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Topic: Autosegmental phonology

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John Goldsmith

Phonology

Igbo language

The Sound Pattern of English

Nicholas Trubetskoy

Optimality Theory

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Articulatory phonetics

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	What is autosegmental phonology?
		Autosegmental phonology is a non-linear approach to phonology that allows phonological processes, such as tone and vowel harmony, to be independent of and extend beyond individual consonants and vowels.
		Autosegmental phonology treats phonological representations as multi-dimensional, having several tiers.
		In an autosegmental analysis of Mende, tone is not a property of individual vowels or syllables, but is a property of the word as a whole.
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAutosegmentalPhonology.htm (202 words)

	Autosegmental phonology: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Autosegmental phonology Autosegmental phonology Autosegmental phonology is a...of the Igbo-language Igbo language Igbo language spoken in Nigeria.
		Autosegmental phonology is a modification of generative phonology[?] introduced by John Goldsmith in his PhD thesis in 1976.
		He introduced the notion of parallel tiers of segments and called this autosegments a name which is a bit misleading.
	www.encyclopedian.com /au/Autosegmental-phonology.html (134 words)

	Phonology - ninemsn Encarta
		Phonology, branch of theoretical linguistics that studies the abstract sound systems of languages, rather than the actual physical articulation of all possible speech sounds (phonetics).
		The analysis of speech into individual segments (vowels and consonants) is known as segmental phonology; another branch is suprasegmentals.
		Prosodic phonology and autosegmental phonology are two suprasegmental approaches.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781529188/Phonology.html (412 words)

	Phonology - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), or phonemics, is a subfield of grammar (see also linguistics).
		The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and became a dominant trend in phonology of the 1990s and beyond.
		Government Phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Phonology (1329 words)

	Autosegmental phonology - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Autosegmental phonology - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		He introduced the notion of parallel tiers of segments and called this autosegments—a name which is a bit misleading.
		This was the foundation for further developments in phonology such as Nonconcatenative morphology.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Autosegmental_phonology (113 words)

	Phonology - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics closely associated with phonetics.
		Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle presented 1968 in The Sound Pattern of English a view of phonology where a phonological representation (surface syntactic form) is a structure whose phonetic part is a sequence of units which have characteristic features.
		Nicholas Trubetskoy's posthumously published work, the Principles of Phonology (1939), is usually taken as a starting point in the history of phonology as a linguistic discipline quite distinct from phonetics.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/h/o/Phonology.html (1467 words)

	autosegmental phonology@Everything2.com
		Autosegmental or non-linear phonology is the analysis of speech sounds in several autonomous levels or dimensions, called tiers, rather than as a single string of phonemes.
		In autosegmental theory a much more minimal feature specification is used, reflecting universally unmarked values: vowels are not nasal, stops are voiceless, nasal and lateral consonants are voiced, front vowels are unrounded, and so on.
		The feature tier is also known as the melody tier, because the autosegmental approach was originally used to describe tones.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1518110 (612 words)

	PHONOLOGY : Encyclopedia Entry
		Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages).
		Phonology also includes topics such as assimilation, elision, epenthesis, vowel harmony, tone, non-phonemic prosody and phonotactics.
		In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes which interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed are language-specific.
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Phonology (2011 words)

	Phonology Summary
		"Phonology" is the branch of linguistics concerned with the articulatory and auditory domain of grammar—that is, with the theory of what John Langshaw Austin (1962) called phonetic acts.
		Phonology rests on a series of presumptions—each supported by a vast body of observations—that together entail that the sounds of natural languages are not arbitrary human noises, on a par with grunts or snorts, whose individuating attributes lie entirely outside the domain of grammar.
		Phonology is of philosophic interest, not only because it brings into question analogies between contrived notational systems and natural languages, but also because it raises conceptual issues of its own.
	www.bookrags.com /Phonology (3009 words)

	Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
		In the Generative Phonology that followed from Chomsky and Halle's (1968) publication of the Sound Pattern of English (SPE), morphemes are represented as underlying representations (URs) that consist of underlying units each defined by a distinctive feature matrix.
		What the autosegmental treatment does is to take some of the features out of the segment and to put them onto their own level or tier so that rules that apply at the segmental level need not necessarily apply to them as well.
		He argued for an autosegmental representation on the grounds that there are phonological rules that apply independently to the tonal and segmental levels.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /speech/phonetics/phonology/autosegmental/index.html (1519 words)

	Phonology - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages).
		This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics.
		The principles of Natural Phonology were extended to morphology by Wolfgang Dressler, who founded Natural Morphology.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Phonology (1857 words)

