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Topic: Aversion therapy

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	Drug and Alcohol Rehab Program: Aversion Therapy
		Drug and alcohol rehab aversion therapy, pioneered by hospital founder Charles Shadel, is based on the principles of classical conditioning of the subconscious mind responsible for addiction.
		For the aversion to work, the conditions that would trigger the craving are conditioned to instead trigger the motor response of nausea and discomfort.
		Aversion treatment acts to create this aversive sensory/motor response at the threat of relapse, when the patient is exposed to environmental cues that used to bring on the craving - in effect, blocking the desire to use.
	www.schickshadel.com /aversiontherapy.asp (552 words)

	Aversion therapy - Definition, Purpose, Precautions, Description, Preparation, Aftercare, Risks, Normal results, ...
		Aversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
		Aversion therapy in an inpatient program is usually embedded within a comprehensive treatment curriculum that includes group therapy and such support groups as AA, couples/family counseling, social skills training, stress management, instruction in problem solving and conflict resolution, health education and other behavioral change and maintenance strategies.
		Although aversion therapy has some adherents, lack of rigorous outcome studies demonstrating its effectiveness, along with the ethical objections mentioned earlier, have generated numerous opponents among clinicians as well as the general public.
	www.minddisorders.com /A-Br/Aversion-therapy.html (2132 words)

	Aversion Therapy for Chemical Dependency
		Aversion therapy is an in-patient substance abuse treatment strategy that has been used for many years for alcohol and cocaine dependence at the Shick Shadel Hospitals.
		Aversion therapy with pentothal interview is provided within a comprehensive treatment program that includes detoxification, counseling, addiction education, and introduction to a 12 step program for follow-up care.
		Aversion therapy and pentothal interviews are considered investigational in the treatment of chemical dependency.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/mentalHealth/mh16.html (720 words)

	[No title]
		Insight therapy is largely based on the assumption that the patient behaves in unhealthy ways because he or she does not adequately understand the motivation underlying the behavior.
		In aversion therapy, unwanted responses are paired with unpleasant consequences.
		In ____________ therapy, it is assumed that ineffective communication and difficulty in interacting with members of the family unit are significantly involved in causing a problem.
	www.dushkin.com /connectext/psy/ch14/s14.txt (3141 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Aversion Therapy
		Aversion therapy is a form of behavior modification that employs unpleasant and sometimes painful stimuli in an effort to help a patient unlearn socially unacceptable or harmful behavior.
		The first recorded use of aversion therapy was in 1930 for the treatment of alcoholism, but by the 1950s and 1960s it had become one of the more popular methods used to "cure" sexual deviation, including homosexuality and cross-dressing.
		Aversion therapy involved projecting the image of the inappropriate sexual object onto a screen, and administering a noxious stimulus at the same time.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/aversion_therapy.html (1339 words)

	Aversion Therapy - Hypnotic World Psychology
		Aversion therapy uses the behavioral approach principles that new behavior can be 'learnt' in order to overcome addictions, obsessions or, as demonstrated in Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange, violent behavior.
		Patients undergoing aversion therapy are made to think of the undesirable experience that they enjoy, for example, a violent person might be shown images of violent crime, or an alcoholic might be made to drink, while drugs or electric shocks are administered.
		Aversion therapy's long-term success in treating patients is questionable; patients may appear to be treated by therapy, but once out of the view of doctors, where the deterrent drugs or electric shocks are removed, they may feel able to return to their addictions or undesirable behavior.
	psychology.hypnoticworld.com /behavior/aversiontherapy.php (364 words)

	Types of Therapy
		Therapy is seen as a re-education process leading to greater social participation and fewer feelings of inferiority.
		Therapy is based on the belief that faulty thinking patterns and belief systems cause psychological problems and that changing our thoughts improves our mental and emotional health and results in changes in behavior.
		A therapy which focuses on empowering women and helping women discover how to break free from some of the traditional molds that they may feel are blocking their growth and development.
	www.findingstone.com /services/typesoftherapy.htm (1214 words)

	FAA Aviation Aversion Therapy
		Aversion therapy is sometimes used when there are associated behavior patterns that are pleasant but might be regarded by a third party as undesirable.
		Aversion therapy involves associating alcohol consumption with a very unpleasant stimulus.
		Aversion therapy is used in the treatment of compulsive gambling, sexual perversions and various phobias.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/wew/articles/03/FAA.html (588 words)

