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Topic: Averroists

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	Thomas Aquinas, Saint. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		His return to Paris (1269) was probably precipitated by the furor over Siger de Brabant and his Averroistic reading of Aristotle.
		was a critical period in Christian thought, which was torn between the claims of the Averroists and Augustinians.
		Thomas opposed both schools, the Averroists led by Siger de Brabant, who would separate faith and truth absolutely, and the Augustinians, who would make truth a matter of faith.
	www.bartleby.com /65/th/ThomasAq.html (1081 words)

	MSN Encarta - St. Thomas Aquinas
		Under the leadership of Siger de Brabant, the Averroists asserted that philosophy was independent of revelation.
		To ignore Aristotle, as interpreted by the Averroists, was impossible; to condemn his teachings was ineffectual.
		Reconciling the Augustinian emphasis upon the human spiritual principle with the Averroist claim of autonomy for knowledge derived from the senses, Aquinas insisted that the truths of faith and those of sense experience, as presented by Aristotle, are fully compatible and complementary.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761577720 (835 words)

	Averroism
		An 'Averroist' or 'Radical Aristotelian' would hold that philosophy leads to the conclusions that there is only one intellect shared by all humans, that happiness is attainable in earthly life and that the world has no temporal beginning or end.
		Averroists have generally been credited with a 'theory of double truth', according to which there is an irreconcilable clash between truths of faith and truths arrived at by means of reason.
		The supposed Averroists were thought to have simply denied the temporal beginning of the world (see Eternity of the world, medieval views of).
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/rep/B012.htm (2269 words)

	History of Philosophy 42
		The unity of the active intellect, the immortality of the individual soul, the freedom of the will, and the question of fatalism were some of the points on which the schoolmen and the Averroists differed in their interpretation of the philosopher.
		But the most characteristic doctrine of the Averroists, a doctrine which involved the denial of the most vital principle of Scholasticism, was that what is true in philosophy may be false in theology, and vice versa.
		had thriven, while the growing influence of the Averroists and the decay of Scholasticism were to bring about the final dissolution of Scholastic philosophy by establishing the maxim that what is true in philosophy may be false in theology.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/hop42.htm (1134 words)

	History of Philosophy 47
		For it was Ockam and his followers who, by neglecting the serious study of the great masters of the school, contributed to bring about that profound ignorance of the real doctrines of Scholasticism which, at the opening of the new era, rendered impossible the alliance of the schoolmen with the advocates of the new science.
		Averroists wrought, irreparable injury to Scholasticism both directly and indirectly: directly, by their doctrines of determinism and of the unity of the active intellect, as well as by their principle that what is true in theology may be false in philosophy; indirectly, by their peculiar method, which was known as ipsedixitism.
		It adopted at the very outset the Averroistic principle that what is true in theology may be false in philosophy, -- a principle diametrically opposed to the thought which inspired Scholasticism.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/hop47.htm (1726 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH To the Eve of the Reformation : L.9, C.6.
		The Aristotelian teaching on the unicity of form -- as dear to the Averroists as the theory last named -- he rejects, and he rejects with it two other tenets of that school, namely the doctrine that places the principle of individuation in matter and the doctrine that spiritual substances are simple.
		He is, in time, the first great opponent of Averroism; and in his attack he includes, from the beginning, several of the Averroistic theses which derive from Aristotle, and which another school of the Faith's defenders will accept as fundamental to their philosophy and to the defence of the Faith.
		Thomas is not, as from a principle, Averroist or anti-Averroist.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/hu/hb9-6.htm (8010 words)

	NYU Press
		The Dominicans and Franciscans found themselves allied against the Latin Averroists (or Radical Aristotelians) on such issues as the unicity of the intellect and the assertion of the world’s eternity in the sense that is was not created.
		During this tumultuous time Pecham met, and probably discussed his inception with Thomas, and his position on the eternity of the world can be compared to the treatment of the topic found in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Bonaventure.
		The ruling of that council included the eradication of the Averroists radical departures from theological philosophy and some of the theses held by the Thomists.
	www.nyupress.org /product_info.php?products_id=4098 (412 words)

	PIETRO POMPONAZZI - LoveToKnow Article on PIETRO POMPONAZZI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1488 he was elected extraordinary professor of philosophy at Padua, where he was a colleague of Achillini, the Averroist.
		The treatise was burned at Venice, and Pomponazzi himself ran serious risk of death at the hands of the Catholics.
		The Averroists had to some extent anticipated this attitude by their contention that immortality does not imply the eternal separate existence of the individual soul, that the active principle which is common to all men alone survives.
	89.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/POMPONAZZI_PIETRO.htm (714 words)

