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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Avian pallium
		In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain.
		Pallium of avian species tend to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume.
		Both the mammalian and avian systems are characterized by major thalamic input to the telencephalon (e.g., layer IV in mammals; the core ectostriatum in birds) which is then relayed to overlying areas (layer IV projections to layers II and III in mammals; core ectostriatum projections to peri-ectostriatal belt and overlying neostriatum in birds).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Avian-pallium (222 words)

	/home/david/web/jarvis/FarriesSubpalliumProposal.html
		It's evident that while homologizing mammalian and avian pallium is extremely contentious, there has been general agreement that the basal ganglia (BG) can be more easily compared, and thus a homology-based system of nomenclature for the avian BG is within reach.
		For example, the avian pallidum (PP) doesn't seem to be divided into internal and external segments as it is in mammals, and PA (or least caudalmost PA) lacks ChAT+ neurons and personal observations).
		Thus, a substantial part of the avian striatum outside of specialized vocal regions seems to constitute a striatum/pallidum hybrid, unlike the mammalian dorsal striatum as it is currently understood.
	avianbrain.org /nomen/proposals/FarriesSubpalliumProposal.html (1264 words)

	Evolution of the Amniote Brain
		The pallium is divisible into dorsal, lateral (olfactory or piriform), and medial (limbic) divisions.
		Both the mammalian and avian systems are characterized by major thalamic input to the telencephalon (e.g., layer IV in mammals; the core ectostriatum in birds) which is then relayed to overlying areas (layer IV projections to layers II and III in mammals; core ectostriatum projections to peri-ectostriatal belt and overlying neostriatum in birds).
		Avian ADVR organization, in conjunction with the outdated "-striatum" designation for avian forebrain structures, may unnecessarily confuse comparisons of neuroanatomy and function of amniote sensory systems.
	www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu /avc/husband/avc2amnt.htm (3508 words)

	Bird - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The avian phallus differs from the mammalian penis in several ways, most importantly in that it is purely a copulatory organ and is not used for dispelling urine.
		Avian lungs do not have alveoli, as mammalian lungs do, but instead contain millions of tiny passages known as parabronchi, connected at either ends by the dorsobronchi and ventrobronchi.
		Colorful, particularly tropical, birds (e.g., parrots, and mynahs) are often kept as pets although this has led to smuggling of some endangered species; CITES does considerable work to deter this.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Avian (2547 words)

	Gene Expression: Birds not so 'bird-brained' after all
		The scientists add that molecular studies reveal the avian and mammalian brain regions are comparable in their genetic and biochemical machinery.
		On the basis of this new understanding of avian brain organization and its evolutionary relationships, we estimate that, as in mammals, the adult avian pallium comprises about 75% of the telencephalic volume....
		This realization of a relatively large and well developed avian pallium that processes information in a similar manner to mammalian sensory and motor cortices sets the stage for a re-evaluation of the cognitive abilities of birds....
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/003553.html (390 words)

	Bird
		The avian phallus differs from the mammalian penis in several ways, most importantly in that it is purely a copulatory organ and is not used for dispelling urine.
		The flightless Palaeognaths, the Ostrich group, were first to diverge from the avian lineage, and it is now thought that the basal divergence from the remaining Neognathes was that of the Galloanseri, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese and swans), and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse and their allies.
		Colorful, particularly tropical, birds (e.g., parrotss, and mynahs) are often kept as pets although this has led to smuggling of some endangered species; CITES does considerable work to deter this.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/b/bi/bird.html (1348 words)

	Avian flu - Medicow (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cause – the H5N1 strain of avian influenza.
		Characterization of an Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Isolated from a Child with a Fatal Respiratory Illness by Kanta Subbaraoet al.
		Avian flu is caused by avian influenza viruses, which occur naturally among birds.
	www.medicow.com /topics/Avian-Flu (1716 words)

	“Birdbrain” No Longer Means “Stupid,” Asserts Scientific Consortium - DukeHealth.org
		The consortium's revision of the nomenclature for avian brains is aimed at replacing the century-old system developed in the 19th century by Ludwig Edinger, considered the father of comparative neuroanatomy.
		Also, wrote the scientists, molecular studies have shown that the avian and mammalian brain regions are comparable in their genetic and biochemical machinery.
		The neocortex and related areas in the mammalian brain are derived from a region in the embryonic cerebrum called the pallium, which means mantle or covering.
	www.dukehealth.org /news/8401 (1231 words)

