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Topic: Avidin

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	Avidin
		Avidin, synthesized in the hen oviduct, is a glycoprotein of MW 68,000 daltons which occupies about 0.05% (w/w) of the total protein content of the hen egg white.
		Avidin, native or modified is highly soluble in water or salt solution at physiological pH (7.5-8.0): 50 mg of Avidin per ml of solution.
		Avidin, native or modified is very stable against heat, pH changes and chaotropic reagents (5).
	www.affiland.com /avidin.htm (0 words)

	Avidin: An Egg-Citing Insecticidal Protein in Corn
		Avidin may have a similar role in chicken egg whites—to protect chicken embryos from disease-causing organisms that require biotin to grow.
		When kernels of avidin corn were infested with Angoumois grain moths or maize weevils, most of the larvae died inside kernels that contained at least 20 parts per million of avidin.
		The avidin compound is currently used in medical and biochemical kits as a diagnostic protein.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/aug00/egg0800.htm (0 words)

	What do you get when a chicken gene is put into maize?
		Because expression of avidin in maize was under the control of the ubiquitin promoter, expression of the protein in the anthers occurred, which caused male sterility and non-uniform protein expression.
		Avidin maize was demonstrated to have excellent resistance to storage insect pests after the kernels were ground into a meal, because an average concentration of ~100 ppm avidin in the meal was sufficient for protection, a level substantially lower than that present in chicken egg white.
		Avidin maize was not toxic to mice when administered as the sole component of their diet for three weeks.
	www.biotech-info.net /chicken_gene.html (1066 words)

	Patent 7,186,399
		In the second phase, avidin is administered, circulates and binds to the biotinylated ligand attached to the target tissue or surface and to any residual, free circulating ligand.
		Avidin cross-linking increases the avidity and stability of the ligand on the target tissue or surface while promoting the rapid clearance of circulating avidin-ligand complexes via the reticuloendothelial system.
		Repeated sequential administration of avidin and the biotinylated lipid encapsulated particles may be carried out to amplify the acoustic contrast effect of the lipid encapsulated particles bound to the targeted surface.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2007/Mar2007/030607/7186399_Targeted030607.htm (1640 words)

	Avidin and ovalbumin induction by progesterone in chicken oviduct detected by sensitive immunoenzymometric assays -- ...
		This study describes sensitive immunoenzymometric assays (IEMAs) for chicken avidin and ovalbumin, markers of cytodifferentiation and action of progesterone and oestrogen in the oviduct magnum mucosa.
		Avidin was induced by all given doses of progesterone (0.2-200 mg/kg in vivo for 24 h after a short oestrogen treatment), the response being dose-dependent at doses of 0.2-20 mg progesterone/kg body weight, the maximum avidin production being about 70 micrograms/g tissue.
		Minimal traces of avidin and ovalbumin were found in the oviduct after hatching (0.3 and 5 micrograms/g respectively); however, progesterone did not have an effect on this expression.
	joe.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/abstract/130/2/191 (300 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Chicken genome analysis reveals novel genes encoding biotin-binding proteins related to ...
		One of them is avidin, which is expressed by oviduct cells upon progesterone induction and is then transferred to the egg-white where it constitutes a minor fraction of the total protein content of the egg-white [1].
		The affinities that avidin and yolk BBP exhibit toward biotin are extremely high, the dissociation constant being femtomolar for avidin [1] and picomolar for BBP [7].
		In contrast, avidin in egg-white is mainly found as an apoprotein and it is assumed to function as an antimicrobial agent that harvests free biotin from its environment [1,2].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/6/41 (5982 words)

	Neova
		Avidin is a glycoprotein extracted from egg white using ion-exchange or affinity chromatography.
		It was determined that avidin has an extremely strong binding for biotin (Vitamin H), an important growth factor, which is three to six orders of magnitude higher than that of typical antigen-antibody complexes.
		When a large quantity of avidin was added to the diet of rats, it effectively deprived them of this essential growth factor.
	www.neovatech.com /ovo_avid1.php (153 words)

	Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Avidin. INTRODUCTION OF DISULFIDE BRIDGES BETWEEN SUBUNIT INTERFACES -- Nordlund et ...
		The wt avidin is found mainly as a monomeric form (the dimeric form is an artifact seen in several avidin preparations (28)).
		The binding of biotinylated alkaline phosphatase by wt avidin and the mutants Avd-ci and Avd-ccci after heat treatment (99.9 °C) for various periods of time was determined by a microtiter plate assay.
		Heat-induced unfolding of the wt and mutant avidins in the absence or presence of biotin was examined using DSC.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/4/2479 (3195 words)

