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Topic: Axoneme

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Axoneme
		The axoneme serves as the "skeleton" of these organelles, both giving support to the structure and, in most cases, causing it to bend.
		Though distinctions of function and/or length may be made between cilia and flagella, the internal structure of the axoneme is common to both.
		The radial spoke, a protein complex important in regulating the motion of the axoneme, is also housed in the axoneme; it projects from each set of outer doublets toward the central microtubules.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Axoneme (480 words)

	Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The bundle of microtubules comprising the axoneme is surrounded by the plasma membrane.
		Demembranated axonemes were briefly treated with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin or elastase to digest the structural linkages and the radial spokes.
		A close examination of the axoneme cross-section reveals that the nine outer doublets and their dynein arms are arranged in a circle so that, when viewed from the base of the axoneme, the arms all point clockwise.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=mcb.section.5478 (2690 words)

	Scientific FrontLine by SFL ORG. News Center / Secrets of a Cellular Machine
		The axonemes used in the present study were taken from the sperm cells of purple sea urchins.
		An axoneme has two such singlet microtubules in the center, ringed by nine doublet microtubules, which are basically two singlets attached along their length.
		Using cryo-electron tomography from micrographs of axoneme doublets like the one at upper left, researchers derived a model of the doublet that revealed protein structures linking the composite microtubules (1 through 13 in the A tubule, 1 through 10 in the B tubule) in unexpected ways.
	www.sflorg.com /sciencenews/scn072706_01.html (1365 words)

	Science@Berkeley Lab: Secrets of a Cellular Machine
		The axonemes used in the present study were taken from the sperm cells of purple sea urchins.
		An axoneme has two such singlet microtubules in the center, ringed by nine doublet microtubules, which are basically two singlets attached along their length.
		Using cryo-electron tomography from micrographs of axoneme doublets like the one at upper left, researchers derived a model of the doublet that revealed protein structures linking the composite microtubules (1 through 13 in the A tubule, 1 through 10 in the B tubule) in unexpected ways.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/sabl/2006/Jul/02.html (1380 words)

	Both cAMP and cGMP are required for maximal ciliary beat stimulation in a cell-free model of bovine ciliary axonemes -- ...
		The motion of detergent-extracted axonemes was measured in the presence and absence of kinase inhibitors and cyclic nucleotides.
		Axonemes were preincubated for 5 min at room temperature with inhibitors of PKA (1 µM KT-5720, gray bars) and PKG (1 µM Rp-cGMPS, fl bars) or no inhibitor (open bars).
		Similarly, axonemal protein was assayed for PKG activity in the presence or absence of 10 µM cGMP.
	ajplung.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/3/L546 (4596 words)

	Engineering the axonemal nanomachine for nanomounting
		The 9+2 axoneme (9 outer doublet microtubules which have dynein arms and 2 central singlet microtubules) of the cilium self assembles in cells from ciliates to mammals.
		After preparing axonemes and treating them with protease to break the links between outer doublets, we can get linear sliding movement of microtubules out from the axoneme after addition of ATP.
		In order to incorporate axonemes onto manufactured nanomounts for use as force generators, we first tried to find a good method to preserve the axonemes, since fresh axonemes lose their sliding ability within a couple of days on ice.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT11/Abstracts/Wada/index.html (364 words)

	Axoneme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An axoneme is the core scaffold of the eukaryotic cilia and flagella, which are projections from the cell made up of microtubules.
		Thus, the axoneme serves as the "skeleton" of these organelles, both giving support to the structure and, in most cases, causing it to bend.
		The radial spoke, a protein complex important in regulating the motion of the axoneme, is also housed in the axoneme; it projects from each set of outer doublets toward the central microtubules.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Axoneme (416 words)

	Anne R. Gaillard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		My research focuses on characterizing signal transduction molecules that are present in the axoneme, and understanding how these molecules interact to produce movement.
		PKG is part of a complex of proteins in the axoneme; inhibition of PKG activity by the addition of PKG inhibitor drugs results in a decrease of motility.
		More work is needed to identify the axonemal proteins that interact with PKG, and to determine the mechanism by which PKG regulates motility.
	www.shsu.edu /~bio_www/gaillard.htm (219 words)

	Research
		Structurally, the central part of flagellum is axoneme, which serves as the motor for flagellar movement.
		The structures surrounding the axoneme called the accessory structures, which are different depending on the flagellar segments (Fig.
		Although the axoneme structure can be found in any ciliated and flagellated eukaryotic cell, the complete accessory structures are exclusively present in mammalian sperm.
	mail.med.upenn.edu /~wenlei/pages/research/research.htm (415 words)