	... AntiŠkola ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Is autosegmental phonology a historical breakthrough or simply another one of the many short lasting phonological notions that do not lead in the direction of progress?
		This way the autosegmental approach is a non-linear phonology model, since it establishes basic units over a domain larger than that of an individual vowel or consonant.
		Even though these problems or inconsistencies exist is professional literature, we have to admit that autosegmental phonology does allow us a greater generalizing power, because linear analysis is not able to explain how vowel harmony spreads from stems to the suffixes, for instance in Hungarian.
	www.antiskola.sk /referaty/index.php?page=show_detail&come_from=list&obl=1&pg=5&id=7236 (872 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Autosegmental Phonology is widely used in American linguistics for tonal analysis, but Simplified Bracketed Grids are still very new and relatively unknown.
		Autosegmental Phonology was originally developed to describe the behavior of tone, but it was also found to be useful in describing other phonological features phenomena, such as vowel harmony.
		Autosegmental Phonology In “Autosegmental Phonology”, Goldsmith formalized his theory using tone in Igbo, a Niger-Congo language in Africa.
	www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/Linguistics/papers/2007/keffala_bethany.doc (4770 words)

	Body
		In section 1.3 on "Computational phonology", Bird reviews in the briefest of ways a bit of the work of some of the automatic rule testers that were written to apply SPE-style rules, and mentions that speech technology and phonology ought to have something to say to each other, at least in principle.
		Given the central status of notation in autosegmental theory, the imprecise definition and widespread abuse of notation in the literature is somewhat disconcerting.
		Thus to watch a declarative phonology provide an analysis of any particular utterance is to watch a process in which statements of varying degrees of generality are brought together and in which constraints are resolved.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/goldsmith/birdrev.htm (2572 words)

	Modelling Autosegmental Phonology with Multi-Tape Finite State Transducers - Wiebe (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: Phonology may be briefly defined as the study of sound patterns in spoken language.
		One of the most well-known computational models of phonology, Koskenniemi's two-level phonology, is based on an underlying linguistic theory that has been superseded by autosegmental phonology, which began with the work of Goldsmith.
		Wiebe, B. Modelling autosegmental phonology with multi-tape finite state transducers.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /wiebe92modelling.html (807 words)

	[No title]
		The phonology of perceptibility effects: the P-map and its consequences for constraint organization.
		Phonetics in phonology: the case of laryngeal neutralization.
		Bethin, Christina Y. Morphology in Phonology: the Case of Syllabic Lengthening in Polish and Slovak.
	society.kisti.re.kr /~pmc/work/pm_journal_library.htm (1728 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.1225: available for review: Phonology
		PHONOLOGY: James M. Scobbie; Autosegmental Representation in a Declarative Constraint-Based Framework 0-8153-1949-0, cloth; 280 pages, $61; Garland Publishing; Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics The book examines the formal characterization of multiple association from the perspective of a declarative constraint-based phonological framework.
		Both the autosegmental and constraint-based aspects of the book are highly relevant to recent developments in phonological theory, predating the current interest in constraint interaction and optimization.
		PHONOLOGY Daniel Silverman; Phasing and Recoverability; 0-8153-2876-1, cloth; 256 pages, $56; Garland Publishing; Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics This phonological study investigates the articulatory timing ("phasing") relationships that render acoustic cues optimally recoverable by the listener, and the strong tendency for languages to allow sub-optimal timing patterns only if they allow optimal ones.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/9/9-1225.html (768 words)

	Linguist List - Reviews Available for the Book
		Of added interest to many readers is the autosegmental analysis and feature-geometry which W. (Wannemacher) uses to explain the data he has gathered.
		Chapter 4 "An Autosegmental Framework for the Analysis and Representation of Tone and Voice Quality in Zaiwa" early on points out that "In Zaiwa unchecked syllables, tone is assigned by associating lexically specified tone from an autosegmental tier to a TBU as expected.
		Chapter 5, "Aspects of Zaiwa Segmental Phonology", opens with a list of five different phonological levels (paragraph, breath-group, word, syllable, phoneme) each with its own features; the syllable is taken as the basic frame of reference.
	www.linguistlist.org /pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=3701&RequestTimeout=500 (2230 words)