	CiteULike: Voltammetric detection of avidin and biotin by biotin labeled with cysteine
		Mercury(II) as a marker was used to detect avidin and biotin, because the oxidation wave of mercury decreases when the cysteine part of labeled biotin(LB) complexes with mercury(II).The formation of the mercury(II)-cysteine complex is suppressed when the LB binds to the biotin site of avidin.
		Detection of biotin is also carried out by a competitive reaction of biotin and the LB to the binding site on avidin, where the addition of biotin decreases the peak current of mercury.
		The length of the spacer between the cysteine and biotin was investigated.
	www.citeulike.org /user/biblio24/article/803830 (0 words)

	Vector Labs
		By covalently linking avidin with different ligands such as fluorochromes, enzymes or EM markers, what we have termed the Biotin-Avidin System can be utilized to study a wide variety of biological structures and processes.
		Avidin can be prepared with high fluorochrome to protein ratios and avidin conjugates are very stable.
		The extraordinarily high affinity between avidin or streptavidin and biotin assures the user of a rapidly formed and stable complex between the (strept)avidin conjugate and the biotin-labeled protein.
	www.vectorlabs.com /products.asp?catID=28&locID=0 (666 words)

	Biotin and Avidin Reagents (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Avidin (also called strepavidin) is a much larger protein that binds biotin with a very high affinity (figure 2).
		Chime image avidin (shown as blue and green dimer) from hen egg white bound with biotin (red) as determined by X-ray chrystalography.
		Avidin is used to extract biotin/ICAT-tagged peptides to minimize the complexity of the protein mixture for subsequent tandem MS analysis.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/genomics/method/biotin_avidin.html (237 words)

	Invitrogen - Molecular Probes - Section 7.6 - Avidin, Streptavidin, NeutrAvidin and CaptAvidin Biotin-Binding Proteins ...
		For example, avidin and its conjugates selectively bind to a component in rodent and human mast cell granules in fixed-cell preparations and can be used to identify mast cells in normal and diseased human tissue without requiring a biotinylated probe.
		A principal application of HRP and alkaline phosphatase conjugates of avidins and secondary antibodies is in enzyme-amplified histochemical staining of cells and tissues.
		Acrylamide Conjugates for Immobilization of Avidins in Polymers
	probes.invitrogen.com /handbook/sections/0706.html (6300 words)

	Surface membrane biotinylation efficiently mediates the endocytosis of avidin bioconjugates into nucleated cells.
		Incubation of fluorescein-labeled avidin with biotinylated cell lines resulted in uniform and rapid surface attachment and endocytosis compared with no detectable association of the avidin-conjugated dye with unbiotinylated cells.
		After 24 h, avidin was barely detectable on the surface of the nucleated cells.
		The increase in transfection efficiency was blocked by the addition of free avidin or biotin to the culture medium.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/10563774/au:Goldsmith+P (295 words)

	Immunoselection system for cell elution - Patent 5773224
		The term "avidin", as used herein, includes not only avidin itself, but also derivatives of avidin that are modified or coupled to another protein, and streptavidin.
		Typically, the biotinylated antiligand is first reacted with avidin and then the biotinylated antiligand/avidin complex is then bound to the solid capture surface by the reaction of the antiligand with the ligand.
		The use of avidin as a bridge increases the stability of the ligand-antiligand interaction, thus reducing contamination of the eluted cells as a result of nonspecific dissociation.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5773224.html (5003 words)

	Avidin
		The discovery of avidin is closely related to the discovery of biotin, because the egg white that was fed to the rats only contains biotin that is bound to avidin and the metabolism of rats is not able to separate those.
		Figure 1.2 shows the three-dimensional structure of avidin, which was acquired by x-ray diffraction methods.
		Although the high affinity to biotin was known from early on, the interest in avidin was low until the discovery of the coenzyme function of covalently bound biotin.
	www.panhorst.com /PhD/thesis/html/node9.html (276 words)

	Marker Gene Technologies
		Many avidin or streptavidin conjugates are available that have been fluorescently labeled or are conjugated to an antibody or other detection reagent.
		Marker Genes Texas RedTM Avidin is a highly fluorescent conjugate of Avidin and sulforhodamine 101.
		In addition, the Texas RedTM Avidin is a highly cationic glycoprotein that can selectively bind to a component in human and murine mast cell granules in fixed-cell preparations, and can thus be used to identify mast cells in normal and diseased human tissue without requiring a biotinylated probe.
	www.markergene.com /labelingreagents.php (1605 words)

	Avidin targeting of intraperitoneal tumor xenografts. - Гастроэнтерологический портал ...
		In this study, we tested the ability of avidin, labeled through conjugation to radioactive biotin (a B vitamin), to target intraperitoneal tumors.
		The following two approaches were used in the intraperitoneal administration of avidin: 1) radioactive biotin-avidin conjugates were injected and 2) avidin was injected 1-24 hours before the injection of radioactive biotin (avidin pretargeting; avidin-biotin conjugates formed in vivo).
		With avidin pretargeting, accumulation of radioactivity in the liver, kidney, and spleen was reduced to a greater extent than that in the tumor, and tumor to nontumor ratios were increased.
	www.gastroportal.ru /php/content.php?id=3056 (308 words)