	AVERROISM
		The activity of the first Averroistic school ended in 1277 with Bishop Stephen Tempier’s condemnation of 219 theses (including not only the statements of the Averroists, but also those of Thomas Aquinas, Avicenna, and twelfth-century dialecticians).
		The Averroists taught that there was a division between the natural (philosophical) order and the supernatural, that philosophy was separate from theology, and reason from Revelation.
		In connection with this, the Averroists were accused of teaching a “theory of two truths”, the theological truth and the philosophical truth, which may contradict each other.
	www.peenef2.republika.pl /angielski/hasla/a/averroism.html (1107 words)

	Averroism, Jewish
		Jewish Averroists were particularly drawn by the potential they found in Averroism for resolving the delicate questions they faced about the relationship between philosophy and religion.
		Fascinated by the Averroistic idea that religious claims can be interpreted as popular expressions of philosophical truths, the Jewish Averroists followed up with vigour the programme of showing how to translate traditional religious statements into philosophical statements.
		The Jewish Averroists had no doubt of the superiority of their religion over its competitors, and they argued that Christianity in particular involves the acceptance of self-contradictory notions.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/rep/J022.htm (3111 words)

	Thomas Aquinas
		Thomas's thought embodied the conviction that Christian revelation and human knowledge are facets of a single truth and cannot be in conflict with one another.
		Thomas's conviction that truth is ultimately one because it has its source in God explains the confidence with which he approached the writings of non-Christian thinkers: Aristotle, the Muslim Aristotelians Averroes and Avicenna, and the Jewish philosopher Maimonides.
		He strongly opposed the Latin Averroists who claimed that something can be true in natural knowledge and false for belief and vice versa.
	www.websophia.com /faces/aquinas.html (925 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ibn Rushd "the Great Commentator." Influenced by his writings, philosophers and theologians split into two major groups: the "liberal," pro-Averroists, known as the Latin Averroists, with Siger of Brabant at their head, generally identified with the Franciscan Friars; and the "conservative," anti-Averroists, with St. Thomas Aquinas of the Dominician Monks at their head.
		However, unlike some of his adversarial Latin Averroists, St. Thomas was not willing to concede that either Aristotle or Ibn Rushd were infallible.
		And there were condemnations en masse--medieval "McCarthyism" and even a thirteenth century Papal Inquisition against the Christian "heretics." The focus was mainly on Latin Averroists, led by Siger of Brabant, who were suspected of subscribing to the "double-truth" doctrine: some truths philosophical, others theological; and reason was superior to faith.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?articleID=413 (1812 words)

	Raymond Lull Biography / Biography of Raymond Lull Biography Biography
		In Paris again, from 1297 to 1299, he lectured against the adoption of pagan concepts by Christian thinkers and, in particular, the total separation of philosophy and theology.
		In search for more official support for his program, Lull attended the Council of Vienne in 1311, where he presented a petition calling for the prohibition of Averroistic teaching, the beginning of another crusade, a fusion of the military orders, and the creation of a college for the study of Oriental languages.
		In 1314 he returned to his missionary activity in North Africa, and while preaching in Tunisia he was stoned by a crowd at Bougie and later died aboard a ship that had rescued him.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-raymond-lull (818 words)

	Introduction to Thomas Aquinas 2
		From this it should follow that we are faced here with one of the "errors of Aristotle." On the Averroistic reading, philosophy not only does not establish the immortality of the soul, it establishes that human souls are not immortal.
		But the Latin Averroists were Christians whose belief accordingly was that the human soul is destined for a continuing existence after death, whether of weal or woe.
		The Latin Averroists were thus seen as calling into question the traditional assumption that faith and reason are compatible.
	home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c001002.htm (3442 words)

	Ibn Rushd [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Later known as the "Averroists," these Christian philosophers sparked a controversy within the Roman Catholic Church about the involvement of philosophy with theology.
		Averroists, their accusers charged, had promoted the doctrines of one intellect for all humans, denial of the immortality of the soul, claimed that happiness can be found in this life and promoted the innovative doctrine of “double truth”.
		As such, Leaman notes, the category of a Jewish "Averroist" cannot be given to these philosophers, for their relationship with Ibn Rushd’s thought was one of critique and integration into their own philosophical systems.
	www.iep.utm.edu /i/ibnrushd.htm (7398 words)

	The Rebirth of Aristotle
		These were often referred to as the "Latin Averroists" because much of their reading of Aristotle was taken from Muslim sources, and because they accepted the idea proposed by Averroes that their were two different kinds of truth.
		By making universals, that is, what can be known, abstracts in the mind developed through the active intellect Siger has made a considerable advance in theories of mind and knowledge from any that had been presented before.
		However, this concept was put forward out of the Averroist concept of the commonality of the intellect.
	n4bz.org /gsr5/gsr504.htm (1245 words)

