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	Axel jump - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Axel is a jump in figure skating, named after the Norwegian skater Axel Paulsen (1855-1938) who was the first to perform it in 1882.
		Axel Paulsen was the first skater to perform the jump named after him, in 1882.
		Today, however, her axel technique (preserved in her many films) would be considered very poor, since her jumps were badly pre-rotated without a "step up", giving them more the character of a jumped spin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Double_axel (1183 words)

	Figure skating - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Axels, which are the only jump to take off from a forward edge (the left outside edge).
		Dick Button, 1948 and 1952 Olympic Champion, was the first skater to perform the double axel and triple loop jumps, as well as the flying camel spin.
		On February 15, 1961, the entire US figure skating team and their coaches were killed in a plane crash in Brussels, Belgium en route to the World Championships in Prague.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Figure_skating (2797 words)

	Welcome to U.S. Figure Skating
		AXEL JUMP — One of the most difficult jumps which takes off from the forward outside edge and is landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.
		A single Axel consists of 1 1/2 revolutions, a double is 2 1/2 revolutions, and a triple is 3-1/2 revolutions.
		The Axel, loop and Salchow are common edge jumps.
	www.usfsa.org /About.asp?id=60 (2921 words)

	Figure skating jump - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The axel jump, named for its originator Axel Paulsen, is launched on the forward outside edge and landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.
		The salchow jump (pronounced "sow-cow"), named for its originator Ulrich Salchow, is launched off the back inside edge and landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.
		The waltz jump is a one-half rotation launched from the forward outside edge, similar to an axel, and is rarely performed in competition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Figure_skating_jump (415 words)

	OEDILF - Word Search
		Named after the Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen (1855—1938), the axel takes the skater one and a half turns from toe to heel.
		Since Paulsen first successfully landed it in 1882, skaters have progressed to double and triple axels.
		axel: In figure skating, a 1.5-turn jump starting on the forward edge of one blade and landing on the rear edge of the other skate.
	www.oedilf.com /db/Lim.php?Word=axle (258 words)

	[No title]
		The axel is the most difficult jump of all the six major jumps, named after its inventor, Axel Paulsen.
		One foot axel - similar to the normal axel except landed with a LBI.
		Delayed axel - longer hold of the waltz jump position after the leap, faster rotation at the end of the jump.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/3271/jumps.html (1634 words)

	Iceskate.Net - Terms - Jumps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Because of the forward take-off a single axel would actually consist of one and a half revolutions.
		The axel was created by Axel Paulsen (Norway), and first performed by him in 1882.
		The first triple axel performed in competition was completed by Vern Taylor (Canada) in the 1978 World Championships.
	www.iceskate.net /term_jump.html (638 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		To execute an axel, the skater must bend deeply in the knee on the LFO entrance edge then reach forward with the free leg and arms while simultaneously springing from the skating knee.
		To perform an open axel, the skater must be capable of a high jump taken with speed to have time in the air to rotate with his arms and legs open.
		For the jump to appear spectacular, it is usually performed as a delayed axel and the skater seems to hesitate for a moment in the air in a tucked posture.
	www.icepav.com /glossary_of_skating_terms.htm (9870 words)

	[No title]
		It was first introduced by the Norwegian, Axel Paulsen, in the nineteenth century, but he did a very primitive version of the beautiful, soaring move seen today.
		At the zenith of her competitive career the highlight of Sonja Henie's routine was two axels in a row.
		Her speciality was to take off for a double axel from an outside spreadeagle position (both feet on the ice, one pointing forwards and the other backwards) and immediately resume it on landing.
	www.iceskate-magazine.com /page109.html (433 words)

	Inside Britannica
		Paulsen, a Norwegian equally expert in figure and speed skating, introduced his jump in Vienna in 1882 at what is generally regarded as the first international championship.
		They fall into two main groups: edge jumps (salchow, loop, and axel) and toe jumps (toe loop, flip, and lutz), which are edge jumps assisted by a vault off the toe pick.
		The axel is distinct for two reasons: it is the only jump requiring the skater to lift off while skating forward, and it contains an extra half-revolution.
	newsletters.britannica.com /articles/dec03/skating.html (8455 words)

	The Layperson's Guide to Lutzes & Loops
		The Axel used to be called the "Axel Paulsen," which was obviously shortened at some point.
		The Axel is the easiest jump for the skating fan to recognize, because it is the only jump with a forward take-off.
		Next to the Axel, the loop is probably the easiest jump for laypersons to identify because of the way it happens.
	www.bixby.org /julie/skate.html (2578 words)

