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Topic: Autonomy in moral philosophy

	Autonomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used as the basis for determining moral responsibility for one's actions.
		In organizational theory, responsible autonomy is one of the three components of triarchy, along with heterarchy and hierarchy.
		Autonomy as a principle, rooted in human nature as generally we have in the enlightenment and mostly in the liberalism, is not a concept that rests in the realm of the wishfull thinking, it aims actual realization and was an instrument to criticize authoritarianism of pre-capitalist societies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autonomy (469 words)

	Moral Development [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		In contemporary terms, "moral development" is a research specialty of cognitive and developmental psychology, with associated research in anthropology, cognitive science, social and political psychology, law and education.
		Drawing from the literature of moral philosophy, Kohlberg hypothesized that justice-as-fairness was the central moral concept, also that conflict resolution and fostering mutual cooperation were its chief aims and marks of adequacy.
		Moral relevance and adequacy should not be pre-defined by "expert" theorists on theoretical grounds exclusively, intellectually limiting the scope and determining the emphasis of research.
	www.iep.utm.edu /m/moraldev.htm (10336 words)

	God and Moral Autonomy
		There is a long tradition in moral philosophy, from Plato to Kant, according to which such a recognition could never be made by a moral agent.
		According to this tradition, to be a moral agent is to be autonomous, or self-directed.
		The Moral Autonomy Argument will probably not persuade anyone to abandon belief in God-arguments rarely do--and there are certainly many more points that need to be worked out before it can be known whether this argument is even viable.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/james_rachels/autonomy.html (5656 words)

	Moral Philosophy in Contemporary Lithuania - Kestutis Girnius
		Moral philosophy is and is likely to remain the handmaiden of a Party ideology and politics which proscribes all independent and critical thought, even that solidly based on Marxist thought.
		The morality of the most primitive society which had neither classes nor important divisions of labor was based on social cooperation and harmony, and each individual's concern for the happiness of his fellow men.
		Moralities do not only change, they also progress in the sense that the moral code of a new type of society is morally superior to the code it has replaced.
	www.lituanus.org /1978/78_1_02.htm (5694 words)

	Kant's Moral Philosophy
		Thus, at the heart of Kant's moral philosophy is a conception of reason whose reach in practical affairs goes well beyond that of a Humean ‘slave’ to the passions.
		The autonomy formula presumably does this by putting on display the source of our dignity and worth, our status as free rational agents who are the source of the authority behind the very moral laws that bind us.
		So autonomy, when applied to an individual, ensures that the source of the authority of the principles that bind her is in her own will.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /entries/kant-moral (11651 words)

	Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Putting moral weight on an individual's ability to govern herself, independent of her place in a metaphysical order or her role in social structures and political institutions is very much the product of the Enlightenment humanism of which contemporary liberal political philosophy is an offshoot.
		So a theory of autonomy is simply a construction of a concept aimed at capturing the general sense of “self-rule” or “self-government” (ideas which obviously admit of their own vagaries) and which connects adequately with the other principles and norms typically connected to those notions.
		(2000) “Autonomy and the Feminist Intuition” in Mackenzie and Stoljar (2000a): 94-111.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/autonomy-moral (10971 words)

	Moral Philosophy by Roger Jones
		Moral philosophers want to discover how these rules are justified, and at the logical consequences of moral or ethical beliefs.
		For Marx morality and ethics were part of bourgeois ideology: sets of ideas that ignored the exploitative economic arrangements of society and contributed to False Consciousness.
		Slave morality is the morality of the weak.
	www.philosopher.org.uk /moral.htm (909 words)

	Kant's Moral Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Moral philosophy should also characterize and explain the demands morality makes on human psychology and forms of human social interaction.
		Third, in viewing virtue as a trait grounded in moral principles, and vice as principled transgression of moral law, Kant thought of himself as thoroughly rejecting what he took to be the Aristotelian view that virtue is a mean between two vices.
		Morality is ‘duty’ for human beings because it is possible (and we recognize that it is possible) for our desires and interests to run counter to its demands.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/kant-moral (11653 words)

	Kant: Morality
		Kant used ordinary moral notions as the foundation ffor a derivation of this moral law in his Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals) (1785).
		Kant's moral theory is, therefore, deontological: actions are morally right in virtue of their motives, which must derive more from duty than from inclination.
		So the only relevant feature of the moral law is its generality, the fact that it has the formal property of universalizability, by virtue of which it can be applied at all times to every moral agent.
	www.philosophypages.com /hy/5i.htm (2212 words)

