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	Averroes - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad ibn - Ahmad IbnMuhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198), Arabian philosopher, was born at Cordova.
		Averroes, who was versed in the Malekite system of law, was made cadi of Seville (1169), and in similar appointments the next twenty-five years of his life were passed.
		The Commentaries of Averroes fall under three heads: - the larger commentaries, in which a paragraph is quoted at large, and its clauses expounded one by one; the medium commentaries, which cite only the first words of a section; and the paraphrases or analyses, treatises on the subjects of the Aristotelian books.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Averroes (929 words)

	Averroes
		Ibn Roschd, or Averroes, as he was called by the Latins, was educated in his native city, where his father and grandfather had held the office of cadi (judge in civil affairs) and had played an important part in the political history of Andalusia.
		Averroes holds that both the Active and the Passive Intellect are separate from the individual soul and are universal, that is, one in all men.
		Indeed, Averroes openly admitted his inability to hold on philosophic grounds the doctrine of individual immortality, being content to maintain it as a religious tenet.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/averroes.html (907 words)

	Ibn Rushd ( Averroës )
		Averroës was born into a distinguished family of jurists at Cordoba and died at Marrakesh, the North African capital of the Almohad (al-Muwahhidun) dynasty.
		Without caliphal encouragement Averroës could hardly have persisted all his life in his fight for philosophy against the theologians, as reflected in his Commentary on Plato's Republic, in such works as the Fasl and Tahafut at-Tahafut, and in original philosophical treatises (e.g., about the union of the active intellect with the human intellect).
		Averroës stated explicitly and unequivocally that religion is for all three classes; that the contents of the Shari’ah are the whole and only truth for all believers; and that religion’s teachings about reward and punishment and the hereafter must be accepted in their plain meaning by the elite no less than by the masses.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ir/art/ir-eb.htm (2802 words)

	Averroes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Averroes: His Life, Work by Majid Fakhry (Great Islamic Thinkers: Oneworld Publications) provides a comprehensive overview of the life, times, and achievements of Averroes, a twelfth-century Muslim philosopher whose ideas were so controversial that his books were burnt not once, but twice.
		Averroës was born in Córdoba into a family of prominent judges and lawyers; his grandfather, bearing the same name, served as the chief qadi (judge) of Córdoba, and there is a tradition that his father carried out the same duties.
		Averroes maintains that when rational beings find objects in nature possessing the definite characteristics referred to by these two arguments ‑ namely the utility and purposefulness of their parts to human purposes ‑ they infer the existence of a wise Maker or manufacturer behind them.
	www.wordtrade.com /philosophy/medieval/averroes.htm (4177 words)

	Averroës
		Averroës, or in Arabic, Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Rushd, Arabian philosopher, was born at Córdoba.
		Averroës was recalled to Morocco when the transient passion of the people had been satisfied, and for a brief period survived his restoration to honor.
		The Commentaries of Averroës fall under three heads: the larger commentaries, in which a paragraph is quoted at large, and its clauses expounded one by one; the medium commentaries, which cite only the first words of a section; and the paraphrases or analyses, treatises on the subjects of the Aristotelian books.
	www.nndb.com /people/637/000097346 (860 words)

	Averroes: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In fact, Averroes believed religion to be the wellspring of all belief and essential to all classes, but he defended reason against Al Ghazali's insistence on mysticism as a legitimate undertaking of the learned.
		Averroes wrote at a time when philosophical inquiry was being discouraged in the face of growing challenges to Islamic authority by the Christians in northern Iberia.
		Averroes' Tahafut Al-Tahafut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence).
	oll.libertyfund.org /Intros/Averroes.html (318 words)

	Averroës
		Averroës' (Arabic, Ibn Rushd) father was a judge in Cordoba, and here Averroës studied the sciences in which he practised the rest of his life.
		Averroës became judge in Seville in 1169, and in Cordoba in 1171.
		The philosophy of Averroës, for which he has become most known, was Aristotelian in its foundations, but was strongly influenced by Christian scholasticism and philosophy, as well as by Jewish philosophers.
	i-cias.com /e.o/averroes.htm (353 words)

