is the ethnic flag and not the flag of the Autonomous Region.
	zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr /descr/yu-sfrjr.html (957 words)

	Subnational flags of the Soviet Union
		The SFSR status indicated that that republic itself was a federation of several ASSRs (Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republics), possibly also with "non-ASSR" territory, so to speak, as in the case of the Russian SFSR.
		In the 1920ths many autonomous republics in RSFSR did not use the word "autonomous" in their names.
		The 1936 Stalin Constitution names 11 republics as forming the USSR: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the White Russian SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, the Kazakh SSR, the Kirghiz SSR, the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR, and the Tajik SSR.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/su-.html (1821 words)

	Russian Documents
		There are also autonomous republics existing within the RSFSR that may have their own constitution, though this must conform to the constitutions of the Soviet Union and the RSFSR.
		Other constituent areas of the RSFSR are the autonomous regions and the autonomous areas, whose laws are adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
		The courts in the RSFSR are the Supreme Court of the RSFSR; the supreme courts of the autonomous republics; territorial, regional, and city courts; courts of autonomous regions and areas; and district people's courts.
	www.fortunecity.com /boozers/ferret/451/profiles/rdocs.htm (2681 words)

	Social Identity and Conflict in the Autonomous Republics of Russia and Ukraine
		In the autonomous republics, regional identity is more salient and national identity is less salient than in Russia itself, she noted.
		Korostelina’s study also assessed the potential for conflicts in each of these republics, measuring intolerance, feelings of social distance and distrust between ethnic groups, ethnocentricity, ethnic mobilization, and the desire for independence for the autonomous republics.
		The early warning model, built on the basis of the survey, showed the potential for conflict based on these factors, and found that it was highest in Bashkortostan and Crimea, and to a lesser extent in Tatarstan.
	www.wilsoncenter.org /index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=224245 (568 words)

	Kordic and Cerkez - Judgement - Part three: I, II and III
		Under this decentralised system, the largely autonomous republics were free to evolve distinct identities, which, more often than not, were constructed along lines of national identity.
		Funds were initially redistributed through the central government from the richer republics to the poorer ones, which soon came to be regarded as a financial burden.
		To the extent that one’s identification as a citizen of a republic was synonymous with one’s national identity, the latter emerged as a critical element in political conflict.
	www.un.org /icty/kordic/trialc/judgement/kor-tj010226e-4.htm (12997 words)

	Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A number of nations had theoretical autonomy within the main Soviet republics and were called Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, or ASSRs.
		Karelian ASSR (1923-1940), (1956-1991) now Republic of Karelia
		Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics that had existed at a time, but whose status was different at the dissolution of the Soviet Union were:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autonomous_republics_of_the_Soviet_Union (158 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		With this machinery in hand, they used Russia’s June 1990 declaration of sovereignty and its support for "the parade of sovereignties"—that is, the secessionist and sovereignty movements in the union republics and its own national republics, provinces, and districts—to separate the party apparatus from the state bureaucracy and overthrow the partyocratic Soviet regime.
		The result of Russia’s federal asymmetry and the devolution of jurisdiction to the regions and republics has been a mounting number of regional violations of the federal Constitution.
		Igor Glukhovskii, nominated by the governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Nikolai Volkov, to represent his region, was rejected.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol10num1/special/hahn.html (4482 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Glossary
		In 1989 the Soviet Union had eight autonomous oblasts, five of which were in the Russian Republic.
		In 1989 the Soviet Union had twenty autonomous republics, sixteen of which were in the Russian Republic.
		Russian was given equal and official status with local languages in all non-Russian republics; it was made the official language of state and diplomatic affairs, in the armed forces, and on postage stamps, currency, and military and civilian decorations.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_glos.html (9351 words)

	Glossary of Places: Un (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The total land area of the union was 22,402,076 square kilometres, creating a single frontier that spanned a distance greater than the entire length of the Earth's equator.
		By 1946 the Soviet Union was comprised of 15 soviet federated socialist republics (S.F.S.R.), including 6 territories, 123 regions, 20 autonomous republics, 8 autonomous regions and 10 autonomous districts.
		The 15 republics of the Soviet Union were: Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Moldavia, Latvia, Kirghizistan, Tadzhikistan, Armenia, Turkmenia, Estonia.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/places/u/n.htm (163 words)

	The Soviet Union: Facts, Descriptions, Statistics — Ch 2
		They are free to preserve their distinctive customs, institutions and languages and a national group sufficiently numerous and geographically localized may under authorization form an autonomous republic or area with a full measure of local administrative autonomy.
		The Council of the Union is elected by the Congress from representatives of the six constituent republics, in proportion to their population.
		The Council of Nationalities is formed of representatives of the Constituent and Autonomous Republics, five delegates from each, and of representatives of autonomous areas, one delegate from each, in all 139 members.
	www.marxists.org /history/ussr/government/1928/sufds/ch02.htm (8026 words)

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