	Saint Joseph's University, Department of Philosophy
		More specifically, it is philosophy which requires students to face directly and without dependence on Revelation the ultimate questions concerning the meaning of human existence and to attempt to discover relevant answers.
		To achieve the aims of philosophy in the University's GER, all students are required to take three courses; one in the area that deals with the human person, one in the area that deals with morality, and one in the area that deals with God, world and society.
		An introduction to the nature, methods, and relevance of philosophy through an attempt to answer the question, "What is a person?" The primary focus of the course will be an analysis of philosophical arguments concerning the mind/body problem, freedom and determinism, immortality, and the relation of the individual to society.
	www.sju.edu /cas/philosophy/phil_ger.html (472 words)

	Saint Thomas Aquinas at Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base
		He develops an alternative view of moral autonomy that does justice to both human persons' cognitive autonomy in grasping and establishing the fundamental standards of the human good and the dependence of these standards on preconditions that are not at a person's disposal.
		He is currently Professor of Ethics and Political Philosophy at the School of Philosophy of the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome.
		Martin Rhonheimer is a member of the Editorial Boards of The American Journal of Jurisprudence (Notre Dame Law School) and of the Fordham Series in Moral Philosophy and Moral Theology (Fordham University).
	www.erraticimpact.com /~medieval/html/medieval_aquinas.htm (838 words)

	SP&P 20:2 -- Autonomy
		Some have tried to analyze autonomy in terms of acting from reason or a sense of moral duty independent of the passions.
		Theorists have also questioned whether the ideal of autonomy presuppose a metaphysical theory of free will, or whether it is consistent with some version of determinism.
		Autonomy seems to be closely related to the notion of freedom, but what sense of "freedom" is involved: freedom from coercion, from psychological constraints, or from material necessity?
	www.bgsu.edu /offices/sppc/autonomy.htm (520 words)

	Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		A third area of moral psychology focuses on whether there is a distinctly female approach to ethics that is grounded in the psychological differences between men and women.
		A care-based approach to morality, as it is sometimes called, is offered by feminist ethicists as either a replacement for or a supplement to traditional male-modeled moral systems.
		Moral issues, by contrast, concern more universally obligatory practices, such as our duty to avoid lying, and are not confined to individual societies.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/e/ethics.htm (6475 words)

	Notes to Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy
		See also Susan Wolf (1990), whose account of freedom has been taken by writers on autonomy to be relevant to accounts of that idea; this is despite her explicit claim that what she is modeling is not the concept of autonomy.
		In discussions of this claim, it is often ambiguous whether the defender of such a social conception of the self intends the thesis as a metaphysical claim or merely a psychological one.
		While others argue that there are persons and groups whose social positioning relative to past and ongoing oppression makes their place in a social nexus, and the identifying markers of such a place, salient in their self-conceptions (their race or gender in racist and patriarchal societies for example) (see Harstock 1997, Mills 1997).
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/spr2004/entries/autonomy-moral/notes.html (479 words)

	Personal Autonomy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		On a strict coherentist approach to autonomy, autonomous agents can be moved by desires they are helpless to resist: though an addict fails to govern herself if she would rather resist her irresistible urge to take drugs, she is an autonomous agent if she has no objection to her addiction and its motivational effects.
		Moreover, even if advocates of autonomy as responsiveness to reasoning have nothing in particular in mind when they speak of the process of “reflection,” “rational evaluation,” etc., reasoning is a norm-governed process that an agent might reject for reasons of her own.
		According to this incompatibilist conception of autonomy, autonomy is incompatible with determinism.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/personal-autonomy (7946 words)

	Books in Review: The Invention of Autonomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The autonomy whose invention J. Schneewind explores in this long and magisterial history of seventeenth–and eighteenth-century moral philosophy is Kantian autonomy.
		On this view, moral philosophy is not so much the attempt to make progress in our moral knowledge as it is the constant struggle to remember and act upon what we already know.
		Each supposes that moral philosophy has a single aim, though the aims are different in the respective stories (to provide the foundation for morality, to reclaim the human moral inheritance).
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9902/meilaender.html (2090 words)

	Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy > Notes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Frankfurt's view is not explicitly an account of autonomy, but rather of freedom of the will.
		For Dworkin, autonomy involves (among other things) the capacity to raise the question of whether one identifies with the desires in question (G. Dworkin 1988, 15).
		An arguably separable tradition of liberalism, which can be traced through the British Utilitarians, Isaiah Berlin and others, stresses the pluralism of moral viewpoints but looks skeptically upon the claim that “justice” can be determined independent of social realities and historical contingencies.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/autonomy-moral/notes.html (462 words)

	Department of Philosophy - The University of Iowa
		He has published articles on topics in ancient Greek philosophy, philosophy of religion, and Buddhist philosophy, which are also his current teaching and research interests.
		Her current teaching and research interests also include political philosophy, philosophy of law, personal identity, and feminist ethics.
		His research and teaching interests include philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, philosophy and computing, and the history of analytic philosophy.
	www.uiowa.edu /~phil/vitas/addis.html (417 words)