	Averroes
		Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126 - December 10, 1198) was an Andalusi-Arab philosopher and physician, a master of philosophy and Islamic law, mathematics and medicine.
		Averroes is most famous for his translations and commentaries of Aristotle's works, which had been mostly forgotten in the West.
		Averroes appears in a short story by Jorge Luis Borges entitled "Averroes's Search", in which he is portrayed trying to find the meanings of the words tragedy and comedy.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/LX/Averroes.html (675 words)

	Averroes
		Thus, when Averroes' commentaries on Aristotle were translated into Latin early in the thirteenth century, they caused a profound intellectual stir in philosophical and theological circles in Western Europe, and laid the groundwork for the rise of Latin Scholasticism, which prior to the rediscovery of Aristotle, thanks chiefly to Averroes' commentaries, would have been inconceivable.
		He then adds that when Averroes died in 1198, he bequeathed to his successors the ideal of a purely rational philosophy, an ideal whose influence was to be such that, by it even the evolution of Christian philosophy was to be deeply modified.
		In this treatise, Averroes explains that his aim is to discuss those juridical decisions which are the subject of consensus or dissension among scholars and to determine their bases in the explicit statement of Scripture (shar`).
	www.oneworld-publications.com /books/texts/averroes-his-life-woks-and-influence-intro.htm (2689 words)

	Averroes, Famous Spanish people, Celebrities in Andalucia, Southern Spain
		Averroes was bitterly attacked for his ideas and writings, which the Muslim clerics saw as a threat to their orthodox vision of the universe.
		The works of Averroes and Avicenna were attacked by an Islamic sophist theologian, Al-Ghazali, in his book "The Incoherence of the Philosophers", in which he accused philosophers of being dishonest, heretical and presumptuous.
		Averroes set out to defend himself against the very serious accusation of heresy, in a book which he sarcastically entitled "The Incoherence of the Incoherence".
	www.andalucia.com /history/people/averroes.htm (851 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - AVERROES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As a matter of course, Averroes' views frequently conflicted with those of his Mohammedan coreligionists, and his works were therefore extensively condemned and prohibited.
		When, however, Averroes fiercely assailed Avicenna, Jewish authors are sometimes found to side with the latter as being nearer to Judaism; and Ḥasdai Crescas, who mournfully notes the havoc wrought in Jewish circles by philosophy through laxity of observance, vehemently denounces both Aristotle and his commentator Averroes.
		Platonism displaced Aristotelianism, and with the latter vanished all traces of Averroism.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=2163&letter=A (526 words)

	AVERROES - Excerpts From TAHAFUT AL-TAHAFUT - The Incoherence of the Incoherence - ABU AL-WALID MUHAMMAD IBN AHMAD IBN ...
		Averroës, who agrees with his master on this point, is not aware either of the implication of the definition.
		Averroës, who sometimes does not seem very sure of the validity of mediate emanation, is rather evasive in his answer on this point.
		Averroës is a philosopher and a proud believer in the possibility of reason to achieve a knowledge of ‘was das Innere der Welt zusammenhält’.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /averroes01.htm (10070 words)

	BookRags: Averroës Biography
		Averroës defended that achievement against the criticism of the more conservative al-Ghazali (died 1111) and provided, through his commentaries on Aristotle's works, a view of man and the universe that conflicted with various theological dogmas of Islam and Christianity.
		Only a portion of the works of Averroës were known to the Latin West in the 13th century, as many of his works were not translated until the second quarter of the 14th century.
		Consequently the Averroës that was known in the 13th century, on whom Latin Averroism was based, is different from the Averroës revealed through a fuller examination of his works.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/averroes (832 words)

	Averroes
		In 1182 Averroes succeeded Ibn Tufayl as royal physician to caliph at the court of Marrakesh.
		Averroes opposed the Ash'arite theologians, led by the great Muslim thinker Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058-1111), whose onslaught on Greek-Arabic philosophy is said to have signaled the death of philosophy in the East.
		Averroes' attempt to harmonize religion and philosophy led to accusations of accepting the doctrine of "double truth," that a thing can be true in philosophy or according to reason while its opposite is true in theology or according to faith.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /averro.htm (1583 words)