	REALITY
		The Averroists reproached him as but half-Aristotelian; the Augustinians saw in him an innovator too much attached to the spirit, principles, and method of Aristotle.
		Whereas on the one hand he fully recognizes all that is excellent, from the philosophical standpoint, in the teaching and method of Aristotle, he shows, on the other hand, against the Averroists, that reason can prove nothing against the faith.
		Thomas discards Averroistic interpretations contrary to revealed dogma, on Providence, on creation, on the personal immortality of the human soul.
	www.internetpadre.com /reality.htm (19279 words)

	Cooking with Bacon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		These would become the Averroists, and eventually got into heresies such as the idea that by the very nature of Creation, God’s powers are limited.
		But the ideas of the Averroists were eventually suppressed in 1277 by the Bishop of Paris.
		The reply of the Averroists is strengthened by the fact that the roof did not fall in on the Pope, who was with the Scholars working on the Scriptum Principalae.
	www.changingthetimes.co.uk /samples/10to16/cooking_with_bacon.htm (1764 words)

	On the Separation of Reason and Faith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Latin Averroists declared a dualistic theory that stated the existence of two separate contradictory but absolutely correct truths (Gilson, p.
		This belief was dangerous to the Church because it led to contradictions against the Church that could undermine its prestige and power of authority.
		Aquinas knew that the Averroists theory was problematic.
	home.earthlink.net /~josemoreno/boxes/h004b.htm (1878 words)

	Thomism History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A man large in soul as well as in body, Thomas was generally magnanimous in his writings toward his doctrinal enemies: a man must love his enemies, because they help him come closer to the truth.
		Thomas believed that truth is one and cannot contradict itself; therefore the dual truth system of the Latin Averroists was unthinkable.
		Moreover, he challenged the Averroists to debate him openly and not simply to talk with young boys (a reference to the age of the arts students and the fact that philosophy was taught in the arts faculty) on street corners.
	www.bookrags.com /history/arthistory/thomism-ahe-03 (332 words)

	The Silence of St. Thomas: Three Essays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The book explains how much of an Aristotilian Aquinas was, and more importantly how much he was not.
		It could explain also why modern Muslims are so singularly textually dogmatic - it is in reaction to Averroist's attempting to rid religion of faith altogether - and thus the violent reaction in nixing reason and rationalism.
		The last essay also compliments Gilson's book in that it shows what Existentialism has in common with Aquinas, some interesting things, despite some gapping fundimental differences at their very root and conclusion.
	www.duchs.com /isbn/1890318787 (308 words)

	ON THE UNIQUENESS OF INTELLECT
		Hence he adds, "...and how thinking takes place." (429a13) Therefore, from what we can learn from the words of Aristotle up to this point, he clearly held that intellect is a part of the soul which is the act of a physical body.
		[17] But because from some words following on these the Averroists wish to take Aristotle's intention to be that the intellect is not the soul which is the act of the body, or a part of such a soul, we must even more carefully consider what he goes on to say.
		Immediately after he raised the question about the difference between intellect and sense, he asked in what intellect is like sense and how the two differ.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/8246/unicity1.html (5516 words)

	Saint Thomas Aquinas
		Thomas completed his studies at the University of Paris, which had been formed out of the monastic schools on the Left Bank and the cathedral school at Notre Dame.
		In two stints as a regent master Thomas defended the mendicant orders and, of greater historical importance, countered both the Averroistic interpretations of Aristotle and the Franciscan tendency to reject Greek philosophy.
		The result was a new modus vivendi between faith and philosophy which survived until the rise of the new physics.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aquinas (11428 words)

	The minima naturalia of the Averroists (from atomism) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		History and major representatives of the various atomisms > Philosophical atomism > The minima naturalia of the Averroists
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	www.britannica.com /eb/article-68637 (797 words)

	Welcome to Our Sunday Visitor Catholic Publishing Company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thomas was forced to combat the extreme Aristotelian ideas of Siger of Brabant and the Averroists (see Averroism) and the rigid anti-Aristotelianism of such theologians as John Peckham and Stephen Tempier, bishop of Paris.
		Through the brilliance of his arguments and the clarity of his theology, Thomas defeated the Averroists and prevented, for the time being at least, the condemnation of Aristotelian thought.
		Known and respected throughout Christendom, Thomas was asked in 1272 to organize a studium generale by Charles of Anjou, king of Naples.
	www.osv.com /Enewsletter/aquinas.asp (1717 words)

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