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	Aversive stimulation - WikEd
		Unconditioned aversive stimuli also include consequences that are considered mild aversives such as administering substances considered distasteful (lemon juice, water, and ammonia), and the use of physical control or restraint.
		Aversive stimuli, primarily verbal reprimand, presented as a consequence of inappropriate behavior, is a form of punishment commonly used by teachers.
		Parents and community groups frequently object to the use of extreme physical aversives, such as the use of aversive tastes and odors, electric shock, slaps, pinches, and spankings; therefore, alternate procedures are required in public school settings (Rutherford and Nelson, 1995).
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Aversive_stimulation (1095 words)

	AUTCOM: Myths and Facts about Aversives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		If aversives were so fast and effective, we would not see the overwhelming tendency for aversives to be employed over long periods of time, or for the level of aversives being used on an individual to be increased over time.
		Opposition to aversives does not imply criticism of parents who have given permission to professionals to use aversives on their children, since these parents often have been victimized by a lack of appropriate options, information, and support.
		MYTH: To reject aversives is to limit parents' right to discipline their children, to say "no" to their children, or to react strenuously in emergencies.
	www.autcom.org /myths.html (557 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Aversives
		Aversives can be powerful motivators for behavioral change, for example, the proverbial hot stove which cats and children learn to avoid after no more than a couple of experiences.
		Aversives are used as part of the Behavior Analysis model, and are considered a type of punishment, since they decrease the rate or probability of the behavior they follow.
		Unconditioned aversive stimuli also include consequences that are considered mild aversives such as administering distasteful substances (lemon juice, water, and ammonia), and the use of physical control or restraint.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Aversives (365 words)

	Aversives - TheBestLinks.com - Autism, Asperger syndrome, TheBestLinks.com:How to edit a page, Homosexuality, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The use of aversives on autistics may lead to PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), especially when an individual has no idea why he's being punished or cannot do at all what is expected due to brain damage.
		One example is the death of Linda Cornelison [2] (http://www.normemma.com/lcorneli.htm) who had 61 aversives on the day of her death and was restricted to a 300-calories diet for failing to answer a computer test.
		Not using aversives and solid restraints in the case of this peculiar syndrome will shorten the patient's life due to agonizing self-mutilation starting with lip and finger destruction (the patient finds his own self-mutilation extremely unpleasant and will request restraints himself - the syndrome is not psychological but neurological).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Aversives.html (2426 words)

	[No title]
		Aversive interventions, restraint, and seclusion are used on children across the spectrum of disabilities, including those with autism, learning disabilities, mental health needs, cognitive challenges, and children with physical and sensory disabilities.
		When aversive techniques, restraint, and seclusion are used to stop behavior for the short term, the real cause of that behavior goes undetected and unresolved.
		This leads to a seemingly indefensible predicament: certain aversives and restraints permitted for "therapeutic” use on children with disabilities are considered too inhumane to be constitutionally applied as punishments in prisons.
	www.tash.org /publications/parentguide.txt (8166 words)

	Aversive Conditioning Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In aversive conditioning, the client is exposed to an unpleasant stimulus while engaging in the targeted behavior, the goal being to create an aversion to it.
		In adults, aversive conditioning is often used to combat addictions such as smoking or alcoholism.
		In a variation of aversive conditioning called covert sensitization, the client imagines the undesirable behavior instead of actually engaging in it, and then either imagines or is exposed to an unpleasant stimulus.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0000/ai_2602000072 (342 words)

	Using Aversives to Modify Your Dog's Behavior
		Aversives are tools and techniques that can be used to keep dogs away from particular places or to stop them from engaging in certain behaviors.
		Finding the right aversive for the objective at hand is often a case of trial-and-error, as some dogs may be immune to a little soaking from a squirt bottle, and others might think that by shaking a can full of pennies, you're telling them it's treat time.
		If every aversive is delivered when you're in the room, your dog may quickly learn to refrain from engaging in undesirable behaviors when you're around, but engage in those behaviors as soon as you walk out the front door.
	www.hsus.org /ace/14566 (953 words)

