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Topic: Avalanche effect

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	Avalanche effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		avalanche effect refers to a desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions.
		Constructing a cipher or hash to exhibit a substantial avalanche effect is one of the primary design objectives.
		The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) is a property of boolean functions of relevance in cryptography.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avalanche_effect (401 words)

	Avalanche effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In cryptography, the avalanche effect refers to a desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions.
		The avalanche effect is evident if, when an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit) the output changes significantly (eg, half the output bits flip).
		If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not exhibit the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization, and thus a cryptanalyst can make predictions about the input given only the output.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/a/av/avalanche_effect.html (295 words)

	Semiconductor protection device having a bipolar transistor and an auxiliary field effect transistor - Patent 4697199
		The improvement is obtained by incorporating an auxiliary field effect transistor which has the emitter as its source zone and the collector as its drain zone, and in which the threshold voltage of the auxiliary field effect transistor is lower than the avalanche breakdown voltage of the collector-base junction of the lateral transistor.
		A semiconductor device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the threshold voltage of the auxiliary field effect transistor is substantially equal to the threshold voltage for parasitic channel formation in regions of the surface of the semiconductor body not occupied by circuit elements.
		The effect of such resistor is that upon the occurrence of rapidly rising voltage surges at electrode 2, the gate-to-source voltage of the auxiliary field effect transistor will rise faster than the collector-to-base (or collector-to-emitter) voltage of the lateral bipolar transistor.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4697199.html (4669 words)

	Avalanches unveiled
		This avalanche, released by a 160-millimeter mortar in Russia's Murmansk region in 1998, had a volume of 30,000 cubic meters.
		Avalanches are rapid snow slides, and you'd have to survive one to know their true terror.
		After a slab avalanche, a clear fracture line usually marks the point where the slab cleaved away from the slope.
	whyfiles.org /105avalanche/2.html (661 words)

	AVALANCHE TERRAIN AND CONDITIONS IN THE PRESIDENTIAL RANGE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, US (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Avalanche conditions found in the Presidential Range of New Hampshire are unique to avalanche forecast areas in the United States.
		Avalanches are not a part of the daily life and culture in this part of the world, presenting no small challenge to Snow Rangers, avalanche educators, and search and rescue personnel.
		Improvements in avalanche accident record keeping in the past decade may be in part responsible for the supposed increase in avalanche accidents.
	www.tuckerman.org /avalanche/terrainandconditions.htm (5482 words)

	Peninsulas Emergency Preparedness Committee - Avalanche Hazards in the Cascades
		An avalanche is a mass of loosened snow or ice that suddenly and swiftly slides down a mountain, often growing as it descends and collects additional material such as mud, rocks, trees and debris.
		Additionally, avalanches are often artificially triggered in order to mitigate problems that would arise from larger natural avalanches.
		Avalanche control is difficult because it needs to be done when the snow is sufficiently unstable so that avalanches can be triggered artificially, but not so unstable that large avalanches release naturally while the highway is open to traffic.
	www.pep-c.org /avalanches (813 words)

	Avalanche and Weather Programs - Ministry of Transportation
		Our avalanche technicians monitor 60 avalanche prone areas using a sophisticated network of electronic weather stations, reports of regional avalanche conditions, avalanche occurrence observations and field snow condition investigations.
		Avalanches occur naturally when the bonds that hold the winter snowpack together break from additional stresses created by weather factors such as rain, wind, rising temperatures and/or the weight of new or wind drifted snow.
		During these closures the avalanche technician may be able to use explosive devices to artificially trigger the avalanches.
	www.th.gov.bc.ca /mot_org/const_maint/snowavalanche/snow_av.htm (890 words)

	Kirlian effect explained
		Kirlian Effect is a visible electro-photonic glow of an object (see the picture on the right) in response to pulsed electrical field excitation.
		The magnitude of the excitation is adjusted to induce the avalanche effect in the gas surrounding the object.
		The avalanche effect amplifies the response of the object so that it can be observed as a visible glow.
	kirlianresearch.com /kirlian_principle.html (353 words)

	About Avalanches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In making practical assessments of avalanche hazard, there is no substitute for the instinctive feeling for snow conditions which can be gained only by years of experience.
		An avalanche may be Dry or Wet, according to whether free water is present in the snow.
		Avalanche hazard is assessed on a five-point rising scale (the European Avalanche Hazard Scale).
	www.sais.gov.uk /about_avalanches (1886 words)

	SierraBackcountry.com : The Information You Need for the Adventures You Take...
		On high elevation northern aspects in the couloirs, there still is dry winter snow and a few reports of skier triggered slab avalanches have been reported in the last couple of days.
		The information and danger ratings are intended as a trip planning aid for recreational, backcountry users of avalanche terrain; they are not meant to be used as the sole factor in determining the avalanche danger presented by a specific slope.
		Most avalanche accidents are caused by slab avalanches that are triggered by the victim or member of the victim's party.
	www.esavalanche.org /Advisories.htm (700 words)