	The cilium as a biological nanomachine -- SATIR 13 (9002): 235 -- The FASEB Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The 9 + 2 pattern of the axoneme surrounded
		in the detergent-treated axoneme in the presence of cAMP and
		Hamasaki, R., Barkalow, K., Richmond, J., Satir, P. (1991) A cAMP-stimulated phosphorylation of an axonemal polypeptide that co-purifies with the 22S dynein arm regulates microtubule translocation velocity and swimming speed in Paramecium.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/13/9002/S235 (1960 words)

	HHMI Bulletin September 2005: The Importance of Being Cilia
		The axoneme of primary cilia typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubule doublets in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme).
		At the base of the cilium is the microtubule organizing center, also called a basal body, which is created as the centriole (a microtubular structure essential to cell division) migrates to the surface.
		The transition zone between basal body and axoneme serves as a docking station for intraflagellar transport and motor proteins.
	www.hhmi.org /bulletin/sept2005/features/cilia4.html (526 words)

	The Counterbend Phenomenon in Dynein-Disabled Rat Sperm Flagella and What It Reveals about the Interdoublet Elasticity ...
		An ideal basal section of the axoneme is found in Fig.
		One of the enduring puzzles of the flagellar axoneme is the
		Observations of the structural components of flagellar axonemes and central pair microtubules from rat sperm.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/89/2/1165 (7048 words)

	Motility in Echinosphaerium nucleofilum. I. An analysis of particle motions in the axopodia and a direct test of the ...
		An analysis of particle motions in the axopodia and a direct test of the involvement of the axoneme
		The motion of particles in the axopodia of Echinosphaerium nucleofilum is
		It is concluded that the microtubular axoneme is not responsible
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/66/1/145 (244 words)

	E.3.
		These isolated axonemes can then be further dissected with proteolytic enzymes and their behavior observed with high resolution, dark-field microscopy and recorded with an image-intensified digital camera.
		When the media is manipulated appropriately these modified axonemes continue to beat, but with time the axoneme core becomes extruded and the beating of the entire axoneme slows and stops.
		The blunt base of the axoneme (on the left) is attached to the glass slide.
	cr.middlebury.edu /biology/SCB2-devel/E/E3.html (319 words)

	Tales From the Tail: What Do We Really Know About Sperm Motility? -- Turner 24 (6): 790 -- Journal of Andrology
		Within the ODFs are the components of the axoneme: the 9 outer microtubule doublets of the axoneme (OMDA) with associated dynein arms (DA) and radial spokes (RS) and the central pair of microtubule doublets (CP).
		with the 9 outer doublets of the axoneme (Fawcett and Phillips, 1969).
		Abnormal sperm and photoreceptor axonemes in Usher's syndrome.
	www.andrologyjournal.org /cgi/content/full/24/6/790 (9207 words)

	The Retinitis Pigmentosa 1 Protein Is a Photoreceptor Microtubule-Associated Protein -- Liu et al. 24 (29): 6427 -- ...
		The region of the connecting cilium and the base of the outer segment are enlarged on the right to show the axoneme in the connecting cilium and outer segment.
		The axonemes were traced (example traces in red), and the cord lengths of 50 axonemes from each type of mouse were then measured using the LSM510 Meta software.
		The length of the axonemes in the Rp
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/29/6427 (7075 words)

	Structural-Functional Relationships of the Dynein, Spokes, and Central-Pair Projections Predicted from an Analysis of ...
		The dyneins on the left side of the axoneme (doublets 6–9) are engaged and pulling, whereas those on the opposite side (doublets 1–4) are inactive.
		axoneme is reinforced with nine outer dense fibers and is enclosed
		Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by an axonemal kinase and phosphatase in Chlamydomonas flagella.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/84/6/4115 (7471 words)

	Intracellular Ca2+ Regulates the Phosphorylation and the Dephosphorylation of Ciliary Proteins Via the NO Pathway -- ...
		The ciliary polypeptides found to be modified by extracellular ATP (A) and PKG (B) are predominantly located in the axoneme.
		The data indicate that the major polypeptides found to be phosphorylated (27 and 44 kD) and dephosphorylated (35, 100, and 130 kD) after exposure to extracellular ATP (Fig.
		the axonemal fraction is enriched for the phosphorylated polypeptides
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/full/124/5/527 (7058 words)

	Flagellar Morphogenesis: Protein Targeting and Assembly in the Paraflagellar Rod of Trypanosomes -- Bastin et al. 19 ...
		to the axoneme as proximal, intermediate, and distal (2).
		Note that the PFR is only present inside the flagellum from the point where the axoneme exits the cell body (2).
		Heterotrimeric kinesin II is required for the assembly of motile 9+2 ciliary axonemes on sea urchin embryo.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/19/12/8191 (6482 words)

	FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology: Eric A. Pierce Lab Page
		To date, we have found that RP1 is a photoreceptor-specific microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that is part of the axoneme of rod and cone photoreceptors.
		The RP1 protein (red) is located in the axoneme of rod and cone outer segments.
		The Rp1 protein (red) is part of the axoneme, as indicated by co-localization with acetylated alpha-tubulin (ac-Tu; green).
	www.med.upenn.edu /kirbycenter/pierce_index.shtml (988 words)

