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Topic: Avianca Flight 203

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	Avianca Flight 203 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Avianca Flight 203 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The bombing of Flight 203 was the worst single criminal attack in the many decades of Colombian violence.
		The (additional info and facts about Medellin drug cartel) Medellin drug cartel claimed responsibility for planting the bomb, saying it was targeting (additional info and facts about Cesar Gaviria Trujillo) Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, the leading candidate in the presidential elections, although he was not on the plane.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/av/avianca_flight_203.htm (206 words)

	Avianca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Avianca was only the second airline ever to operate in the history of aviation, after KLM of the Netherlands, and is the first airline in the American continent.
		In March 2002 Avianca combined with its domestic subsidiary SAM Colombia and merged with ACES Colombia to form the Summa alliance and all operations began on 20 May 2002.
		The image of the Avianca timetable is used with permission and as courtesy of Bjorn Larsson and David Zekria, and are part of their personal collections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avianca (935 words)

	Avianca Flight 52 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Avianca Airlines Flight 52 was a regularly scheduled flight from Bogotá's El Dorado International Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport via Medellín, Colombia's José María Córdova International Airport.
		During this hold, the aircraft was exhausting its reserve fuel supply which would've allowed it to divert to Boston in case of an emergency or situation such as this one.
		The recovery efforts for Flight 52 proved to be difficult since the aicraft had crashed in an area that was difficult for emergency crews to reach.
	www.kiwipedia.com /en/avianca-flight-52.html (645 words)

	FLIGHT-800 Archives -- April 1999 (#215)
		Further, in the opinion of Walter Korsgaard, the FAA expert who investigated the Avianca crash, the wing box that contained the I-beam was violated after the second (fuel-air) explosion.
		Walter Korsgaard was the FAA representative who investigated the Avianca crash; he is an expert on fuel-air explosions on aircraft.
		In the first trial and in the OIG interview, Hahn compared the fuel-air explosion in Avianca to a fuel-air explosion in a grain elevator, in which small particulate matter from the grain is suspended in the air.
	home.dc.lsoft.com /scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9904&L=flight-800&T=0&O=A&P=24734 (2013 words)

	Avianca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Avianca is an airline based in Bogotá, Colombia.
		Avianca was only the third airline ever to operate in the history of aviation, after KLM of the Netherlands, and the second one to fly in the Americas after Chalk's Ocean Airways.
		Currently, Avianca holds the title as second oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name, second to KLM.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Avianca.htm (915 words)

	Terror Attack History
		A second Air India flight from Canada was targeted on the same day, but the bomb exploded at the Tokyo airport, in the luggage outside the aircraft, killing two baggage handlers, bringing the total death toll of the act to 331.
		Air India Flight 182 was a Boeing 747 that exploded on June 23, 1985 while at an altitude of 31,000 feet (9500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland; all 329 on board were killed, of whom 82 were children and 280 were Canadian citizens.
		The nose, containing the flight crew and first-class section, landed in a farmers field near a tiny church in Tundergarth, Scotland Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up as it flew over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988, when 12â“16 oz (340 â“ 450 g) of plastic explosive...
	www.members.tripod.com /antenna_conspiracy0/terror_attack_history.htm (12104 words)

	List of terrorist incidents - Simple English Wikipedia
		1977, October 13 Lufthansa flight LH 181 was kidnapped by a group of four Arabs around the leader "Captain Martyr Mahmud".
		1985 EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacked by Abu Nidal group, flown to Malta, where Egyptian commandos storm plane; 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.
		1994 Air France Flight 8969 is hijacked by GIA members who planned to crash the plane on Paris but didn't succeed.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents (2434 words)

	westword.com \| News & Features \| Feature \| The Hit Man Nobody Knows \| 2001-05-17
		This much is certain: On the morning of November 27, 1989, Avianca Airlines Flight 203 took off from Bogotá;, Colombia, headed for the city of Cali.
		According to the fl box found in the wreckage, Flight 203 had reached an altitude of 13,000 feet when the first explosion ripped through the cabin.
		And the incineration of Flight 203 had given the U.S. Department of Justice a way to go after him -- not for 200 deaths, but for two.
	www.westword.com /issues/2001-05-17/news/feature.html (797 words)

