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Topic: Avian lice

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	Louse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lice, also known as fly babies, (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3,000 species of wingless parasitic insects.
		Lice attach their eggs to their host's hair with specialized saliva which results in a bond that is very difficult to separate without specialized products.
		Lice are highly specialized based on the host species and many species specifically only feed on certain areas of their host's body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lice (352 words)

	Mites and Lice
		First of all, mites and lice are quite uncommon in pet birds (with the exception of a type of mite that may be found in budgies).
		Lice commonly encountered in pet birds are the biting kind, and are found on the feather shafts of infested birds.
		If you see mites or lice on a pet bird brought in to your store, you will never go wrong by recommending that the customer take the bird to an avian vet for diagnosis of the specific type of bug present, since it is now obvious to you that different insect parasites require different treatments.
	www.exoticpetvet.net /avian/mites.html (2044 words)

	Lice (Pediculosis) : Bureau of Communicable Disease : NYC DOHMH
		Lice are six-legged, wingless, insect parasites of humans, mammals (cattle, pigs etc.), and birds (chicken and other birds).
		Lice are divided into two groups: lice found on mammals, which need blood for sustenance; and those found on birds, which chew on feathers and dandruff.
		Pubic lice feed on human blood and remains attached at the sites of their feeding for a long period of time and can be considered as almost stationary.
	www.nyc.gov /html/doh/html/cd/cdped.shtml (1797 words)

	HAMILTON & DISTRICT BUDGERIGAR & CAGE BIRD SOCIETY INC.
		Lice are wingless insects and are the most common external parasites of birds.
		Lice lay sticky, triangular eggs or nits which adhere to the feathers in clusters in their favorite region of the body and after which they are popularly named -- head, body, fluff, shaft and wing lice.
		Bird lice feed mainly on the surface layers of the skin, feather vanes and skin debris, but at least one species has been found to bite growing feathers, sucking the blood from the base of young quills or even gnawing at the skin surface until blood is drawn.
	www3.sympatico.ca /davehansen/lice.html (686 words)

	Pediculosis-head lice Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Head lice are frequently found in schools and day care centers, and are easily spread from person-to-person.
		Head lice are spread through direct head-to-head contact with an infested person or indirect contact with lice-carrying objects such as combs, brushes, hats or scarves.
		Lice can be spread as long as they remain alive on the infested person or their clothing.
	dhfs.wisconsin.gov /communicable/communicable/factsheets/PediculosisHeadLice.htm (847 words)

	Patuxent Product Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The host specificity of avian lice (Phthiraptera) may be utilized by biologists to investigate the brood parasitism patterns of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater).
		Lice are permanent hemimetabolic ectoparasites, a group found strictly on the body of the host, and they are transferred almost exclusively by bodily contact between hosts during care of young and at copulation.
		The technique of examining the lice on cowbird fledglings to identify their foster parents would be much less costly than hiring a team of experts to determine parasitism patterns in the conventional way by finding hundreds of songbird nests.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /prodabs/ab10000401/abs5556.htm (252 words)

	deseretnews.com \| U. scrutinizes specialized lice
		Utah scientists have discovered why feather lice that infect birds are the size they are, with large lice on big birds and little species on smaller avian hosts.
		The scientists examined three possible causes: that small lice were better suited to cling to small birds and large lice to large birds; that they were able to feed better on feathers of a matching size; or that a size match meant they were better able to escape from the birds' preening.
		When lice were moved from their normal hosts to birds of different sizes, they were not well adapted to hide, and they were more likely to be cracked in the bird's beak.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,575036898,00.html (658 words)

	Research Projects--K. P. Johnson
		Avian feather lice (Ischnocera) specialize on several different microhabitats on the body of birds.
		The second possibility is that lice specializing on different microhabitats evolved repeatedly, often on the same group of birds, resulting in convergence across avian feather lice.
		The lice occurring on waterfowl are among the least specific of all avian lice.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /~kjohnson/research.html (579 words)

	Texas Department of State Health Services, Infectious Disease Control Unit > FAQs
		It is believed that most cases of avian flu infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces.
		The reported symptoms of avian influenza in humans have ranged from typical influenza-like symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches) to eye infections (conjunctivitis), pneumonia, and other severe and life-threatening complications.
		Poultry producers should strengthen biosecurity practices to prevent the introduction of avian flu into their flocks, be aware of the clinical signs of the avian flu in birds, and report suspicious signs to animal health authorities.
	www.dshs.state.tx.us /idcu/disease/avian_flu/faqs (1389 words)

