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Topic: Autophagy

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	Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict? -- Levine and Yuan 115 (10): 2679 -- Journal of Clinical Investigation
		for autophagy in the degradation of the N-terminus of Htt.
		Autophagy is a defense mechanism inhibiting BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in infected macrophages.
		Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/115/10/2679 (5768 words)

	Autophagy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Autophagy, or ocytosis, is a process of sequestering organelles and long-lived proteins in a double-membrane vesicle inside the cell, where the contents are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for degradation.
		The rate of autophagy increases when the cell is subjected to nutrient deprivation, and also when it receives stimuli that result in organelle proliferation.
		When autophagy involves the total destruction of the cell, it is called autophagic cell death (also known as cytoplasmic cell death or type II cell death).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autophagy (377 words)

	Health Sciences
		Autophagy, the process of self-digestion of cell components through the action of enzymes within a cell, plays a vital role in cell maintenance and development, but in recent years has also been linked to a growing number of human diseases, including neurodegenerative conditions, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer.
		Along with co-author Daniel J. Klionsky from the University of Michigan, Emr notes that autophagy, the breakdown and recycling of cellular material, is seen in yeast, plants and animals.
		Lower levels of autophagy genes have been linked to cancer and heart disease, while elevated expression of autophagy is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s.
	ucsdnews.ucsd.edu /newsrel/health/autophagy.htm (447 words)

	U-M researcher examines the cell's housekeeping habits
		Klionsky, who has been studying autophagy in yeast, has written a review article on the latest work in the field with post-doctoral fellow Takahiro Shintani that is featured on the cover of the Nov. 5 edition of Science magazine.
		Autophagy helps the cell fight infection by some kinds of invading bacteria and viruses, by cleaning them out of the cell's interior without having to discard the entire cell.
		Autophagy activity is known to decrease with aging, and experiments in which autophagy was blocked in the C. elegans nematode worm resulted in dramatically shorter life spans for the 1 millimeter creatures.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=15983 (811 words)

	Macroautophagy
		When autophagy is induced, double-membrane autophagosomes are produced, and these fuse with the vacuole and release single membrane autophagic bodies that are degraded by resident hydrolases and proteases.
		Autophagy mutants sediment differently from wild-type on Percoll Gradients: The observation that the cytoplasm of the starving wild-type cells differs from that of starving autophagy mutants, suggested to us that we could separate mutant and wild-type cells on gradients.
		This dramatic separation is the basis of a selection for mutants that cannot turn over their cellular constituents, either because they lack a functional component of autophagy, or because it is never induced in the starving cells.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/gsas/anatomy/Faculty/Kessin/autophagy.html (1430 words)

	The Scientist : Longevity
		The capacity of autophagy to catabolize whole organelles, and mitochondria in particular, may be its strongest selling point in terms of being an antiaging mechanism.
		The magnitude of autophagy induction varied according to tissue and differed from the pattern seen in adult mice subject to starvation, prompting the authors of the study to speculate on their significance.
		The appeal of autophagy to ameliorate normal aging is its capacity as a jack-of-all-trades repair mechanism in the cell.
	www.the-scientist.com /2005/5/9/22/1 (2009 words)

	Rapamycin, H5
		Autophagy is the process by which a cell breaks down its own molecules and other components that are no longer needed.
		To determine whether autophagy is indeed a key process in the clearance of huntingtin aggregates, the researchers first used two different compounds to inhibit autophagy at different points of the process and observed the effect on aggregate formation.
		The first compound they used inhibits autophagy by preventing a membrane from surrounding the cell contents that are about to be degraded; if the autophagosome can’t form, the contents cannot be delivered to the lysosome to be broken down.
	www.stanford.edu /group/hopes/treatmts/pbuildup/h5.html (2486 words)

	DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: AUTOPHAGY AND NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT
		One of the most cogent examples of a response to stress is autophagy -- a process first described in electron microscopic studies in the kidneys of newborn mice[1], and now known to be one of the major pathways for the degradation of long-lived proteins and cellular organelles[2,3].
		It has become clear that autophagy is activated in a variety of circumstances in multicellular organisms, and thus must be regulated by diverse stimuli in different cell types.
		Measurements of autophagy with the GFP-LC3 assay demonstrated that, as expected, the formation of autophagosomes was blocked in the mutant mice.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sb050128-3.htm (1660 words)