	WorldNetDaily: It was only frayed wiring? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is important to note that in the FBI Avianca reconstruction there was first a detonation of a high-explosive device which penetrated the central fuel tank, which then resulted in a fuel-air explosion, which was then followed by the "ignition" of the fuel in the wing tanks.
		The Avianca fuel-air "explosion" in the center fuel tank didn't blow off the front third of the aircraft.
		The initial event caused a structural failure in the area of Flight stations 854 to 860, lower left side of the aircraft.
	www.wnd.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=20076 (1296 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Fuel Tank Ignition Prevention Measures
		The FAA has always assumed that airplanes could be operated for some portion of flights with flammable fuel vapors in their fuel tank ullage (the vapor space above the level of the fuel in the tank).
		Such single failures should not prevent continued safe flight and landing, or significantly reduce the capability of the airplane or the ability of the crew to cope with the resulting failure conditions.'') Without oxygen in the fuel-air mixture, the fuel tank ullage could not ignite, regardless of temperature or ignition considerations.
		Although the TWA Model 747 Flight handbook (and the Boeing Airplane Flight Manual) instruct flightcrews not to exceed fuel temperatures of ``54.5C (130F), except JP-4 which is 43C (110F),'' the only fuel tank temperature indication displayed for flightcrews is that of the outboard main tank in the left wing.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-GENERAL/1997/April/Day-03/g8495.htm (8408 words)

	[No title]
		Hahn theorized that the pitting on the Avianca aircraft was caused by jetting resulting from a deformation on the explosive's surface that was, in effect, a small shaped charge.
		Hahn's tests at the FBI range, in which he obtained pitting similar to Avianca's, involved lined, intentionally shaped charges and targets of steel, which had little connection to the scenario he posited in the Avianca case--an explosive not intentionally shaped with a target of aircraft aluminum.
		The aircraft in that case, according to Hahn, contained pitting like that in Avianca, but in the OIG interviews Hahn was not "prepared" to say that the pitting on the Pan Am aircraft was the result of jetting from the random orientation of the explosive.
	www.forensicjustice.org /AVIANCA.htm (13630 words)

	LIST OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS ON COMMERCIAL AIRLINERS GROUPED BY YEAR ALTERNATE GENIE SEARCH ENGINE, INC
		The flight, operated by American_Overseas_Airlines was mostly carrying wives and children of US Army personnel serving in post-war Germany.
		August_24 - Siberia Airlines Flight 1047, one of the Russian_airplane_bombings_of_August_2004, 38 passengers and 8 crew members were onboard the plane.
		August_24 - Volga-AviaExpress Flight 1303, one of the Russian_airplane_bombings_of_August_2004, 34 passengers and 9 crew members were onboard the plane.
	www.agseinc.com /list_of_accidents_and_incidents_on_commercial_airliners_grouped_by_year#2005 (2325 words)

	Avianca Flight 203 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Avianca Flight 203 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 09:11, 6 Jun 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Avianca Flight 203 contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Avianca_Flight_203 (205 words)

	ColombiaLink.com - Pablo Escobar Gaviria - English Biography - Articles and Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At the peak of his power in the mid-1980s, he was shipping as much as 11 tons per flight in jetliners to the United States.
		At five flights a week, that meant over $2 billion a year, a fifth of Colombia's annual exports, right behind oil and more than the value of the country's entire annual coffee harvest.
		He was also suspected of being behind many terrorist bombings including the bombings of Avianca Flight 203 and a Bogota security building in 1989.
	www.colombialink.com /npf_pabloescobar_ing.html (5043 words)

	Encyclopedia: Avianca Flight 203
		People who viewed "Avianca Flight 203" also viewed:
		Avianca is an airline based in Bogotá;, Colombia.
		Sun Country 727 The Boeing 727 was, for a very long time, the most popular jet-liner in the world.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Avianca-Flight-203 (421 words)