	0306emscvesidd6
		It was our belief that the use of extreme forms of aversive intervention such as the administration of electric shock at JRC was primarily limited to the most significantly cognitively impaired students who were engaged in severe self-destructive and/or aggressive behaviors.
		Although there is extensive research and disagreement as to the efficacy of use of aversives as a behavior management approach to effectively reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors on more than a temporary basis, it is important that we are knowledgeable about the most current research prior to establishing policy.
		A school that uses corporal punishment or aversive or noxious stimuli to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors, as such terms are defined in section 19.5 of the Rules of the Board of Regents, shall not be eligible for approval.
	www.regents.nysed.gov /2006Meetings/March2006/0306emscvesidd6.htm (1770 words)

	INFORMED CONSENT VIOLATIONS IN BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT/TESTIMONIES
		Aversives are not discipline, which is teaching right from wrong by means of words and actions.
		Aversives are directed at the body and the instincts of the body.
		By the time the child is recommended for level IIl aversives, the parents have already been deprived of their inviolable rights as parents to protect their child.
	community-2.webtv.net /CIBRA/INFORMEDCONSENT (837 words)

	Delta Society
		It is hoped that trainers who decide to use aversives in particular situations will root their decision in the principles and standards presented in this section.
		Avoid using aversives of greater intensity than is needed to bring about a timely change in behavior.
		Understand that aversives may have unwanted side effects, such as the development of fear, aggression, or unintended avoidance.
	www.deltasociety.org /section24.htm (1111 words)

	neurodiversity.com \| use of aversives
		Forms of aversive therapy which are not prohibited by the WAC warrant close scrutiny and require compliance with certain procedural and substantive safeguards: Isolation, physical restraint
		The reestablishment of trust and connectedness to others is the factor credited with improving the lives of people with autism who believe, or whose families believe, that certain of their symptoms originated in psychological trauma.
		Direct care staff in facilities which permitted the use of strong aversives reported more intense feelings of personal accomplishment on the inventory than did subjects whose programs were limited to the use of mild aversives.
	www.neurodiversity.com /aversives.html (2422 words)

	The SF/SPCA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Aversives are things that signal to an animal imminent bodily injury or death - in other words, they're painful or scary.
		In dog training, the most common aversive stimuli are collar jerks, throwing items at the dog, shaking him, pinning him on his back, loud noises, hitting him, spraying him with water or with a chemical such as citronella, pinching his ear, and electric shock.
		So another divide among dog trainers is whether they employ aversives and, to a lesser degree, whether they employ them as positive punishers to decrease unwanted behavior, as negative reinforcers to increase desired behaviors (such as an ear-pinch retrieve) or both.
	www.sfspca.org /dog_training/camps_in_dogtraining.shtml (1297 words)

	Restraints and Aversives
		Restraints and aversives are not treatment and should never be made a part of any individual's "behavior intervention plan." We ask parents, professionals, and organizations to join us in voicing your support for legislative efforts to ban their use in NJ schools and other facilities receiving public funds.
		Aversives are painful or noxious stimuli used to punish an individual for his or her behavior, or for failing to comply with a command.
		If, asked again to accept responsibility for his behavior, he again refuses, the aversive sequence is to be repeated twice in succession.
	www.aspergersexpress.com /restraints_and_aversives.htm (1425 words)

	Poly Cobb on Aversives
		However, the school’s use of aversives and painful techniques directly contradicts the policies of three national organizations: The Arc, AAMR (American Association on Mental Retardation) and TASH (the organization has existed since 1974; the acronym once stood for The Association of Persons with Severe Handicaps).
		Proponents of aversives such as JRC argue that self-injurious behaviors are so destructive and inexplicable that analyzing the behavior is unlikely to illuminate its cause.
		Students in other programs which do not use aversives and with successes that include progressing to less restrictive environments are regarded by organizations such as JRC as less "involved" than their students.
	mass.gov /mhlac/aversives_poly.htm (1675 words)