	Bird - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Avian lungs do not have alveoli, as mammalian lungs do, but instead contain millions of tiny passages known as parabronchi, connected at either ends by the dorsobronchi and ventrobronchi.
		Colorful, particularly tropical, birds (e.g., parrots, and mynahs) are often kept as pets although this has led to smuggling of some endangered species; CITES does considerable work to deter this.
		Bird diseases that can be contracted by humans include these: psittacosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, Newcastle's disease, mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis), influenza, giardiasis, and cryptosporiadiosis.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/b/i/r/Bird.html (2630 words)

	Bird song - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The avian vocal organ is called the syrinx.
		The anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying the production of bird song, the acquisition of song during the life of individual birds, the acoustic structure of the songs, and their adaptive function in the social life of birds, have been the subject of intensive scientific study.
		Birdsong learning occurs along neural pathways that connect the Hyperstriatum Ventralis, which is a region unique to the avian pallium, to the robust nucleus of the Archistriatum.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Bird_call (863 words)

	Avian Medicine -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Birds are very different in anatomy and physiology to dogs and cats, and to specialize in their treatment, a veterinary student must seek out coursework and residencies that are beyond the scope of standard veterinary school.
		Avian veterinarians are certified by the Association of Avian Veterinarians.
		It is feared that if the avian influenza virus undergoes antigenic shift with a human influenza virus, the new subtype created could be both highly contagious and highly lethal in humans.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/9/avian-medicine.html (1161 words)

	avian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Avian veterinarian - An avian veterinarian is a veterinarian who has undertaken additional training that qualifies him or her to treat birds.
		Avian influenza - Avian influenza (also known as bird flu) is a type of influenza virulent in birds.
		Avian pallium - In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain.
	www.serebella.com /search/topic-avian.html (612 words)

	Avian Brain & Senses
		The basic function of the pallium is to serve as a linkage between sensory inputs and motor outputs; an interface between sensory and perceptual processing and mechanisms which modulate behavior.
		Schematic summary comparing the neuronal circuitry of auditory pathways in the dorsal ventricular ridge of the avian telencephalon and the equivalent neocortical circuit of the mammalian auditory cortex.
		In the avian forebrain, the populations of neurons corresponding to the individual layers of mammalian cortex are organized as clusters, rather than layers.
	www.biology.eku.edu /RITCHISO/birdbrain.html (4094 words)

	Pallium - Qwika
		Pallium This article is concerned with the Pallium, by Roman-catholic Metropoliten one carries.
		Pallium pallium is white wool vestment a decorated of...
		Pallium (anatomy) In the anatomy of animals, the pallium is a part of the brain that...
	www.qwika.com /find/Pallium (481 words)

	Reptile Brain Research -- Neurotransmitter.net
		In amphibians, three targets are found: the lateral pallium for olfactory input, the medial pallium for visual and multisensory input, and the lateral subpallium for visual, octavolateral and somatosensory information.
		Specific fields within the collothalamic lateral division of the dorsal pallium form the extrastriate, auditory, secondary somatosensory, and related cortices in mammals and the visual, auditory, somatosensory, and related areas of the dorsal ventricular ridge in non-synapsid amniotes.
		In this context, sensory projections that in reptiles end in the ventral pallium, are observed to terminate in the isocortex (dorsal pallium) of mammals, perhaps owing to their participation in these associative networks.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /reptilebrain.html (11614 words)

	IEC 2005: Hungary - Searching for abstracts
		Based on the brain expression pattern of 40 constitutive and behaviorally-regulated genes in songbirds and a subset of these in other avian orders, we present a novel view of the functional organization of the avian cerebrum.
		The behaviorally-regulated gene expression patterns reveal that the avian cerebrum has functional columnar organization analogous to that found in mammalian cortex and associated striatum.
		When viewed globally, the results suggest that the avian pallium has four major cell groupings, a primary sensory neuron group (intercalated nidopallium and intercalated hyperpallium), a secondary group (nidopallium and hyperpallium), a tertiary group (ventral and dorsal mesopallium), and an output group (the arcopallium).
	www.behav.org /IEC/default.php?proc=search&search=a_num&id=571 (256 words)

	FreeLists / tn-bird / [TN-Bird] Article about birds having "minds of their own."
		The avian brain is as complex, flexible and inventive as any mammalian brain, they argue, and it is time to adopt a more accurate nomenclature that reflects a new understanding of the anatomies of bird and mammal brains.
		But the realization that one can study mammal brains by using bird brains, he said, "is a revolution." "I think that birds are going to replace the white rat as the favored subject for studying functional neuroanatomy," he added.
		Avian brains got their bad reputation a century ago from the German neurobiologist Ludwig Edinger, known as the father of comparative anatomy.
	www.freelists.org /archives/tn-bird/02-2005/msg00007.html (1679 words)

