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	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The last was particularly damaging, since the papacy in Avignon had declared that the sacraments were necessary to salvation.
		The Avignon papacy did much to improve he organization and functioning of the machinery of the Church, establishing the major offices that still operate today.
		The papacy was generally identified with Rome and was never trusted while it was in Avignon.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/avignon.html (1733 words)

	Avignon Papacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This nickname is polemical, in that it refers to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at this time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the Papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the French kings.
		Such partisanship of the Papacy was one of the reasons for the dropping esteem for the institution, which in turn was one of the reasons for the schism from 1378-1417.
		The claim of the Papacy for universal sovereignty, reiterated since Gregory VII's "Dictatus Papae" and championed by Boniface VIII at the beginning of the century, was impossible to uphold in the face of Scholastic movements and the influential works of Marsilius of Padua and William of Occam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avignon_Papacy (3266 words)

	Avignon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Avignon ([aviɲɔ̃] in French) (Provençal Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm) is a commune in southern France with some 88,300 inhabitants in the city itself and 155,500 in the Greater Avignon area.
		Avignon is the préfecture (capital) of the Vaucluse département in the region of Provence.
		Avignon is still encircled by the ramparts built by its popes in the 14th century, one of the finest examples of medieval fortification in existence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avignon (3785 words)

	Avignon - World Travel Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Avignon is one of the major cities of Provence, in Southern France.
		Avignon is famous for being the city to which the Popes fled to when leaving the corruption of Rome in the 13th century.
		Avignon has been continuously inhabited since the stone age, when troglodyte inhabitations were built in caves in the Rocher des Dames, a massive outcropping of rock rising over the banks of the Rhône.
	www.world-travel-guide.net /index.php?title=Avignon (1282 words)

	THE AVIGNON PAPACY
		Boniface VII and Avignon: the decline of the papacy
		After his death the papacy went from "perigee" to "apogee," its zenith to its lowest point outside the pornocracy and the immorality of later Renaissance Popes.
		Avignon's significance is the fact that this seventy year period constitutes the longest unbroken period when the papal court remains away from Rome.
	www.christianchronicler.com /history1/avignon_papacy.html (1696 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Avignon
		During the crusade against the Albigenses the citizens refused to open the gates of Avignon to Louis VIII and the legate, but capitulated after a three months' siege (10 June - 13 September, 1226) and were forced to pull down the ramparts and fill up the moat of their city.
		Avignon, which at the beginning of the fourteenth century was a town of no great importance, underwent a wonderful development during the residence there of nine popes, Clement V to Benedict XIII, inclusively.
		The Archdiocese of Avignon was re-established in 1822, and received as suffragansees the Diocese of Viviers (restored in 1822); Valence (formerly under Lyon); Nimes (restored in 1822); and Montpellier (formerly under Toulouse).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02158a.htm (1433 words)

	Avignon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Avignon (pronounced [avin^O~] in SAMPA called Avignoun in Provençal) is a city in southern France with some 88 300 inhabitants in city itself and 155 500 in the Avignon area.
		Avignon Caumont-sur-Durance Jonquerettes Morières-lès-Avignon Le Pontet Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon et Velleron in the département of Vaucluse.
		Avignon became the residence of the Pope in 1309 at which time the town and surrounding Comtat Venaissin was under the rule the kings of Sicily (the house of Anjou).
	www.freeglossary.com /Avignon (1087 words)

	Papacy
		The first, extending from the late 6th to the late 8th century, was marked by the turning of the papacy to the West and its escape from subordination to the authority of the Byzantine emperors of Constantinople.
		With the papacy taking the leadership in reform, the second great phase in the process of its rise to prominence began, one that extended from the mid 11th to the mid 13th century.
		Such was the situation when the papacy was confronted in the early 16th century with the great challenge posed by Martin Luther to the traditional teaching on the church's doctrinal authority and much else besides.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/papacy.htm (4308 words)

	The Avignon Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Avignon Papacy refers to the period from 1309 to 1378 when the seat of the papacy was in Avignon, France.
		Pope Clement V chose to move the papal court to southeastern France because of the turbulence in Rome caused by the conflict between his predecessor and King Philip of France.
		Because many considered the papal court to be under the rule of the King of France during this period, the Avignon Papacy undermined the authority of the papacy.
	cat.xula.edu /tpr/factors/avignon (148 words)