	Mutation of a Novel Gene Results in Abnormal Development of Spermatid Flagella, Loss of Intermale Aggression and ...
		The mammalian sperm flagellum is composed of an axoneme surrounded
		axoneme rapidly extends to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule,
		axonemal structure was unlikely to be affected in all tissues.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/162/1/307 (7543 words)

	Axoneme Preparation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Gently layer the resulting supernatant onto a 5 mL cushion of HMDS-25 and then centrifuge at 20,000 x g for 30 min at 4°C. Resuspend the pellet of flagellae in 1 mL of salt extraction buffer and incubate for 30 min at 22°C with occasional swirling to remove axonemal membranes and dyneins.
		Resuspend the resulting pellet in 300 microliters of axoneme storage buffer and store in 20 microliter aliquots at -80°C after freezing in liquid N
		The use of Chlamydomonas dynein mutants helps prevent leaching of dyneins from the axonemes during motility assays.
	www.proweb.org /kinesin/Methods/axoneme_prep.html (272 words)

	Cytoplasmic Dynein-Dynactin Complex Is Required for Spermatid Growth but Not Axoneme Assembly in Drosophila -- ...
		A red green merge of D1 and D2 is presented in D3, and D4 shows a tracing of individual axoneme (green) and the spectrin caps at this stage.
		The smooth "ER-like membrane" lamellae, the cellular "microtubule (MT)", the major (M) and minor (m) mitochondrial derivatives, "axoneme," the cortical "F-actin" and "spectrin" cytoskeleton assembly of the EC region, and the "axonemal sheath" is indicated with appropriate labels.
		Schnorrer, F., Bohmann, and, K., Nusslein-Volhard, C. The molecular motor dynein is involved in targeting swallow and bicoid RNA to the anterior pole of Drosophila oocytes.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/5/2470 (8141 words)

	Sale Lab
		Moreover, the flagellar axonemes (Figure 2) can be characterized by genetics and conveniently isolated for biochemical analysis and “reactivation” studies: addition of MgATP results in in vitro reactivation of motility.
		The 9+2 axoneme is a highly conserved scaffold that localizes conserved kinases and phosphatases in positions to control motility.
		CK1 is anchored on axonemal doublet microtubules and regulates dynein phosphorylation and activity.
	cellbio.emory.edu /lab/sale (923 words)

	Flagellum crossection
		The axoneme is attached to zone 1 of the paraflagellar rod (PFR)
		The paraflagellar rod attaches to both the axoneme and the FAZ filament by uncharacterized cross links, and the paraflagellar rod is composed of three matrix like parts.
		It is the physical properties of the axoneme, PFR, and FAZ that convert the flagellar beat to cellular movement.
	www.biochem.uiowa.edu /donelson/flagellum_crossection.htm (183 words)

	CiteULike: Tag axoneme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A massive new posttranslational modification occurs on axonemal tubulin at the final step of spermatogenesis in Drosophila.
		The Drosophila fragile X-related gene regulates axoneme differentiation during spermatogenesis.
		posted to axoneme drosophila individualization spermatogenesis by zhlei on 2004-12-02 22:04:26
	www.citeulike.org /tag/axoneme (118 words)

	Immunochemical Characterization of a Human Sperm Fibrous Sheath Protein, Its Developmental Expression Pattern, and ...
		Escalier D, David G (1984) Pathology of the cytoskeleton of the human sperm flagellum: axonemal and periaxonemal anomalies.
		Escalier D, Serres C (1985) Abberant distribution of the periaxonemal structures in the human sperm flagellum: possible role of the axoneme in the spatial organization of the flagellar components.
		Escurat M, Phamgia H, Huc C, Pouplard-Barthelaix A, Boitard C, Bach JF, Gros F, Portier MM (1989) A new monoclonal antibody recognizing the amino-terminal consensus sequence of vertebrate intermediate filament proteins.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/45/7/909 (5868 words)

	A Proteomic Analysis of Human Cilia: Identification of Novel Components -- Ostrowski et al. 1 (6): 451 -- Molecular & ...
		Axonemal proteins were separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis as detailed under "Experimental Procedures." The gel was silver-stained and analyzed using ImageMaster software.
		Axonemal proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and 46 individual bands, indicated on the left, were excised, pooled, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by LC/MS/MS.
		A, total cell lysates from undifferentiated (lane 1) or differentiated (lane 2) cultures of HBE cells, isolated ciliary axonemes (lane 3), or recombinant human Sp17 (lane 4) were probed with affinity-purified anti-Sp17 antisera (left panel) or with pre-absorbed control antisera (right panel).
	www.mcponline.org /cgi/content/full/1/6/451 (6456 words)

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