	[No title]
		For example, the avian pallidum (PP) doesn’t seem to be divided into internal and external segments as it is in mammals ADDIN ENRfu (Reiner et al., 1998), and PA (or least caudalmost PA) lacks ChAT+ neurons ADDIN ENRfu (Medina and Reiner, 1994 and personal observations).
		That in turn makes the designation of PA and LPO as “lateral striatum” and “medial striatum” at least somewhat problematic.
		Farries MA, Perkel DJ (2000) Electrophysiological Properties of Avian Basal Ganglia Neurons Recorded In Vitro.
	avianbrain.org /nomen/proposals/FarriesSubpalliumProposal.doc (1443 words)

	Avian Brain & Senses
		The basic function of the pallium is to serve as a linkage between sensory inputs and motor outputs; an interface between sensory and perceptual processing and mechanisms which modulate behavior.
		Schematic summary comparing the neuronal circuitry of auditory pathways in the dorsal ventricular ridge of the avian telencephalon and the equivalent neocortical circuit of the mammalian auditory cortex.
		In the avian forebrain, the populations of neurons corresponding to the individual layers of mammalian cortex are organized as clusters, rather than layers.
	people.eku.edu /ritchisong/RITCHISO/birdbrain.html (4094 words)

	info: Avian_pallium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Avian brains and a new understanding ofvertebrate brain evolutionPERSPECTIVES pallium is nuclear, and the mammalian cortex is laminar in organization, the avian pallium supports cognitive abilities similar to, and for some species more advanced than, those of many...
		Avian influenza - definition of Avian influenza in the Medical...
		Avian pallium Avian paramyxovirus Avian paramyxovirus Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli...
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Avian_pallium.html (317 words)

	Csillag,A (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the present study the spatial relation between the dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive structures of the avian medial striatum (formerly: lobus parolfactorius) was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope in the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus).
		The abundance of juxtapositions observed in the avian brainstem and medial striatum corroborates the possibility of reciprocal striato-tegmental circuits, relevant to the reinforcement of behaviour.
		The locus ceruleus of this and other avian atlases was noted to consist of a caudal noradrenergic part homologous to the mammalian locus coeruleus and a rostral region corresponding to the mammalian A8 dopaminergic cell group.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /auth:Csillag%2CA (3019 words)

	The cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain probably originated in conjunction with the olfactory bulb, and in the ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although an explanation for the evolutionary development of the reptilian DVR is still needed, we suggest that the mammalian isocortex originated in the dorsal pallium by virtue of the relations of the dorsal cortex with the medial/dorsomedial cortex (hippocampus) and the olfactory cortex (Fig.
		This suggests that not all forms of spatial memory depend on the hippocampus in birds.] We are proposing that the difference in hippocampal sensory input between reptiles/birds and mammals was a key factor in the development of the isocortex from the dorsal pallium of mammals.
		One important assumption held by several workers is that the modern reptilian brain represents a stage similar to that of the ancestral mammals.
	www.cogprints.org /archive/00000132/00/BBS12.html (5804 words)

	Bird - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Early avians include such primitive birds as Arachaeopteryx, the rooster-sized Patagopteryx, and the ichthyornithiforms, skillful flyers with toothed beaks.
		The avian phallus differs from the mammalian penis in several ways, most importantly in that it is purely a copulatory organ and is not used for expelling urine.
		Colorful, particularly tropical, birds (e.g., parrots, and mynahs) are often kept as pets although this practice has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species; CITES, an international agreement adopted in 1963, has considerably reduced trafficking in the bird species it protects.
	bird.quickseek.com (3280 words)

	IngentaConnect Comparison of the Mammalian and Avian Telencephalon from the Pers...
		Importantly, there is evidence of a novel “ventral pallium” subdivision, which is a molecularly distinct pallial territory intercalated between the striatum and the lateral pallium.
		The avian subpallium -the paleostriatum- expresses Dlx-2 and Nkx-2.1; expression extends as well into the septum and anterior and medial parts of the archistriatum.
		The avian pallium expresses Pax-6, Tbr-1 and Emx-1 and also contains a distinct ventral pallium, formed by the neostriatum and ventral intermediate parts of the archistriatum.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/tandf/ejom/1999/00000037/F0020002/art00014 (445 words)

	Avian pallium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the anatomy of animal s, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain.
		It uses material from the Wiktionary page "Avian".
		Avian and Environmental news from internet news sources.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Avian_pallium.html (161 words)

	Songbirds and the Revised Avian Brain Nomenclature -- REINER et al. 1016 (1): 77 -- Annals of the New York Academy of ...
		Songbirds and the Revised Avian Brain Nomenclature -- REINER et al.
		avian brain is based on flawed once-held assumptions of homology
		for the avian telencephalon and some allied brainstem cell groups.
	www.annalsnyas.org /cgi/content/abstract/1016/1/77 (455 words)

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