	Competitive Figure Skating FAQ: Technical Elements
		axel this is the only common jump with a forward takeoff, from a left front outside edge.
		And, sometimes these terms are used to refer to jumps with problems: waxel a failed axel attempt, when the skater slips off the forward takeoff edge.
		toe axel a jump that is supposed to be a double toe loop, but where the skater incorrectly does an axel-like forward takeoff from the toe pick instead of the correct backwards toe-assisted takeoff.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/sports/skating/ice/figure/technical (4216 words)

	Paulsen v. McDuffie (1935) 4 C2d 111
		Paulsen, the plaintiff, sustained his injury on January 24, 1931, as the ship "Kekoskee" was leaving the pier at the foot of Sixteenth Street, San Francisco.
		At about 10 o'clock of the evening of that day certain of the seamen on board the ship were called out to haul in the mooring line.
		Paulsen stepped to the throttle and turned on more steam.
	online.ceb.com /calcases/C2/4C2d111.htm (2746 words)

	Figure skating - ArtPolitic Encyclopedia of Politics : Information Portal
		The other is the physical execution of the jump, including the edge of the skate used upon takeoff and landing, and any assistance used in takeoff, such as a plant of a skate on the ice.
		Thus, instead of a triple axel being three rotations, it is actually three and a half rotations, as all figure skating jumps are landed travelling backwards.
		However, a triple axel is a very rare women's jump, almost all women only performing double axels.
	www.artpolitic.org /infopedia/fi/Figure_skating.html (1070 words)

	Questions & Answers
		An inside axel is executed from a forward inside edge with 1 1/2 revolutions (rotation in sense of a 3 turn) landing on a back outside edge.
		However all test and short programme requirements refer to an Axel (or Axel Paulsen) which is executed from a forward outside edge with 1 1/2 revolutions (rotation in sense of a 3 turn) landing on a back outside edge.
		Inside axel is generally less powerful than axel due to the fact the skater cannot use the free leg swing to assist and has to rely only on the skating leg.
	www.centaurusice.bizland.com /pages/faq.htm (5541 words)

	Chicago Sun-Times 2002 Winter Olympics
		Axel - A combination of the waltz and loop jumps.
		The most difficult jump because of the extra half-turn, it is the only jump begun from a forward outside edge.
		The jump is named for its inventor, Norway's Axel Paulsen.
	www.suntimes.com /winter_olympics/preview/OLY-FIGURESKATINGGLOSSARY.html (1161 words)

	VH1.com : Movies : Person : Pat Paulsen : Biography
		Like certain real candidates, Paulsen peppered his speeches with meaningless falderal and brouhaha, his takes on the days' issues were short and pithy.
		Paulsen was born in South Bend, WA, but moved with his family to Point Bonita in northern California where his father was stationed with the Coast Guard.
		Paulsen died in April 1997, in Mexico of pneumonia and kidney failure.
	www.vh1.com /movies/person/48964/bio.jhtml (447 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Sport (#-A) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The axel is a standard movement in figure skating named after its inventor,
		It is a jump involving one and a half turns in the air.
		The axel lift is a movement in pairs figure skating.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /OA.HTM (1585 words)

	Nieuwe pagina 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The third place was for the Norwegian Axel Paulsen who for the first time a jump with a half turn performed.
		Nowadays the same jump is made with double and even triple turns, but it still carries the name of their inventor: Axel.
		Axel Paulsen too travelled all over Europe to entertain the upper ten of that time and to give demonstrations of his abilities.
	www.schaatsenmuseum.nl /schaatsenmuseum-e/e-kunst-R.htm (765 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Ice Skating
		Jumps are distinguished by their takeoff, which may be forward or backward.
		The most difficult is the axel, named for its inventor, Axel Paulsen, a Norwegian speed skater.
		In a typical single axel, a skater initiates the jump facing forward, launches the jump from the left forward outside edge, completes 1y rotations in the air, and lands traveling backward on the right backward outside edge.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761561185___3/Ice_Skating.html (962 words)

	Skate Canada: Skating for Life: Know Your Skating: Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Axel Paulsen: The skater takes off from the forward outside edge of the skate, completes 11/2 revolutions in the air and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.
		The arm of the male that is in the armpit position of the female is to be fully extended.
		The degree of difficulty on all hand to hand Lasso type lifts is increased by the position of the lady, changes in position during the lift, release of grip, variation in dismount.
	www.patinagecanada.ca /en/skate_for_life/know_your_skating/glossary (3066 words)