	Stimulants
		Since almost all crack cocaine abusers are cigarette smokers as well and since rapid smoking aversion therapy is the most effective stop smoking technique, I would think that rapid-smoking treatment of tobacco cigarettes by crack cocaine abusers in the presence of cocaine cues might be a useful form of therapy.
		Aversion Therapy (Faradic) Excellent Results (70% 1 year) but No Control Group: Schick-Shadel Hospital in Seattle appears to be the world's only center for the use of aversion therapy for alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine abuse.
		The chemical aversion therapy was to develop a conditioned aversion to the sight, smell, and taste of a cocaine substitute (tetracaine, mannitol, and quinine with Psychem.
	www.modern-psychiatry.com /new_page_49.htm (3041 words)

	SparkNotes: Psychological Treatment: Psychotherapy
		Ellis’s therapy hinges on the idea that people’s feelings are influenced not by negative events but by their catastrophic thoughts and beliefs about these events.
		In aversion therapy, a stimulus that evokes an unpleasant response is paired with a stimulus that evokes a maladaptive behavior.
		This type of therapy is nondirective, which means that the therapist does not direct the course and pace of therapy.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/psych101/treatment/section2.rhtml (2071 words)

	Aversion Therapy
		Aversion therapy for alcohol dependence is a very old therapy which appears to be very effective.
		Aversion therapy has been used on an out-patient basis but it has not been widely reported.
		Emetine, Faradic Aversion Therapy Better: 249 inpatients treated in multimodal program for alcoholism including aversion therapy with 12 months of follow-up were compared on 17 variables with matched patients from a national treatment outcome registry.
	www.modern-psychiatry.com /aversion_therapy.htm (2285 words)

	Aversion therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aversion therapy is a form of psychiatric treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort.
		Aversion therapies can take many forms, from relatively mild (simply scolding a child for mischief, or placing unpleasant-tasting substances on the fingernails to discourage nail-chewing), to other behaviours, such as giving disulfiram to an alcoholic to discourage drinking, or even application of electric shocks.
		As of 2006, aversion therapy, when used to treat homosexuality, is in violation of the codes of conduct and professional guidelines of the American Psychological Association and American Psychiatric Association.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aversion_therapy (801 words)

	Change of sexual orientation : Review of the literature — Behavior modification
		Fookes, B (1968) Some experiences in the use of aversion therapy in male homosexuality, exhibitionism and fetishism-transvestitism.
		McConaghy, N. (1971) Aversion therapy of homosexuality: Measures of efficacy.
		However, "for both moral and practical reasons, when he entered therapy, he was highly motivated to increase his heterosexual behavior (and to decrease his homosexual behavior)" McCrady showed the client a nude female and then faded the image into a nude male.
	www.fathersforlife.org /dale/change3.html (3010 words)

	Classical conditioning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Therapies associated with classical conditioning are aversion therapy, flooding, systematic desensitization, and implosion therapy.
		Implosion therapy and "flooding" involve forcing the individual to face an object/situation giving rise to anxiety; both of these techniques have been criticized for being unethical since they have the potential to cause trauma.
		This is a form of psychological therapy that is designed to eliminate, for example, sexual behaviour by associating an aversive stimulus such as nausea with sex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classical_conditioning (1748 words)

	Schick Shadel Hospital
		Research on aversion therapy constitutes one of the largest literatures in the field.
		A Methodological Analysis", 1999, in which 30 types of therapy for alcohol/drug treatment were compared based on a cumulative evidence score from the number of both positive and negative studies, a mean quality score for modality, and a mean severity score for modality.
		Aversion therapy used by Schick Shadel Hospital can be classified as a brief therapy.
	www.schick-shadel.com /research.asp (1025 words)

	MEGAN'S LAW
		Eysenck continued "Aversion therapy is only undertaken where it is of the patient's own choice and undergoing aversion therapy should be offered by the courts as an alternative to the network of "gladiator schools" we refer to as prisons.
		Outlining the circumstances under which the medical profession was entitled to use aversion therapy, he suggested that this should be when the "patient asks for help" or when "society asks to be relieved of the burden of an individual".
		Behavior therapy uses such techniques as aversive conditioning, where unwanted habits are paired with unpleasant stimuli, and systematic desensitization, where a stimulus that causes anxiety is paired with a pleasant one.
	faradism.tripod.com /megans-law.htm (2939 words)

	Production And Prediction Of Conditioned Alcohol Aversion - Pharmacological Aversion Treatment Of Alcohol Dependence, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Taste aversion conditioning, the process by which alcohol aversions are established, is a phylogentically old and highly efficient form of learning (5).
		In total, these reports demonstrate that (a) taste aversions can be established to highly familiar substances through repeated conditioning trials and discrimination training, (b) cognitive mediation is not necessary for the formation of taste aversions, and (c) conditioned taste aversions are often highly resistant to extinction.
		Thus, taste aversion research supports the use of nausea as a biologically appropriate unconditioned stimulus for induction of conditioned aversion to alcohol (5).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0978/is_3_27/ai_77480938 (838 words)