	Calzyme - Manufacturers of Enzymes , Proteins , Coenzymes , Substrates and Related Biochemicals
		Avidin can be used in research investigations designed to study the function of biotin or in the study of enzyme systems where biotin serves as a coenzyme.
		Berger and Wood have described the application of avidin or avidin subunits, bound to a matrix, in affinity chromatography (Berger, M. and Wood, H.S., J. Biol.
		Avidin is assayed by determination of its biotin-binding capacity spectrophotometrically by the method of Green (Green, N.M., Biochem.
	www.calzyme.com /commerce/catalog/spcategory.jsp?category_id=1024 (292 words)

	Worthington Avidin
		Avidin plays an important role in biotin function studies and in the study of several enzymes in which biotin is a coenzyme.
		Avidin or avidin subunits bound to a matrix have been utilized for affinity purification (Berger and Wood, 1975; Green and Toms, 1973).
		The biotin-binding capacity of avidin is determined using the spectrophotometric method of Green (1963).
	www.worthington-biochem.com /AV/default.html (0 words)

	CiteULike: Electrochemical Assay of Avidin and Biotin Using a Biotin Derivative Labeled with an Electroactive Compound
		Electrochemical Assay of Avidin and Biotin Using a Biotin Derivative Labeled with an Electroactive Compound
		By the addition of avidin, the electrode response of the labeled biotin decreased linearly over the range of 3 x 10-9 and 5 x 10-8 mol dm-3 avidin.
		This method has the advantage that it is not necessary to separate a free labeled biotin from a bound one.
	www.citeulike.org /user/biblio24/article/803834 (0 words)

	The Cellulosome and The Avidin-Biotin System
		More recently, we developed nitrotyrosyl derivatives of both avidin and streptavidin, in which the strong biotin-binding properties of the tetramers can, for the first time, be reversed; we demonstrated several applications of nitro-avidin and nitro-streptavidin for potential use in affinity chromatography, enzyme immobilization and phage-display technology.
		We prepared numerous mutations of avidin and streptavidin, in which individual amino acid residues were changed to alter various physicochemical properties of the molecules such as charge, quaternary structure and oligosaccharide side chain.
		Three-dimensional structures for avidin, the avidin-biotin complex and the avidin-HABA complex were elucidated in collaboration with Oded Livnah and Joel Sussman of the Structural Biology Department.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /Biological_Chemistry/scientist/Bayer/BayerAvidin.html (1681 words)

	avidin - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "avidin" is defined.
		avidin : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Avidin : Drug Discovery and Development [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=avidin (134 words)

	News - Avidin Preferentially Localizes to Bladder Tumor Tissue Compared to Normal Urothelium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Avidin appears to accumulate more in tumour tissue compared to normal urothelium, suggesting that high-energy beta emitting radionuclides associated with biotin, with which avidin binds, could be useful in treating bladder cancer.
		Avidin is a 66 kD highly glycosylated and positively charged protein that shows extremely high affinity for biotin.
		Increased accumulation of radiolabelled avidin was observed in tumour tissue compared to normal bladder tissue.
	www.docguide.com /news/content.nsf/news/8525697700573E1885256DCA002CB2EB (456 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Avidin, a minor constituent of egg white from reptiles, amphibians and birds, is a glycosylated and positively charged protein (at neutral pH), which usually forms tetramers.
		Few years later after discovering of avidin, the protein, whose sequence is evolutionary related to that of avidin, was isolated from bacteria Streptomyces avidinii.
		In this paper we describe the preparation of avidin- and avidin extract-modified CPEs for sensitive avidin detection in solution and in transgenic maize plants.
	www.muni.cz /research/publications/638529 (414 words)

	Avidin - PRO-500 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Avidin is a glycosylated polypeptide chain having a molecular mass of 68kDa and containg 4 subunits each with a binding site for biotin.
		Avidin may be used to visualize biotin conjugated molecules in ELISA, blotting and histological techniques.
		Avidin and streptavidin ligands based on the glycoluril bicyclic system.
	www.prospec.co.il /~prospec/cart/customer/product.php?productid=1066&cat=75&page=1 (241 words)

	AVIDIN
		"AVIDIN" is a common misspelling or typo for: abiding, aiding, avoiding.
		Avidin induction and biosynthesis in the chicken oviduct and non-oviduct tissues and in culture (reference)
		Avidin induction by tissue damage and prostaglandins in the chick oviduct (reference)
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/av/avidin.html (334 words)

	Dimer-Tetramer Transition between Solution and Crystalline States of Streptavidin and Avidin Mutants -- Pazy et al. 185 ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		mutations of avidin and streptavidin in a baculovirus-infected
		Superposition of the L7,8 loop in streptavidin and avidin.
		The major conformational change in the avidin L7,8 loop occurs in residues 105 to 106, and the conformation in position 110 is relatively conserved.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/185/14/4050 (3590 words)

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