	Autophagy: Breakdown recovery - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		Autophagy, a process by which cells recover essential nutrients in response to starvation, is regulated by components of both the TOR and PI3K signaling pathways.
		TOR (target of rapamycin) kinases, the central components of a conserved nutrient-sensing pathway, were suspected to function in the regulation of autophagy.
		The answer seems to be no, as the inhibition of autophagy increased the severity of the phenotype that is caused by the loss of TOR signalling in TOR mutant flies, which included reductions in cell size, growth rate and survival.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200410/nrm1503.html (580 words)

	CELL BIOLOGY: ON AUTOPHAGY
		In autophagy, a double- or multi-membrane-bound structure, called the autophagosome or autophagic vacuole, is formed de novo to sequester cytoplasm.
		In addition to turnover of cellular components, autophagy is involved in development, differentiation, and tissue remodeling in various organisms (2).
		Identifying the autophagy genes in yeast and finding orthologs in other organisms reveals the conservation of the mechanism of autophagy in eukaryotes and allows the use of molecular genetics and molecular biology in different model systems to study this process.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa041224-4.htm (1399 words)

	Autophagy and Aging--When "All You Can Eat" Is Yourself -- Cuervo 2003 (36): 25 -- Science's SAGE KE
		Autophagy, or the degradation of intracellular components by the lysosomal system, was thought for a long time to be a catabolic process responsible for cellular cleanup.
		Activation of autophagy is essential in physiological processes as diverse as morphogenesis, cellular differentiation, tissue remodeling, and cellular defense, among others.
		The activity of different forms of autophagy decreases with age, and this reduced function has been blamed for the accumulation of damaged proteins in old organisms.
	sageke.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/2003/36/pe25 (379 words)

	Autophagy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Autophagy also occurs in many types of cells as their tissue changes during development.
		In mice, autophagy provides essential nutrients — especially amino acids — to the newborn pup during the critical hours after it has separated from its placenta but before nursing begins.
		Autophagy is also a mechanism by which the cell gets rid of defective organelles (e.g., mitochondria) and recycles their constituents.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/A/Autophagy.html (285 words)

	Scientific FrontLine / Death of a Parasite: Stripped, Surrounded, Consumed
		The intracellular parasite is stripped, surrounded and devoured using autophagy, a strange self-eating process cells use to remove and reuse old or damaged parts.
		Autophagy allows for healthy cell growth and development and appears to suppress, or in some cases aid, cancerous tumors.
		Autophagy’s newfound ability to consume disease-inducing invaders has even spawned a new term – xenophagy, whose prefix means foreign.
	www.sflorg.com /sciencenews/scn082906_01.html (721 words)

	Targeted virus compels cancer cells to eat themselves
		Autophagy is a protective process that cells employ to consume part of themselves when nutrients are scarce or to destroy some of their organelles to recycle their components.
		Apoptosis and autophagy should be viewed as type 1 and type 2 versions of programmed cell death, Kondo says.
		To improve cancer therapeutics, Kondo and colleagues concluded that it is vital to identify molecules that regulate autophagy in cancer cells and to understand how autophagy is associated with cell death, a relatively new field in cancer research.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-05/uotm-tvc050206.php (654 words)

	Eurekah - Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy
		Mammalian autophagy is subject to regulation by a variety of protein kinases and phosphatases.
		Autophagy is activated in neurons during development, after injury, and in a range of genetic disorders.
		Autophagy, a process by which bulk cellular proteins are turned over via the lysosomal/ vacuolar system, substantially contributes to the quality control of cytoplasmic components by removing aged o...
	www.eurekah.com /chapter/1416 (1042 words)

	University of Michigan
		Autophagy, self-eating at the cellular level, is implicated in many aspects of human physiology and disease.
		"Autophagy is the only way to get rid of damaged parts of the cell without trashing the whole thing.
		Autophagy activity is known to decrease with aging, and experiments in which autophagy was blocked in the C.
	www.umich.edu /news/index.html?Releases/2004/Nov04/r110404 (818 words)

	Autophagy in Stress
		Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in a wide array of cellular events including development, aging, immunity and cell death.
		It is evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous among eukaryotic cells.
		The goals of this meeting are to facilitate an integrated approach to defining the role of autophagy in physiological and pathological processes and to elucidate the mechanism of the autophagic pathways in various organisms.
	www.aecom.yu.edu /cuervo/autophagy_in_stress.htm (172 words)