	CLINTON'S ROGUES GALLERY: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the first few days after the Flight 800 investigation Mundo asked a TWA official what exactly the fuel use log had shown in regards to the quantity of fuel in the center wing tank upon arriving in New York.
		It wasn't until we boarded the flight back to the United States that I began to question the government's investigation of the crash, when members of the TWA flight crew told me that flight 800 had been shot down by a Navy missile.
		The assessment by the General Accounting Office said that a report by the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, which pointed early on to the explosion of a center fuel tank as the cause of the TWA crash in 1996, was never forwarded to the National Transportation Safety Board.
	alamo-girl.com /0368.htm (19113 words)

	BootsnAll Theme Guides: September 2005 Archives
		To those who insist on tying in ideology with FAA flight credentials, please extend the offer to thousands of other pilots, including those quoted in part two of my Jacobsen rebuttal, one of whom was a friend and US Navy squadron mate of Tom McGuinness, the copilot of American Airlines flight 11.
		During flight the men socialize, gesture to one another, move about the cabin with pieces of their luggage, and, most ominous of all, repeatedly make trips to the bathroom.
		Aboard flight 327, as she, her husband, and several passengers and crew are having their nervous breakdowns, comes this instance of B-movie tension: "[The flight attendant] leaned over and quietly told my husband there were Federal Air Marshals sitting all around us.
	www.bootsnall.com /guides/05-09 (21206 words)

	westword.com \| News \| The Hit Man Nobody Knows \| 2001-05-17 \| Printable
		In April 1994, on the eve of his first trial for the Avianca bombing, the federal judge overseeing the case received an urgent letter from Colombia's attorney general informing him that Colombian prosecutors had no evidence linking Muñoz Mosquera to the attack and that another man had already confessed to the crime.
		The same year he made the Forbes list, the year of the Avianca and DAS bombings, his organization was blamed for the assassination of three of the five candidates running for president.
		The Avianca disaster and the attack on the DAS headquarters a few days later -- an overkill attempt to eliminate General Miguel Maza, head of state security, who emerged unscathed -- provided dramatic evidence that Escobar was no longer a regional or even a national problem.
	www.westword.com /issues/2001-05-17/news/feature_print.html (5170 words)

	Arab Attacks Aimed at US Flights :: Air Travel History :: BootsnAll Theme Guides
		The flight is diverted to Cairo where all of the 170 occupants are released.
		The photograph of TWA captain John Testrake, his head out the cockpit window, collared by a gun-wielding terrorist, was broadcast worldwide and became an unforgettable icon of the siege.
		One of the most spectacular skyjack ordeals was that of Air France flight 139, commandeered by members of the PFLP and Baader-Meinhof gang in 1976.
	www.bootsnall.com /guides/05-09/arab-attacks-aimed-at-us-flights.html (3287 words)

	BTS \| Chapter 7: National Security
		On July 25, 1996, after the loss of TWA Flight 800, President Clinton established the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security, chaired by Vice President Gore, and directed that preflight security inspections be conducted on all overseas international flights.
		The destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, the French airline Union de Transport Aeriens (UTA) Flight 772 in 1989, and the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999 are reminders that aviation security is an international concern (box73).
		November 23, 1985: An EgyptAir flight was hijacked enroute from Athens to Cairo and diverted to Malta.
	www.bts.gov /publications/the_changing_face_of_transportation/chapter_07.html (8460 words)

	FBI Response - Part I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If Hahn's testimony is followed in sequence, it tracks a series of photographic exhibits, which depict the particular damage to Avianca Flight 203 indicating that an explosive device had been used on the aircraft.
		The fact that Hahn may not have realized at the time he testified in Avianca that some degree of pitting could be caused by an explosive with a lower VOD does not suggest that his testimony was intended to buttress the prosecution’s case.
		The Avianca investigation was conducted by a team of investigators, including National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigators, industry specialists, and agents of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) who have explosives background and training.
	www.usdoj.gov /oig/special/9704b/fbirsp01.htm (9107 words)