	[No title]
		Given an array of neurons that are interconnected such that each neuron is trying to predict the next state of all the other neurons, and stimulate the other neurons to the predicted state, successive patterns can be taught to the system.
		The Avalanche Process The usual use of neural networks is to arrive at a degree of confidence that the inputs are of a given pattern.
		Avalanches works well with this approach if there are a statistically significant number of neurons in all patterns.
	www.cpjava.net /avlch.doc (2222 words)

	Avalanche Advisory for Tuckerman and Huntington Ravines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Natural avalanches are very unlikely and human triggered avalanches are unlikely except in isolated pockets.
		Understanding the mountain weather's effect of the snowpack is very important skill if you plan on traveling in avalanche terrain today.
		Avalanche skills are always required to travel safely in the mountains.
	www.tuckerman.org /avalanche/archives02-03/2003-02-23.html (589 words)

	Random Electrical Noise: A Literature Survey
		Avalanche breakdown occurs when the acceleration of carriers in the space-charge region is great enough to cause ionizing collisions with atoms, thus producing mobile hole-electron pairs.
		"Avalanche multiplication occurs when the electric field in the space-charge layer is large enough so that carriers traversing the region acquire sufficient energy to break covalent bonds in their collisions with the crystal structure.
		For lightly doped diodes, the breakdown voltage is higher, and avalanche multiplication is the predominant effect.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /RES/NOISE.HTM (8483 words)

	Bulk-Effect Semiconductors
		The avalanche effect causes the electrons in the n region, which is very thin, to cross over to the intrinsic layer.
		The avalanche region and the drift region of the pnin diode are physically separate.
		In all types of avalanche transit-time diodes, the negative-resistance property causes dc bias energy to be absorbed by electrons in the avalanche process and given up to the applied microwave field.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book11/45m.htm (1191 words)

	Avalanche (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Avalanche diode, a silicon diode that is designed to break down and conduct at a specified reverse bias voltage.
		Avalanche effect, a desirable property of cryptographic algorithms.
		Snowball effect, which is sometimes called the avalanche effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avalanche_(disambiguation) (275 words)

	Alberta's Rockies The Backcountry: The Backcountry in Alberta's Rockies, Alberta
		Avalanches are one of the greatest hazards facing winter travellers in the mountains.
		Avalanches can occur on slopes ranging from 10-60 degrees, but are most common between 30 to 45 degrees.
		In Canada avalanches are defined by the size of the avalanche and amount of material within it.
	www.discovertherockies.com /FeaturesReviews/TheBackcountry/8-36.html (2843 words)

	Wavelength-dispersive Spectrometry: Detector Theory
		This "avalanche" effect produces an amplification of the initial signal.
		Further increases in the detector voltage produce the avalanche effect and significant gains.
		The effect of increasing the applied anode voltage on (a) the gas amplification factor and (b) the observed count rate (ignoring pulse height analysis settings) for a gas proportional counter.
	www4.nau.edu /microanalysis/Microprobe/WDS-DetectorTheory.html (507 words)

	Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - avalanche photodiodes, photon-counting, photodetectors
		An avalanche photodiode is a semiconductor-based photodetector (photodiode) which is operated with a relatively high reverse voltage (typically tens or even hundreds of volts), sometimes just below breakdown.
		However, the avalanche process itself is subject to quantum noise and amplification noise, which can offset the mentioned advantage.
		Silicon-based avalanche photodiodes are sensitive in the wavelength region of about 450-1000 nm, with the maximum responsivity occurring around 600-800 nm, i.e., at somewhat shorter wavelengths than for silicon p-i-n diodes.
	www.rp-photonics.com /avalanche_photodiodes.html (387 words)

	DAFE: The Alpine Sleighs (Astroworld)
		Early on this effect consisted of a projection of an avalanche on a domed screen on the wall of the cave which was seen as the sleighs careened up out of the large dark drop into the main show room.
		After the avalanche effect was removed the horizontally spinning disco ball used in its place created a disorienting falling snow-like effect.
		This effect always reminded me of a rotating barrel because at the top of the climb my head would spin a bit and it always felt like the track was tilting to one side as the sleighs slowed down.
	www.dafe.org /attractions/darkrides/alpinesleighs/alpinesleighs-p1.htm (2973 words)