	Pediculosis body Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Body lice are spread from person-to-person through close direct contact with a lice infested area of a person or through sharing of unlaundered clothes or bedding that had recent contact with an infested person.
		Because body lice spend most of the time on clothing except for short periods of time on skin when feeding, persons with body lice should not be treated with lice-killing medications.
		To control body lice, clothing and bedding that had contact with an infested person should be washed and dried at the hottest temperature possible to kill the lice and nits.
	dhfs.wisconsin.gov /communicable/communicable/factsheets/Pediculosisbody.htm (805 words)

	Phthiraptera
		Specializations in the diet of lice underpin their major taxonomic divisions and they can be broadly separated into those that feed on skin debris, feathers and fur, and those that have specialized in blood feeding.
		His study supported the monophyly of the Phthiraptera, with Anoplura and Rhyncophthirina forming a monophletic group, sister group to the Ischnocera; the Amblycera are the sister group of this assemblage.
		Nevertheless, the familial relationships amongst most major groups of lice are poorly understood, and resolution of these relationships awaits an analysis of all available morphological data, as well as the gathering of molecular information.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Phthiraptera&contgroup=Psocodea (1351 words)

	Head Lice
		Avian influenza - Information for those who have been in contact with infected poultry.
		Head lice are parasitic insects called Pediculus humanus capitis found on the heads of people.
		Isolation of live lice on wet combing with nit comb is confirmatory.
	www.health.gov.mt /DSU/a_to_z/disease/headlice.htm (384 words)

	Lice - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Avian lice, which belong to the order Mallophaga, have a life cycle of ~3 wk and normally feed on bits of skin or feather products.
		Because lice transfer from one bird species to another when the hosts are in close contact, other domestic and caged birds may be infested with species of Mallophaga that are usually host-specific.
		Lice are usually introduced to a farm through infested equipment (eg, crates or egg flats) or by galliform birds.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/204708.htm (293 words)

	Avian insect pests, Avian Insect liquidator
		"Avian Insect Liquidator" (AIL) is promised by company veterinarian and marketing manager to control a wide range of insect pests including flies, lice and cockroaches as well as arachnids such as spiders and mites.
		A study on the effectiveness of AIL on lice in caged birds demonstrated AIL to eliminate lice from birds at the recommended dose rate of 1:20 dilution, during which time numbers of lice on birds in control cages (no treatment) were shown to increase by up to 90%.
		Available in 100 ml and 500 mL ready-to-use spray container or as a concentrate which can be diluted in a pump pack, it is recommended that the AIL be applied by spraying birds and their environment completely, with particular attention given to cracks and crevices where insects hide and breed.
	www.birds2grow.com /art-avianmites.html (499 words)

	Wildlife Diseases & Parasites: Lice, Alaska Department of Fish and Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Lice are small wingless insects that are spread by direct contact between animals.
		Lice are very host specific and don’t move from one type of animal to another.
		Lice are small (1/16 to 1/4 inch), flat, wingless insects with bodies divided into three distinct sections.
	www.wildlife.alaska.gov /index.cfm?adfg=disease.skin6 (186 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Lice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		She's the "Head Lice Queen" to thousands of Modesto children and teachers who turn to her for answers about the itchy bugs.
		Lice are highly host specific and many species even prefer specific sites on their host's body.
		As lice spend their whole life on the host they have developed adaptations which enable them to maintain a close contact with him or her.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/lice (724 words)

	Comparative coevolution among bird lice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Bird lice are highly host-specific parasites that are often presented as prime candidates for cospeciation.
		Avian lice are divided into two suborders (the Ischnocera and Amblycera) of about 100 genera each.
		In my research group there are currenly a PhD student looking at Ischnoceran lice using morphology, and a post doc sequencing seabird lice as part of a project on cospeciation and rates of molecular evolution.
	taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk /studentships/studentship.html (693 words)

	Chickens Diseases Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Avian influenza is a viral disease affecting the respiratory, digestive and/or nervous system of many species of birds.
		Avian pox, which has been called fowl pox, canker, sorehead, and diphtheria, is relatively slow-spreading and occurs on the unfeathered parts of a bird's body or, in some instances, in the mouth, larynx, or trachea.
		All avian species can be affected by the same kinds of mites and numerous types of lice, including chickens and turkeys, wild birds, pigeons, pheasants, quail and chukars.
	www.antwifarms.com /chickendiseases.shtml (3553 words)