	Autophagy is involved in T cell death after binding of HIV-1 envelope proteins to CXCR4 -- Espert et al. 116 (8): 2161 ...
		Autophagy is involved in T cell death after binding of HIV-1 envelope proteins to CXCR4 -- Espert et al.
		Autophagy is induced by cell-expressed Env, and Beclin 1 is accumulated during this process.
		Growth factor regulation of autophagy and cell survival in the absence of apoptosis.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/116/8/2161 (6478 words)

	The molecular machinery of autophagy: unanswered questions -- Klionsky 118 (1): 7 -- Journal of Cell Science
		In yeast, autophagy is induced by starvation, and the autophagosome, which is 300-900 nm in diameter, sequesters cytoplasm, including organelles; this pathway is also used for specific transport of prApe1.
		Autophagy in yeast is primarily a starvation response; Tor, along with other regulatory components not shown (including PKA), responds to nutrient levels.
		cause inhibition of autophagy (Codogno and Meijer, 2004
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/118/1/7 (7349 words)

	You are what you eat: New insight into autophagy
		Autophagy, literally gaining nutrition by consumption of one's own tissues, is a normal response to starvation in which portions of a cell are sequestered and digested so that the breakdown products can be used as a nutrient source.
		In fact, we found just the opposite." Preventing autophagy did not restore growth to cells lacking TOR but instead turned out to be lethal in these cells, suggesting that when TOR is inactivated, autophagy is required for normal metabolism and energy.
		Neufeld's group also showed that suppression of autophagy by TOR does not involve S6K, an important growth regulator downstream of TOR, suggesting that activation of cell growth and inhibition of autophagy are independently controlled outputs of TOR.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/cp-yaw080204.php (511 words)

	Autophagy as a Regulated Pathway of Cellular Degradation -- Klionsky and Emr 290 (5497): 1717 -- Science
		Autophagy Is Induced in CD4+ T Cells and Important for the Growth Factor-Withdrawal Cell Death.
		Mitochondrial autophagy and injury in the liver in {alpha}1-antitrypsin deficiency.
		Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/290/5497/1717 (2536 words)

	Induction of Autophagy by Second-Fermentation Yeasts during Elaboration of Sparkling Wines -- Cebollero and Gonzalez 72 ...
		Autophagy is a ubiquitous process in eukaryotic cells that involves
		Evidence for yeast autophagy during simulation for sparkling wine aging: a reappraisal of the mechanism of yeast autolysis in wine.
		Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/6/4121 (3752 words)

	Accelerated Cell Death in Podospora Autophagy Mutants -- Pinan-Lucarré et al. 4 (11): 1765 -- Eukaryotic Cell
		marker of autophagy, as it relocalizes from the cytoplasm to
		Autophagy retards cell death by incompatibility in Podospora.
		Autophagy is induced during cell death by incompatibility and is essential for differentiation in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/4/11/1765 (5194 words)

	Lithium induces autophagy by inhibiting inositol monophosphatase -- Sarkar et al. 170 (7): 1101 -- The Journal of Cell ...
		Impaired degradation of mutant alpha-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy.
		Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
		In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/170/7/1101 (6406 words)

	Ald6p Is a Preferred Target for Autophagy in Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Onodera and Ohsumi 279 (16): 16071 -- ...
		Autophagy is initiated by the sequestration of cytoplasmic components
		autophagy in sporulation medium, 2% potassium acetate (10).
		autophagy are now in progress to investigate these possibilities.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/16/16071 (4012 words)

	Autophagy in Yeast: Mechanistic Insights and Physiological Function -- Abeliovich and Klionsky 65 (3): 463 -- ...
		Autophagy also occurs in animal cells that are serum starved or
		Cebollero, E., Gonzalez, R. Induction of Autophagy by Second-Fermentation Yeasts during Elaboration of Sparkling Wines..
		Kim, J., Huang, W.-P., Stromhaug, P. E., Klionsky, D. Convergence of Multiple Autophagy and Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Components to a Perivacuolar Membrane Compartment Prior to de Novo Vesicle Formation.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/65/3/463 (774 words)

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