	Article on aversives
		The bill would have allowed for judicial authorization for the use of aversives for periods of up to one year with the possibility of renewal.
		While the Chairman’s intention was to limit the use of aversives, the Coalition for Legal Rights of People with Disabilities (CLRD) was concerned that the legislation would not effectively limit the practice.
		During our discussions, Chairman Cabral explained that his goal was to craft a compromise bill that would largely limit the use of painful aversives and leave only a small exception for their use when all other treatment measures had failed.
	mass.gov /mhlac/aversives.htm (699 words)

	Chapter 4, Behavioral and Educational Approaches
		The use of physical aversives (such as hitting, spanking, slapping, or pinching) is not recommended as a part of a behavioral intervention program.
		The use of physical aversives is not recommended as a method to reduce maladaptive behavior.
		The use of physical aversives (such as hitting, spanking, slapping, or pinching) is not recommended as a method to reduce maladaptive behavior.
	www.health.state.ny.us /community/infants_children/early_intervention/autism/ch4_pt2.htm (2901 words)

	Delta Society
		These principles are based on the tenets of animal learning and on the specific behavior of dogs.
		(Aversives are stimuli that an animal finds unpleasant.) These alternatives typically work well, with fewer unwanted side effects and less stress for both dog and owner.
		An appropriately selected and delivered aversive should not require escalation or many repetitions.
	www.deltasociety.org /introduction.htm (308 words)

	The Misbehaviour of Behaviourists - Michelle Dawson
		Critics barely touched on the issue of aversives, and did not split hairs over data points; instead they highlighted the problem of to whom therapists are responsible.
		The impact of aversives on the clinician." They compared the morale and job satisfaction of more than 100 staff, divided into those who could use only mild aversives, and those who could use severe aversives on their autistic clients.
		In the Clarifying Comments (2000) paper, the recent illegality of aversives (in many jurisdictions, including California) and their consequent withdrawal from ABA are cited as reasons his 1987 results have not been replicated.
	www.sentex.net /~nexus23/naa_aba.html (9819 words)

	Using Aversives with Your Dog
		Aversives that involve texture are good for discouraging your dog from certain areas, such as keeping him off furniture.
		Aversives involving the element of surprise stop your dog in the act of his bad behavior by startling him.
		There are also surprise aversives that you control, such as a squirt gun, water bottle, whistle, loud air horn, or a soda can filled with coins.
	www.bestfriendspetcare.com /Pet_tips/adversives.cfm (375 words)

	Murder of 19-year old Linda Cornelison at BRI
		The woman, who was mentally retarded and could not speak, began showing signs and symptoms of illness on December 15 and 16,1990: she refused her food (she had always had a hearty appetite), she was restless and fidgety and made unusual noises.
		The total number of aversives on December 17 and 18 was greater than the number she had received in the entire month of December up to that point.
		She had always disliked the aversives, and was terrified of the ammonia, but protests or attempts to avoid them simply led to more punishment.
	www.normemma.com /lcorneli.htm (1347 words)

	The Village Voice: Runnin' Scared
		Opponents of aversive methods wonder why the state is waiting until 2009 to ban procedures it thinks are wrong.
		Like the temporary rules, the newly proposed rules ban aversive therapies except in cases where a child exhibit behaviors that pose a severe risk to himself or others and has proven untreatable by other techniques.
		Most psychologists agree that there are extreme cases were such "aversive therapies" are the only course of treatment left for children who could kill or blind themselves.
	www.villagevoice.com /blogs/powerplays/archives/cat_followup.php (3084 words)

	8 rules for using aversives - Page 5 - Chazhound Dog Forum
		Aversive stimuli are those environmental events which, under normal circumstances, an organism would move away from, or avoid.
		The animal is moving away from a mildly aversive stimulus (keeper entering within the animal’s flight space) and increasing the rate of responding (entering the barn).
		Aversive: Causing avoidance of a thing, situation, or behavior by using an unpleasant; frightening, startling or painful stimulus.
	www.chazhound.com /forums/showthread.php?p=610706 (3604 words)