	Figure Skating Terminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The most difficult jump in figure skating is named for its inventor, Axel Paulsen, a Norwegian speed skating champion who became famous as an exhibition and trick skater.
		Executing the Axel jump, a skater takes off from an inside edge while skating forward, turns one-and-a-half times in the air (540 degrees), and lands on the back outside edge of the other skate.
		Also known as a "parallel spin", the Camel is performed by the skater in an arabesque position with one leg lifted parallel to the ice.
	www.fortunecity.com /olympia/hill/271/glossary.htm (2198 words)

	Figure Skating Journal Archive, October 2000
		Since axels are the ultimate accomplishment for skaters of all levels, the skaters themselves may prod for axel training.
		In my opinion, as an adult who skated for years before ever trying an axel, she is not a candidate for an axel lesson.
		Based on the weakness of her jumps, I doubt that such a skater is confident or physically strong enough to try an axel.
	www.skatejournal.com /oct00.html (2115 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		As there were no more of that particular make to be had, he went into the town and returned with a curly toed, extraordinary, old-fashioned affair which he re-ground and adjusted as best he could, fixed on his boot and, using this odd contraption, he won, just the same.
		He has left us “the Grafström Spiral”, the “flying sit spin”, the “change foot sit spin” (up and down and up again), and he was the first to show us the modern authentic conception of the Axel Paulsen jump, all movements on which the advanced complexities of modern free skating are based.
		Here is a directive of forty years ago only, for the performance of the Axel Paulsen and, as you read it, try to visualise the smooth, high “delayed Axe!” of today a superb example of co-ordination and timing.
	www.iceskate-magazine.com /page46.html (388 words)

	Saturday Evening Post: Olympic skaters: taking turns for the better (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Axel Paulsen of Norway performed the first one-and-a-half-revolution jump at the first "international skating meeting" in Vienna in 1882.
		Those pair moves and the triple and quadruple jumps are largely responsible for the increase in injuries.
		Triple jumps are limtied to one of each kind only: Axel, single or double; single, double, triple or quadruple Salchow, toe loop, loop, flip, lutz.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1189/is_v256/ai_3154115 (1508 words)

	Jumps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Axel is a jump with a forward takeoff from a left front outside edge.
		This jump was named after Axel Paulsen, who invented it.
		The inside axel is another jump with a foward takeoff.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~faiths/project/page2.html (511 words)

	Skating Firsts - jumps - plus historical time capsule
		Axel Paulsen, (on speed skates) Sonja Henie, early
		I skated with her in her show for three years, and in that time I was fascinated by what she called her 'Yumps'.
		They looked something like an axel, but she never called them that.
	www.jacksonskates.com /html/jumphist.html (250 words)

	Saint John Amateur Speed Skating Club
		In 1883 Hugh McCormick lived on the Kennebecasis River, Saint John, N.B. He was twenty-nine when he raced for the first time professionally, an age when many skaters end their active careers.
		A match race between Paulsen and the Canadian Champion Robert Elliot was scheduled.
		This was the beginning for McCormick, and he went on to defeat Paulsen in 1885 in New York and many others, gaining Titles of North American Professional and Maritime Champion in 1885.
	www.sjspeedskaters.ca /history/history-sj-1.html (1933 words)

	Prints Old & Rare - Winter Sports page
		Axel Paulsen at the Washington Park Rink, Brooklyn." Shows a crowd of people gathered to watch Mr.
		Paulsen, who is skating past them at high speed.
		Engraved image from Harper’s Weekly, titled "An ‘Adept’ in the Art of Skating." Shows a young man talking with two women, attempting to impress them with tales of his skating ability.
	www.printsoldandrare.com /wintersports (809 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Ice Skating
		American skater Dick Button, a five-time world champion (1948-1952) and two-time Olympic gold medalist (1948 and 1952), brought outstanding athleticism to skating.
		Along with inventing the flying camel sit spin, he was also the first skater to successfully complete a double axel and a triple jump in competition.
		Soviet skaters Oleg Protopopov and Liudmila Belousova transformed pairs skating in the 1960s with their elegant, balletlike movements.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761561185__1/Ice_Skating.html (3552 words)

	Missing jump demotes Britten to third place
		Top skaters around the world are landing triple Axels with regularity, including three-time Canadian champion Elvis Stojko, the 1997 winner at GM Place.
		The Axel is named after Axel Paulsen, its originator.
		A skater takes off from the forward outside edge of the skate, completes 1 1/2 revolutions in the air and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.
	www.acmi.canoe.ca /SlamCanadianSkatingChampionships1997/cc_britten_feb8.html (446 words)

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