	Linguist List - Reviews Available for the Book
		The 4th item (The Cycle in Phonology: Stress in Palestinian, Maltese, and Spanish, by Brame, pages 63-82) focuses on an understanding of cyclicity that is different from that developed in lexical phonology.
		The 6th item (Harmonic Phonology, by Goldsmith, pages 91- 101) reviews the relationship between the notion of derivation and of levels in phonology, and the notion of harmonic rule application.
		The 15th item (Phonology with Tiers, by Prince, pages 303- 312) shows that many languages permit a syllable structure where a coda obstruent is permitted only if that obstruent is the first part of geminate consonant.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=4675 (1328 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.1053: Phonology: Lukusa "Autosegmental..."
		It avoids siding with either the tonal or the accentual approach by viewing this language as a hybrid system in which accent and tone coexist.
		The theoretical framework adopted to this end is a combination of Autosegmental Phonology and Lexical Phonology.
		It presents phrasal prominence (i) in terms of the feature [focus], (ii) in terms of the metrical rhythm, (iii) in terms of the syntactic boundaries that determine domains of tonal rule application, and (iv) in terms of movements of syntactic constituents.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-1053.html (494 words)

	autosegmental
		Autosegmental phonology is an approach to phonology which treats certain phonetic features as existing on a separate (autosegmental) tier.
		Which features are autosegmental depends on the language.
		Autosegmental phonology was first developed to explain the behaviour of tones in some African languages; it has since then been successfully applied to VowelHarmony and other phenomena.
	www.talideon.com /concultures/wiki/?action=switchMode&doc=autosegmental (66 words)

	Phonology at AllExperts
		In some regional pronunciations of American English, the words Missouri and misery are also distinguished only by stress: in Missouri, the stress lies on the penultimate syllable, but in misery it lies on the first syllable.
		* Variation in the English Indefinite Article: A humorous article demonstrating the importance of phonology (as opposed to merely syntax and semantics) in linguistic analysis.
		* Goldsmith, John A. The aims of autosegmental phonology.
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/ph/phonology.htm (2143 words)

	Autosegmental Phonology - Wikipedia
		Autosegmental phonology iss en Modification odder en Verennering zu Generative Phonology.
		Autosegmental Phonology waar vun em John Goldsmith in sei Ph.D. Thesis erschafft in 1976.
		Er hot die Notion vun Parallel Tiers of Segments uffgedenkt unn hot die Tiers, Autosegments—en Naame ass en bissel misleading iss, gheese.
	pdc.wikipedia.org /wiki/Autosegmental_Phonology (56 words)

	Curriculum Vitae
		Generative phonology: its origins, its principles, and its successors (with Bernard Laks).
		Autosegmental Phonology and Underspecification Theory (with M. Noske).
		The first autosegmental analysis of English intonation, and the origin of the *-notation of accented tones in intonation analyses integrated into the ToBI system.
	hum.uchicago.edu /~jagoldsm/MyCV/cv.htm (1512 words)

	McCarthy revisiting Autosegmental Phonology
		When Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993) is applied to autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith 1976), markedness constraints that favor autosegmental spreading are required.
		This article proposes a modification of autosegmental representation that is intended to adddress these problems.
		As far as I can see, he views autosegmental representations as constituents ('spans'): every segment in the span for a feature [F] takes up the value of F of the 'head' of the domain.
	blogger.xs4all.nl /fonolog/archive/2004/09/18/8546.aspx (331 words)

	MSt/MPhil phonetics and phonology tutorial reading list
		Brame, M. (1974) The cycle in phonology: stress in Palestinian, Maltese, and Spanish.
		Rubach, J. (1985) Lexical Phonology: lexical and postlexical derivations.
		Phonology and phonetic evidence: papers in laboratory phonology IV.
	www.phon.ox.ac.uk /~jcoleman/graduate_tutorial_readings.html (1285 words)

	Phonology information - Search.com
		Social Sciences > Linguistics > Phonetics and Phonology > Tutorials">Science >...
		Social Sciences > Linguistics > Phonetics and Phonology > Institutions and Organisations">Science >...
		Note that the two circles are totally separate—none of the vowel-sounds made by speakers of one language are made by speakers of the other.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Phonology (2191 words)

	References
		Goldsmith, J. Autosegmental Phonology, PhD dissertation MIT 1976, distr.
		Kiparsky, P. From Cyclic Phonology to Lexical Phonology, in: Hulst, H. van der and N. Smith (eds.) The Structure of Phonological Representations (I), pp.131-175.
		Kiparsky, P. Some Consequences of Lexical Phonology, in: Hulst, H. van der and N. Smith (eds.) The Structure of Phonological Representations, vol 1, Foris, Dordrecht, pp.
	www.sunmoon.ac.kr /~inheejo/Lexicon/ll_references.html (1829 words)

	1
		Lexical phonology is basically the idea that lexicons are constructed by the interaction of morphological and phonological rule.
		In lexical phonology and morphology, the lexicon is recognized as a central component of the grammar which contains not only idiosyncratic properties of words and morphemes, but also regular word-formation rule (WFR) and phonological rules.
		One of the main claims of lexical phonology is that both inflectional and derivational word-formation processes can be displayed on a series of linked levels (or strata), and the rules of morphology and phonology applying within the lexicon are cyclical.
	www.msu.edu /~machunhu/phonolgoy.htm (11182 words)

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