	Pirate's Parrot Training Handook
		In nature, the Aversive Category is the smallest group and is mostly fear based, and includes stimulus such as physical threats such as pain, annoying smells, etc. — the skunk relies heavily on such a reaction from potential predators.
		Aversive stimulus has the strongest immediate effect on the animal of the three classes, but has limited effects on future behavior, from a training standpoint.
		Some people misunderstand the power and effects of Aversive stimulus, thinking that since such stimulus has the strongest effect on the animal, it must be the most effective for training.
	home.aaris.net /~nce/pirate's_parrot_training_handook.htm (6051 words)

	City of Fort Wayne - Using Aversives To Modify Your Dog's Behavior
		Aversives are tools and techniques that can be used to keep dogs away from particular places or to stop them from engaging in certain behaviors.
		Finding the right aversive for the objective at hand is often a case of trial and error, as some dogs are immune to a little soaking from a squirt bottle, and others might think that by shaking a can full of pennies, you're telling them it's treat time.
		If every aversive is delivered when you're in the room, your dog may quickly learn to refrain from engaging in undesirable behaviors when you're around, but engage in those behaviors as soon as you walk out the door.
	www.cityoffortwayne.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=431&Itemid=582 (856 words)

	Eliminating Aversive Interventions, Restraints, and Seclusion
		The rising tide of positive approaches has failed to lift all boats, and the continued use of dangerous and coercive interventions to change the behavior of many people with disabilities remains one of the most disturbing human rights abuses of our times.
		Aversive punishers used to be widely considered fast, easy, and inevitable means of controlling the behavior of people with disabilities.
		While this work has been highly successful in encouraging the growth of positive approaches, no one could have foreseen that in 2005 the myths of aversives would not be completely consigned to history.
	www.tash.org /tash2005/agenda/sessions/elimaversive.htm (464 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		And I had been sure that milder aversives were being used for "walk on a loose lead" in some cases.
		I think dogs, being creatures who were bred to serve man, do what is expected if they know what is expected but their lack of generalization ability means that each lesson must be simplified to a level they can readily understand - it must include a picture for them to refer to.
		NOTE: The aversive is not pulling the dog -- he's the one who chose to pull -- but the obvious return to the starting place.
	www.shirleychong.com /keepers/archives/leash.txt (803 words)

	ACT - Newsroom - AT News - 1 March 2004
		The prod is one of a set of “aversive interventions” that some therapists, educators, and their assistants employ to change undesirable behaviors in children diagnosed with a wide variety of mental and emotional problems.
		Many aversive interventions overlap with practices found in Attachment Therapy and AT parenting methods, such as forced exercise, restraint, isolation, pulling hair, spraying various liquids on the face, auditory stimuli, withholding meals and providing inadequate nutrition.
		Aversive interventions were phased out in many institutions after they were found to have poor effect on changing behavior in the long run, plus they could create more aggressive behaviors when patients rebelled against the “treatment.”
	www.childrenintherapy.org /newsroom/atnews/20040301.html (628 words)

	Aversives changed son's life for the better -- Page 1 -- Times Union - Albany NY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It was with great interest that my wife, a retired social worker, and I, a retired teacher, read Clarence Sundram's July 16 Perspective article, "Unlearning shocking behaviors." However, his use of such words as "humiliating," "painful" and "tortured" quickly made it clear that we were not being presented with an intelligent discussion on aversives.
		His statement, "I am deeply sympathetic to their (parents) plight" is so very empty, since not one actual program is offered to help these children with severe self-injurious and violent behaviors.
		Sundram should speak to former center students to get an accurate understanding of a program that uses aversives to accomplish major quality of life changes.
	www.timesunion.com /AspStories/story.asp?newsdate=11/2/2006&navigation=nextprior&category=OPINION&storyID=507171 (253 words)

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