	Aversion Therapies Such as Electric Shocks and Rapid Smoking Appear to Provide Little Benefit to Those Who Wish to Stop ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Essentially, aversion therapy pairs the pleasurable experience of smoking a cigarette with some unpleasant stimulus.
		Most studies show such aversion therapies have no real effect in the effort to stop smoking.
		Other results indicate aversion therapies, such as rapid smoking, are effective only 2 percent of the time, a result deemed to be not worth the time or expense.
	www.stopthesmoke.com /smoking-aversion.shtml (387 words)

	NARTH: National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality
		Reparative Therapy emerged in the early 1980's as a new method of "curing" homosexuals.
		He coined the term "reparative therapy." Their president is Charles Socarides, of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York NY.
		It would seem that he is admitting that reparative therapy has a nearly 100% failure rate in terms of converting persons with a homosexual orientation to heterosexual.
	www.religioustolerance.org /hom_nart.htm (2435 words)

	Sound aversion therapy applied to behavioural problems or training in dogs.
		Please note that electric shock therapy (used in shock collars) is also aversion therapy, but please never use this technique.
		Shock therapy is only justified when all else has failed and the problem is so serious that the dog's life would be at risk if not solved.
		There are other devices that can be purchased that use aversion therapy, such as collars that emit a spray.
	www.dog-training-behaviour.com /sound_aversion_therapy.html (566 words)

	COMPLETION (FILL-IN) EXERCISE
		therapy the symptoms are treated as constituting the disorder itself.
		therapy, unwanted responses are paired with unpleasant consequences.
		therapy, it is assumed that ineffective communication and difficulty in interacting with members of the family unit are significantly involved in causing a problem.
	dushkin.com /connectext/psy/ch14/complete14.mhtml (1425 words)

	ETAY: Arousal reconditioning
		Aversion therapy was first used 70 years ago to cure homosexuality.
		The program includes use of aversion therapy, in which patients inhale ammonia to prevent inappropriate arousal...The hospital had told the girl to record a sexual fantasy.
		nine of which use aversion therapy or some other kind of arousal reconditioning method.
	www.ethicaltreatment.org /reconditioning.htm (1749 words)

	Aversion Therapy
		He attributes this recurring dream to the aversion therapy administered at Brigham Young University.
		I believed that through that [reparative therapy], faith, temple attendance and prayer and fasting I would be healed.
		People have other reactions to "pushing down" their natural homoerotic impulses, says Lawrence, and "the result of all reparative therapy, for the most part, is what I call post traumatic stress disorder.
	www.geocities.com /davidmaus/lvshock.html (2953 words)

	aversion - Synonyms from Thesaurus.com
		aversion is something that originates from within, whereas adversity is something that originates from without; adverse is usually applied to situations while averse is used to describe a person's attitude
		aversion, disapprobation, disapproval, discredit, disesteem, dishonor, disinclination, disliking, displeasure, disregard, disrepute, disrespect, dissatisfaction, distaste, distrust, doghouse, fussy, indisposition, mistrust, shame, thumbs down, unpopularity
		alienation, antipathy, aversion, demur, disfavor, dislike, disliking, displeasure, disrelish, dissatisfaction, distaste, hatred, hesitance, indisposition, loathness, objection, opposition, reluctance, repugnance, resistance
	thesaurus.reference.com /browse/aversion (483 words)

	aversion therapy definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		aversion therapy definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		therapy giving certain behavior unpleasant consequences: a method of therapy that attempts to eliminate undesired behavior by associating it repeatedly with painful or unpleasant effects
		therapy to overcome fears or dislikes: therapy aimed at eliminating an irrational fear or dislike by making somebody experience the thing feared or disliked in remote or indirect ways that gradually become closer and more direct
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861685681_561538293/prevpage.html (135 words)

	RemedyFind: patient ratings of Smoking Cessation Programs: Schick Shadel etc. (Aversion Therapy) for Nicotine (Tobacco)
		Perhaps the most common form of aversion therapy is rapid, or "quick puff" smoking, in which the smoker inhales frequently and consistently until reaching the point of nausea.
		Another form of aversion therapy, and one that is sometimes used at the same time as rapid smoking, involves brief electrical shocks at each step of the smoking process (opening the pack, pulling out a cigarette, bringing a cigarette toward the mouth, placing the cigarette between the lips, lighting it, and puffing the cigarette).
		This meta-analysis examined randomised trials which compared aversion treatments with 'inactive' procedures or which compared aversion treatments of different intensity for smoking cessation.
	www.remedyfind.com /treatments/44/2233 (552 words)

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