	Avignon travel guide - Wikitravel
		Avignon is one of the major cities of Provence, in Southern France.
		Avignon is famous as the city to which the Popes fled when leaving the corruption of Rome in the 14th century.
		Avignon has been continuously inhabited since the stone age, when troglodyte inhabitations were built in caves in the Rocher des Dames, a massive outcropping of rock rising over the banks of the Rhône.
	wikitravel.org /en/Avignon (1584 words)

	Papal Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The French popes at Avignon were not the first to work for a centralization of power within the Church, but many of the trends of the preceeding century find culmination here, so this is a convenient place to talk about the formal structure of papal government.
		The papacy also sold "expectancies": a hopeful candidate would pay for the right to be considered for provision to benefices when they became vacant.
		As the papacy acquired more visible and effective authority, more and more people found reason to send their petitions (they were also trying to out-maneuver increasing royal authority).
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/papacy/papalgov.htm (1656 words)

	Wikinfo \| Avignon papacy
		The Avignon papacy refers to a period in the history of the Roman Catholic Church from 1305 to 1378 when the seat of the pope was moved from Rome to Avignon.
		This nickname is polemical, in that it refers to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at this time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the Papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the Frankish emperor.
		In the early 14th century, the papacy was well past its time – its peak of importance had passed in the 12th and 13th centuries.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Avignon_Papacy (2928 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Transplanted from its maternal soil, the papacy was cut loose from the hallowed and historical associations of thirteen centuries.
		Avignon is the "fountain of afflictions, the refuge of wrath, the school of errors, a temple of lies, the awful prison, hell on earth."
		Avignon, which Clement chose as his residence, is 460 miles southeast of Paris and lies south of Lyons.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.ii.v.html (5403 words)

	Provence-Hideaways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Avignon and parts of the Provence were ruled by the d'Anjou family (related to the French crown).
		Only in 1348, 43 years after the Holy See's move to Avignon, was Avignon purchased by Pope Clement VI for 80.000 florins from Joanna d'Anjou, Queen of Naples and Provence (he subsequently declared Joanna innocent of complicity in the murder of her husband).
		Avignon is part of the Vaucluse, a departement in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
	www.provence-hideaway.com /218.html (2109 words)

	South to Avignon
		The Avignon Popes certainly lived high off the hog; the interior of the palace is said to be full of wonderful art treasures, though I didn't go in to see for myself.
		The Avignon Popes were on the whole a pretty cultured and intellectual lot; corrupt and cynical they certainly were, and enthusiastically decadent - though they never got up to anything to equal the later Borgia gang - but in their way enlightened.
		The Avignon Popes never commanded the trained armed forces to back up their posture; the truth was that they were creatures of the French king, and existed only under his protection and sponsorship, it being useful to Philip the Fair and his successors to possess a compliant Papacy in-house, so to speak.
	www.sff.net /people/sanders/avignon.html (1878 words)

	Avignon Papacy
		The Avignon Papacy refers to a period in the history of the Roman Catholic Church from 1309 to 1378 when the seat of the Pope was moved from Rome to Avignon.
		This nick-name is polemical, in that it refers to the claim by critics that the fabulous prosperity of the church at this time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the Papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the Frankish emperor.
		Finally, the Council of Constance in 1417 deposed John XXIII and the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, received the resignation of the Roman Pope Gregory XII, and elected Pope Martin V, thereby ending the schism.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/avignon_papacy.htm (1125 words)

	Places \| Avignon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While the Avignon bridge still crossed the Rhône, in 1226, King Louis VIII of France occupied the city, and Avignon lost both its indepencence and its former prosperity.
		Avignon, despite its connection with Provence, was already a Papal territory when in 1309 Clement V left Rome for Avignon.
		Present-day Avignon was restored in the 19th century, essentially as a relic of itself.
	www.umass.edu /wsp/mots/places/avignon.html (532 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Just as Clement V had come to Avignon intended to leave, so Gregory came to Rome intending to stay, and the result in both cases was both unforseen and untoward.
		Moreover, the long residence of the papacy at Avignon had stirred ever stronger calls for a general reform of the Church.
		The excesses of the papacy at Avignon, and even more the spectacle of the schism, caused many thoughtful Christians to lose faith not in their religion, but in the priesthood.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/westciv/avignon.html (4808 words)