	Argument From Moral Autonomy
		And Other Essays in Moral Philosophy”, part of which is reproduced in an article called “God and Moral Autonomy”.
		While the idea of overruling moral guidance is not true of all theistic beliefs, it is the only way to make sense of the act of worship that pervades the religious conceptions of the word “god”.
		In reply to the assertion that our moral reasoning is sinful and corrupt, and that we need to obey God, we have to reply that the decision to obey God itself cannot be done without moral autonomy.
	www.strongatheism.net /library/atheology/argument_from_moral_autonomy (1296 words)

	Personal Autonomy - Cambridge University Press
		Written by some of the most prominent philosophers working in these areas today, this book represents cutting-edge research on the nature and value of autonomy that will be essential reading for a broad swathe of philosophers as well as many psychologists.
		Autonomy and free agency Marina A. Oshana; 9.
		Its distinguished list of contributors explain and develop their approaches to the central problems of autonomy both in theory and in practice.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521837960 (382 words)

	Personal Autonomy - Cambridge University Press
		Ishtiyaque Haji is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Calgary.
		Susan Wolf is the Edna J. Koury Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill.
		My primary debt, then, is to those who have contributed chapters to this volume, all of whom have not only been extremely generous with their time in helping me to prepare this volume, but also the most agreeable contributors a fledgling editor could hope to work with.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521837960&ss=fro (649 words)

	Untitled Document
		As I indicated earlier, my Moral Philosophy course omits discussion of the philosophy of the Middle Ages, and thus omits, for example, such figures as Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas.
		Gilbert Harmon, "Moral Agent and Impartial Spectator," The Lindley Lecture, The University of Kansas, 1986.
		E. Moore (one exception was his "The Nature of Moral Philosophy," from his Philosophical Studies, 1922).
	www3.baylor.edu /~Elmer_Duncan/moral.html (7927 words)

	Amazon.com: The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy: Books: Jerome B. Schneewind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At the beginning of The Invention of Autonomy, J.B. Schneewind modestly explains that he began work on the book "because there were many aspects of Kant's moral philosophy I could not understand," and he therefore sought to understand Kant's remarkable contribution to moral theory by considering it in its historical context.
		The third part looks at moral philosophers who, by and large, are inclined to regard morality as independent of God's ongoing cooperation.
		Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant by J. Schneewind
	www.amazon.com /Invention-Autonomy-History-Modern-Philosophy/dp/052147938X (1537 words)

	The bioethical principles and Confucius' moral philosophy -- Tsai 31 (3): 159 -- Journal of Medical Ethics
		autonomy and its derivative rules of veracity and fidelity.
		is a moral ideal to which a chun-tze is committed.
		and autonomy of the lower, subordinate sides to be coerced or
	jme.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/31/3/159 (3671 words)

	Ethics Updates - Kant and Kantian Ethics
		Probably the most influential of Kant's works in ethics is his Groundwork of a Metaphysics of Morals; H. Paton has done an excellent translation and commentary, published as The Moral Law (London: Hutchinson University Press, 1948); it is also available on-line.
		The general place of ethics in Kant's large philosophy is developed in his Critique of Practical Reason, translated by Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956).
		His moral philosophy is rounded out by his political writings, which have been translated and edited in a helpful anthology by Hans Reiss as Kant's Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
	ethics.sandiego.edu /theories/Kant (1593 words)

	Pathways to Philosophy Essay Archive
		During the the time that the ground-breaking Pathways to Philosophy distance learning program has been running, students from around the world have produced many fine examples of philosophical writing.
		Reproduced here are essay portfolios which have received the Associate Award, as well as dissertations successfully submitted for the Fellowship Award.
		For shorter essays by students taking the six Pathways to Philosophy programs, follow the links at Pathways to Philosophy: the six programs.
	www.philosophypathways.com /essays (452 words)

	Amazon.ca: Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is a companion to Schneewind's highly successful history of modern ethics, The Invention of Autonomy.
		The combined two volumes are an invaluable resource for the teaching of the history of modern moral philosophy.
		There is no better one-volume compilation of works from these moral philosophers available.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0521802598 (329 words)

	Kant
		Beginning with his Inaugural Dissertation (1770) on the difference between right- and left-handed spatial orientations, Kant patiently worked out the most comprehensive and influential philosophical programme of the modern era.
		) (1788), Kant grounded this conception of moral autonomy upon our postulation of god, freedom, and immortality.
		A section on Kant from Alfred Weber's history of philosophy.
	www.philosophypages.com /ph/kant.htm (741 words)

	Table of Contents
		Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
		philosophy of (Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoff Pullum, and Barbara Scholz)
		moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
	plato.stanford.edu /contents.html (1938 words)

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