	Semiconductor photo detector containing crystalline amplification layer - Patent 5847418 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Described specifically, it is possible to substantially suppress the generation of electron-hole pairs in the amplification layer and to suppress the generation of the dark current by crystallizing the amplification layer to increase the band gap between the valence band and the conduction band and at the same time to lower the gap level.
		The avalanche layer 25a and barrier layer 25b are each formed to give a film thickness of 10 nm and the barrier layers 25b are inserted between each contiguous two layers of the five avalanche layers 25a.
		According to this embodiment, avalanche amplification is conducted in the avalanche layer 25a which corresponds to the amplification layer 14 of the first embodiment, so the similar effects to those of the first embodiment can be obtained.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5847418.html (9463 words)

	OTL - File # 2114
		The improved SAM-APD is characterized by a plurality of floating guard rings which are separated about a central region and doped in the opposite high concentration from that of the multiplication region in which they are positioned.
		The structure results in an enhanced avalanche effect in the central region with limited edge breakdown undesirable consequences.
		The avalanche effect is further enhanced in the central region by the alternative composition suggested in the patent.
	www.usc.edu /academe/otl/2114.htm (225 words)

	MOUNTWASHINGTON.COM: Avalanche Bulletin from April 25, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Whatever it comes down as we expect it to effect the avalanche hazard for tomorrow.
		We could have new snow avalanche hazards or rain on slabs from the past storm.
		Realize the trail is in avalanche terrain and although it is the safest route through the area, avalanche activity may occur on the route.
	www.mountwashington.com /avalanche/archive/2003-04-25.html (890 words)

	New Hampshire Avalanche Bulletin for Mt Washington
		Avalanche Advisory for Tuckerman and Huntington Ravines Posted: 7:58 a.m., Sunday, May 28, 2006 THIS IS THE LAST ADVISORY FOR THE SEASON.
		The snow coverage that is left has settled out, been skier compacted, and is going thru the late season melt freeze process.
		It should be used along with safe travel techniques, snow stability assessments, an understanding of weather's effect on the snowpack, and proficiency in avalanche rescue.
	www.avalanche-center.org /Bulletins/NH/avalanche.php (840 words)

	Simple XOR-Block Cipher with Avalanche Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Key avalanche effect: Changing any bit in the encryption key with the same plain text changes around 50% of bits in the cipher text.
		Block avalanche effect: Changing any bit in the plain text with the same key changes around 50% of bits in the cipher text.
		It is important that key procedure provides acceptable key avalanche effect.
	www.alex-encryption.de /SimpleXOR/Simple%20XOR.htm (747 words)

	S-Box Design: A Literature Survey
		The strict avalanche criterion was introduced by Webster and Tavares [7] in order to combine the ideas of completeness and the avalanche effect.
		A cryptographic transformation is said to be complete if each output bit depends on each input bit, and it exhibits the avalanche effect if an average of one half of the output bits change whenever a single input bit is changed.
		"The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) was introduced by Webster and Tavares [10] in connection with a study of the design of S-boxes; a Boolean function is said to satisfy the SAC if complementing a single input bit results in changing the output bit with probability one half.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /RES/SBOXDESN.HTM (6597 words)

	1080: Avalanche Impressions - GameCube News at GameSpot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After landing a trick improperly or making a really sharp cut in the snow, your snowboarder will start to lose his or her balance, requiring you to rotate the analog stick in a certain direction to keep your him or her from completely losing balance and bailing.
		However, avalanches can actually be quite beneficial, because they'll not only open up new pathways in the course, but they'll also create a wake of massive snowballs that will be very troublesome for any snowboarders behind you.
		There are plenty of cool little effects, such as snow that will cling to a rider after he or she has bailed and clothes that start to ripple in the wind when you reach high speeds.
	www.gamespot.com /gamecube/sports/1080avalanche/preview_6071135.html (730 words)

	Pahrump Valley Times - Nye County's Largest Newspaper Circulation
		The U.S. Forest Service, Spring Mountains National Recreation Area, (NRA), is extending its Monday avalanche warning due to the extreme avalanche potential in its backcountry areas.
		Unstable slabs of snow and ice exist on most aspects and slope angles in the mountains, causing extreme avalanche conditions.
		A "trigger" is a force or event that initiates an avalanche.
	www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com /2005/01/12/news/avalanche.html (185 words)

	KKTV \| Homeland Security Laws Could Effect Avalanche Control
		A portion of the homeland security laws designed to keep explosives away from terrorists is tying the hands of some ski resorts.
		Jeff Walters is the vice president of Mountain Operations at Kirkwood Ski Resort in California.
		He says about one-fifth of his avalanche control workers are from overseas, and says they are not a threat to security.
	www.kktv.com /home/headlines/194866.html (148 words)

	FOAC Acadent Data
		Wind, temperature, and moisture are factors which can greatly affect the safety of a winter traveler.
		Each contributes to the loss of body heat.The "wind chill" chart illustrates the effect of wind and temperatures on a dry, properly clothed person.
		If the clothing is wet from perspiration or precipitation, the net effect of wind and temperature is much greater.
	www.avalanchenw.org /education_wind_chill.html (106 words)

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