	Averroes
		Averroes identified the soul of a person with their form.
		Applying Aristotle’s in re view of universals Averroes came to the view that the soul is part of the body and hence can’t survive death.
		When Aristotle’s works and Averroes’ commentaries are introduced to the Christian world, Averroes’ view that philosophy (especially the philosophy of Aristotle) provides a superior grasp of the truth stimulate the “doctrine of double truth” which is attacked by the church as heresy.
	facweb.bcc.ctc.edu /wpayne/averroes.htm (445 words)

	In the Court of the Crimson King ~ Averroes
		"Averroes was a rationalist who scoffed at all religions indiscriminately in that spirit of irreverence which Abelard too had shown, and which had caused apprehension as to the dangerous influence of even the logic and metaphysics of Aristotle.
		Thanks to the influence of Averroes, Frederick II and St. Thomas Aquinas, the Medieval Catholic Church was forced to liberalize, an occurence that may have saved the Church and profoundly altered the course of European history.
		Averroes' contribution to Western civilization was acknowledged by Raphael in The School of Athens
	www.songsouponsea.com /Promenade/CourtB1.html (1607 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The task which Ibn Rushd (known in the West as Averroës) set for himself was challenging: he hoped to harmonize the teachings of Greek philosophy, especially that of Aristotle, with the teachings of the Koran.
		A rationalist, Averroës believed that the Koran was allegorical and that the intersection of religion and philosophy was the logical understanding of faith.
		He was critical of the mysticism of al-Ghazzali and disagreed with Ibn Sinna (Avicenna) over the nature of God, whom Ibn Rushd saw as a distant prime mover from whom emanated intelligences in a descending series, of which man was the end.
	www2.evansville.edu /ECOLEWEB/glossary/averroes.html (291 words)

	BookRags: Averroes Biography
		Ibn Rushd, known to the Latin West as Averroës, was the most important of the philosophers who lived and wrote in Islamic Spain during the twelfth century and was virtually the last of the great Muslim Aristotelians.
		Averroës' reputation is linked largely to his commentaries on and explanations of Aristotle's writings, in virtue of which he was known as "The Commentator" in the Christian West.
		Averroës' unique combination of philosophical and religious learning made him well qualified to undertake the defense of Aristotelian philosophy by meeting his opponents on their own terms.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/averroes-dlb (180 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Averroes
		Averroes' great medical work, "Culliyyat" (of which the Latin title "Colliget" is a corruption) was published as the tenth volume in the Latin edition of Aristotle's works, Venice, 1527.
		His "Commentaries" on Aristotle, his original philosophical works, and his treatises on theology have come down to us either in Latin or Hebrew translations.
		Thomas and Dante that Averroes came to be represented as "the arch-enemy of the faith".
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02150c.htm (894 words)

	Averroes on religious faith & reason (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Averroes responded with a treatise entitled, The Incoherence of the Incoherence.
		Averroes together with Avicenna (980-1037, Arabic Ibn Sina) had an immense influence on Western philosophers and theologians.
		Averroes: An error made by a qualified judge is excused by God.
	puffin.creighton.edu /eselk/god-persons_website/GP_outlines_web-site/Faith-reason_Averroes.htm (314 words)

	Islamic political philosophy: Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes
		Averroes, 1126-1198 A.D. Al-Farabi and Avicenna lived in the eastern part of the Islamic world; Averroes lived in Spain, at that time partly under Muslim control.
		The extracts from Averroes in the Readings are from The Decisive Treatise Determining the Nature of the Connection between Religion and Philosophy, in which Averroes tries to show (with a readership of lawyers primarily in mind) that philosophy is a legitmate study for Muslims - indeed, that it is the highest form of religion.
		Like Al-Farabi, Averroes holds that philosophy and Islam are in harmony, that superior intellects ought to philosophise but not in public, that ordinary people should be taught by means of the Koran and the traditions without trying to turn them into philosophers.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/arab-y67s11.html (1998 words)

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