	Lice - American Institute for Preventive Medicine - HealthWorld Online
		Lice spread quickly from person to person by direct contact with someone who has them.
		Head lice is the most common type, especially among children in day-care centers, camps and schools.
		Pubic lice, found on the pubic hair, is called the "crabs", because the lice look like crabs.
	www.healthy.net /library/Books/Healthyself/lice.htm (991 words)

	Publications on lice for 1999
		Feather lice from Sooty Shearwaters Puffinus griseus in the Faroe Islands.
		Prevalence of lice on dairy cattle in England and the bordering counties of Wales.
		Therapeutic efficacy of zeta cypermethrin pour on for the treatment of biting and sucking lice in cattle under field conditions.
	www.phthiraptera.org /Bibliography/1999.htm (1681 words)

	Avian Flu - Public Health Department - Departments - Sauk County
		Avian influenza is an infection caused by viruses that occur naturally among birds.
		Symptoms of avian influenza in humans range from typical flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches) to eye infections, pneumonia, severe respiratory diseases and other severe complications.
		The recent travel history to Asia of a sick individual is critical to the diagnosis of avian influenza.
	www.co.sauk.wi.us /dept/ph/ph/_media/AvianFlu.htm (461 words)

	Lice
		Lice (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 species of wingless parasitic insects.
		They are all obligate ectoparasites of mammals and birds.
		Anoplura - sucking lice, including head and pubic lice (see also Pediculosis)
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lo/Louse.html (78 words)

	Publications on lice for 1995
		Prevalence of botfly larvae and lice in studs of North Caucasus (Stawropol County, Russia).
		Kinetic disposition of an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of deltamethrin applied to sheep in a plunge-dip and its effect on lice.
		Fleas, lice and mites on scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) in northern and eastern Transvaal in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.
	www.phthiraptera.org /Bibliography/1995.htm (1587 words)

	lice
		Lice are tiny wingless insects that live on humans and animals (their hosts) and suck their blood.
		Adult lice are about the size of sesame seeds.
		The three main types of lice that infect peep are: head lice, body lice, and pubic lice (crabs).
	www.mamashealth.com /infect/lice.asp (261 words)

	Kibibi's (Congo African Grey Parrot) Website - Emergency Parrot (Pet Bird) First-Aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The avian veterinarian may require blood tests, X-rays (in localized cases to identify densities or nodules), endoscopy (also in localized cases to identify densities or nodules), cloacal or throat swab test (for growing a culture), or DNA testing to verify the presence of Aspergillus and/or to identify specific strains.
		Your avian veterinarian may request swabs (cloacal and throat) to grow cultures and a DNA test to identify the Candida strain.
		Your avian veterinarian may be able to do a physical exam of the abdomen to make a diagnosis or may need to perform an X-ray to verify the diagnosis.
	home.comcast.net /~yojiffyskippy/1/articles/ailments.html (7878 words)

	The Finch Niche - Finch Information & Articles by Myra - Feather Mites and Lice
		Some of these lice are species specific and others are more opportunistic.
		The lice spend their entire life cycle on the bird’s body and only move on to another bird when 2 birds are close enough together for them to make the jump.
		While lice can live for months on the bird they will usually only live a few days if they are tossed off on a discarded feather.
	www.finchniche.com /f-mites-lice.mgi (622 words)

	Back from the Avian VEt - Tailfeathers Bird Community
		They said he can be sleepy from the lice bugging him at night but most likely he is a sleepy bird because he is still just a baby.
		I think bird lice is usually caught by pet birds when they are exposed in some fashion to wild birds.
		Just like with people, lice doesn't mean that the breeder had a dirty facility or anything...it just takes one exposure to the parasites.
	www.tailfeathersnetwork.com /community/showthread.php?p=222792 (522 words)

	Lice
		1) " Lice" -- In the context of Lice
		As lice spend their whole lifeon the host they have developed adaptations which enable them to maintain a close contact with him.
		These adaptations arereflected in their size (0.5 mm to 8 mm), stout legs and claws inorder to cling tightly to hair, fur and feathers, wingless and dorsoventrally flattened.
	www.lottery-news.net /dust30705-lice.html (289 words)

	BBC News Online \| Science/Nature \| Fossil louse reveals last meal
		The find confirms that lice are a very ancient group of insects and suggests birds may have inherited the parasites from early feathered dinosaurs.
		The lice eat away on bird feathers, chewing with their sharp mandibles.
		But the authors believe this raises the possibility that the original hosts for parasitic lice were dinosaurs and not mammals and birds as other researchers have suggested.
	news.bbc.co.uk /nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_3527000/3527669.stm?(none) (467 words)

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