	USDOJ/OIG FBI Labs Report
		Hahn believed that large pits, as in the Avianca case, are indicative of a VOD of about 20,000 feet per second or more because he had never seen pitting of that size or anything closely resembling that except with explosives in the range of 20,000 ft/second detonation velocity.
		The laboratory notes in the Avianca case for specimen Q13 state that the ammonium and nitrate ions could not be reasonably associated because ammonium nitrate was not detected on a particular test and both ions could be formed by other than ammonium nitrate explosives.
		Despite Whitehurst's assertion that he had no evidence at all about contamination when he wrote the memorandum, we think the circumstantial evidence available to him pointed to the unlikelihood that the PETN and RDX were present as a result of contamination.
	www.fas.org /irp/agency/doj/oig/fbilab1/06avianc.htm (11320 words)

	The Wide Awakes » Islamofascist Suicide Bomber in OK City Identity Revealed
		December 17: Pan Am Flight 110: 30 passengers were killed when phosphorus bombs are thrown aboard the aircraft as it prepares for departure.
		October 13: Lufthansa flight LH 181 was kidnapped by a group of four Arabs around the leader “Captain Martyr Mahmud”.
		December 24: Air France Flight 8969 is hijacked by GIA members who planned to crash the plane on Paris but didn’t succeed.
	thewideawakes.org /archives/2005/10/03/islamofascist-suicide-bomber-in-ok-city-identity-revealed (10417 words)

	USDOJ/OIG FBI Labs Report
		was charged in the Avianca case and that the responsible person was in custody in Colombia and had confessed to the crime.
		Hahn theorized that the pitting on the Avianca aircraft was caused by jetting resulting from a deformation on the explosive
		from the pitting in the Avianca case (pits with a diameter of 1/8 to 1/4 inch).
	www.whatreallyhappened.com /RANCHO/POLITICS/DOJ_REPORT/06avianc.htm (10748 words)

	USDOJ/OIG FBI Labs Report
		As to cases in which we criticize the work of FBI Laboratory personnel, such as in the World Trade Center and Avianca cases, the FBI and U.S. Attorneys have responded by saying, in essence, that nothing in the Report should be read as affecting the outcome of those cases.
		D. The Avianca Case (Part Three, Section E) The Avianca case involved the midair explosion aboard Avianca Airlines Flight 203 shortly after its takeoff from Bogota, Colombia, on November 27, 1989.
		The Avianca case was an unfortunate instance in which communication broke down between examiners and supervisors in the Laboratory, and in which the EU examiner testified to opinions that were not justified by his experience or the applicable science or that exceeded his expertise.
	www.whatreallyhappened.com /RANCHO/POLITICS/DOJ_REPORT/00exesum.htm (8468 words)

	Drug link investigated in U.S. judge's killing
		One hundred seven people, including two Americans, died when a bomb exploded aboard Avianca Flight 203 shortly after takeoff on Feb. 27, 1989, from Bogota, Colombia.
		Richard Hahn, a lab expert, was assigned to the case as part of a U.S. team.
		* Testimony beyond the examiner's expertise in the World Trade Center and the 1989 explosion of Avianca Airlines flight 203, in which 107 people on board were killed.
	www.unabombers.com /News/97-04-16-LAT-FBILabScam-1.htm (1809 words)

	czechrepublic.ca - Avianca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nov. 14 (Bloomberg) -- U.S. airlines must modify fuel tanks on jet aircraft to reduce the risk of explosions like the one that downed TWA Flight 800 in 1996, the Federal Aviation Administration said.
		They laugh every time they tell the story, and they have been telling it for 17 years.
		Sept. 11, 2001: An American Airlines flight and a United flight en route to Los Angeles from Boston crash into the World Trade Center after...
	www.czechrepublic.ca /Avianca/reference/search (224 words)

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