	Bienvenue à la mairie d'Avignon
		This is one of the seven original churches of the Avignon parish that extended in a circle around the Rocher des Doms and the cathedral.
		During the invigorated building activity that accompanied the move of the papacy to the city, north and south chapels were added to the single nave.
		This one of the Gothic houses extant in Avignon.
	www.avignon.fr /en/visites/visite3en.php (5427 words)

	Part IV - The Middle Ages: Lesson No. 24 - The Decline of the Papacy
		Political intrigue became the modus operandi of the papacy in the achievement of its ambitions.
		The papacy had placed all of its power against a strong civil ruler and had suffered defeat., It was a crippling blow to papal political ambitions.
		The Avignon papacy also drew down sharp criticism for its taxations to support the extravagance of the papal court.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-24.htm (1158 words)

	History of Avignon - Avignon Travel Guide
		Avignon was badly damaged by the barbarian invasions of the 5th century and was destroyed in 737 by the Franks under Charles Martel, after it had sided with the Arabs against him.
		Pope Gregory XI The period of Avignon popes from 1309 to 1377 was also called the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, in reference to the Israelites' enslavement in biblical times.
		The analogy fitted Avignon in another sense - the venality of the papal court caused the city to become infamously corrupt, on the levels of Babylon herself.
	www.sacred-destinations.com /france/avignon-history.htm (778 words)

	Avignon France - France Provence Travel - Roquefort - Camargue - Chenonceau - Annecy
		The rock of Avignon seems to have been inhabited since the earliest times; situated at the junction of the Rhone and the Durance rivers, its perfect location makes it an ideal city for a natural refuge, easy to defend and ideal for commercial traffic.
		Avignon appears to be the ideal city to welcome the future popes.
		Avignon already is a populated city with 5000 inhabitants, but finds itself suddenly increased by tens of thousands.
	www.francemonthly.com /n/0702/index.php (1772 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Avignon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nice, Marseilles, Toulon, Avignon, Arles, and Aix-en-Provence (the historic capital) are the chief cities.
		He was the successor of Urban V, who had made an unsuccessful attempt to remove the papacy from Avignon to Rome (1367-70).
		At Avignon he was physician to Pope Clement VI and to two of his successors.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/00940.html (691 words)

	Avignon Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The period in which the popes resided at Avignon in France under the domination of French kings, also called "Bablylonian Captivity" of the papacy.
		Beginning with Pope Clement V in 1309 several popes of the fourteenth century resided at Avignon and exercised the papal office under the domination of the French kings.
		This French influence and the preoccupation of the Avignon popes with raising revenues for papal coffers brought the papacy into disrepute.
	demo.lutherproductions.com /historytutor/basic/medieval/story/avignon.htm (118 words)

	Chapter 3: The Mendoza Family in the Spanish Renaissance 1350-1550
		Throughout the Avignon papacy, there was a steady flow of Castilians to the papal court, seeking patronage, political refuge, and education.
		Most of what we know about the Avignon papacy we owe to French historians who regarded the Spanish as intruders, so the effectiveness of Spanish administrators and their influence on papal policy have not been appreciated by modern historians.
		While Ayala was studying in Avignon, Barroso's household was both the focus of the Spanish community there and one of the political and cultural centers of the entire court.
	libro.uca.edu /mendoza/msr3.htm (9289 words)

	Avignon Hotels, Hotel Avignon, Accommodation in Avignon France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Avignon derives its name from the Celtic “avenio”, which means — the town of fierce winds.
		Located on the outskirts of Avignon, this hotel is close to the main transport routes and is in an ideal place for exploring this magnificent region, sightseeing and soaking up the traditional French atmosphere.
		The Kyriad Avignon Sud la Cristole Hotel is located only 20 minutes away from the most beautiful villages in Luberon and 10 minutes from the Palace of the Popes.
	www.b2real.com /en/France/Vaucluse/Avignon-Hotels.html (625 words)

	How The Protestant Reformation C
		The removal of the Papacy to Avignon was justified at the time by French apologists as owing to the factious tumults at Rome, where the dissensions of the Roman aristocrats and their armed gangs reached an all time low and the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano was destroyed in a fire.
		The pope’s removal to Avignon was a grievous error since the universal character of the papacy was obscured in the minds of the Christian people.
		The schism in the Western church resulted from the untimely return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome by Pope Gregory XI in 1378, ending the Avignon Papacy.
	www.stbonaventure.org /Reformation.htm (9146 words)

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