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	Epifanio Pacheco Calvimontes \| Ashoka.org
		Central to his strategy is the empowerment of the ayllus, as the traditional government structures of indigenous communities are known in Bolivia, as elsewhere in the high Andes.
		Of the original nine ayllus in the Quila Quila region, only four have survived, and they have lost more than 90 percent of their land to outsiders.
		Ayllus in Coroma have asked for his assistance in establishing their own program of resource management.
	www.ashoka.org /node/3212 (1658 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Urton, Inca Myths
		Ayllu festivals would have provided the setting both for the veneration of these ancestral mummies, and for the retelling of the origin myths of the ayllus.
		In the Inca empire 'tribute' was assessed in the form of public labour, the local ayllus having the obligation to work the lands, or herd the flocks of camelids, of the king and the gods in their local communities, as well as to perform 'turns of service' (mit'a) at state installations.
		The Incas also employed a strategy of population control and economic organization whereby certain ayllus, or segments of them, were moved from their home territories, at the will of the Inca, for purposes such as working on state projects or serving as guards at frontier outposts.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exurtinp.html (4193 words)

	Cristina Bubba Zamora \| Ashoka.org
		The ayllu system has functioned continuously since before the invasion of the Incas in the 15th century, but it has weakened in the course of political developments in Bolivia since the 1950s.
		Meanwhile, she is organizing the development of ayllu community through the process of retrieving the weavings.
		She has taught the community, which is accustomed to oral records, how to inventory its ceremonial objects and create written descriptions and explanations of the meaning of the ritual weavings, q'ipis, cups and other objects.
	www.ashoka.org /node/3210 (2107 words)

	Radio Yura, "La Voz de los Ayllus", Bolivia -- on hard-core-dx.com
		In Rolf´s QSL-letter, the meaning of Ayllu is explained in Spanish.
		Ayllu, a self-governing and land-owning peasant communtiy in the Andean highlands.
		Although a pre-Columbian term, ayllu has been used as a synonym for contemporary highland Peasant Communities.
	www.hard-core-dx.com /nordicdx/andes/bolivia/info/yura.html (618 words)

	Atención Materna Neonatal en 10 ayllus de Potosí erradicó mortalidad de madres a cero
		Atención Materna Neonatal en 10 ayllus de Potosí erradicó mortalidad de madres a cero
		Estos protocolos fueron elaborados en base a los conocimientos y prácticas de 55 comunidades de médicos tradicionales y parteras indígenas quechuas articulados con los conocimientos biomédicos de los jóvenes profesionales que trabajan en estos dos municipios.
		Con este sistema se considera, firmemente, que la erradicación de la mortalidad infantil y neonatal en el país también depende de la articulación y complementariedad entre ambos sistemas y el involucramiento activo de todos los actores que luchan contra la pobreza, buscando la construcción de una sociedad más equitativa, inclusiva, y solidaria.
	www.lostiempos.com /noticias/31-07-06/31_07_06_ultimas_vyf14.php (785 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Haciendas and Ayllus: Rural Society in the Bolivian Andes in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Haciendas and Ayllus: Rural Society in the Bolivian Andes in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Hardcover)
		The existence of a Spanish and criollo landed elite and an Indian peasant mass has been the distinguishing feature of the Amerindian societies of Latin America for most of the past half-millennium.
		In Peru and Bolivia (colonial Alto Peru), the dominant theme in rural life was the interaction of these two groups as manifested in the relationship between the hacienda and the self-governing Indian communities (ayllus).
	www.amazon.co.uk /Haciendas-Ayllus-Eighteenth-Nineteenth-Centuries/dp/0804720576 (356 words)

	Recharte, Jorge - Value and Economic Cultures among the Peasant Gold Miners of the Cuyo Cuyo District - Chapter 2
		The flexibility of the concept is related to the fact that ayllus were politically organized in segmentary structures that redefined their social boundaries and loyalties depending on the political context (Rasnake 1982).
		Each one of these ayllus was composed of a number of minor ayllus which in turn had a variable number of hamlets, identified as ayllus, annexes or simply by their given names.
		In 1815, for example, the ayllu of Laqueque was a group composed of two minor ayllus and multiple hamlets that extended from the puna of Ananea to the corn terraces in the vicinity of Sandia.
	www.anthro.ucdavis.edu /winterweb/html/research/andean/recharteVEC/chapters/chapter_2.htm (3845 words)

	Cultural Survival
		It is via the ayllus that individuals are linked conceptually to the past and to specific geographic features that mark the Coroma territory; to a sense of history, as well as to sense of future continuity.
		Ayllus are also an integral and necessary part of the cosmology, linking people to sacred geography and to the powerful guiding spirits of their ancestors.
		Venerated as the garments of the ancestors who founded the 10 ayllus, and whose spirits or souls are embodied in the garments, some of the textiles are 400 or 500 years old.
	www.cs.org /publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=923 (4557 words)

	Transformations in Andean Society
		Within a community, the ayllus competed for prestige and status and were rank ordered by various means such as position in the conquest hierarchy or degree of wealth as measured in amount of labor controlled.
		Because the right to rule was not based solely on consent of the ayllu members but also on the approval of the Inca, the loyalty of the curacas shifted subtlety toward the Inca.
		The domination of the acllas by the empire is symbolized in the burial rites of the secondary wives.
	www.uvm.edu /~dblom/kolatfin.html (6552 words)

	Inca Empire III. Inca Civilization
		The basis of Inca society was the ayllu, typically ayllus were families living together and sharing land, animals, and crops.
		The ayllus varied in size, from small farming villages to larger towns.
		Each autumn the ayllu adjusted land allotments to match increases or decreases in the size of each family.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/incaempire3c.htm (779 words)

	Food Security for Ayllus in Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		CARE Bolivia's Food Security for Ayllus in Peace project aims to build the capacity of the UCDAP to enable it to promote, manage and develop food security initiatives in a context of peace, benefiting a total of 1,263 families in 38 communities three years from the start date.
		The project will be executed in the Departments of Oruro and Potosi in Bolivia, in the Avaroa (Oruro) and Rafael Bustillos (Potosi) Provinces, in the Municipalities of Challapata (Avaroa) and Uncia (Rafael Bustillos).
		The specific ayllus are Qaqachaka (Oruro), Laymi-Puraka (Potosi) and Jukumani (Potosi).
	www.care.org /careswork/projects/BOL068.asp?sitewrapper=print (105 words)

	Taller de Historia Oral Andina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This process has been in gestation since 1987 in the traditional Ayllus areas which have been engaged in reunification and reconstitution through the creation of federations, this is in resistance to forced arbitary unification.
		The way in which THOA works with Ayllus organisations and provincial federations in order to regenerate and strengthen the Ayllus is a process of rapid expansion which THOA needs to keep pace with through teaching (courses and seminars) and through consultancy with the organisational structure for its strengthening, institutionalisation and self-management.
		Federation of Quechua and Aymara Ayllus and Markas of Muñecas Province was reconstituted as an Ayllus and currently relies on the Organisational Statute passed by the Organisational Congress on the 18th and 19th of October 1995.
	www.aymaranet.org /thoa4english.html (455 words)

	SOCIOLOGY 350
		The people who worked in the ayllu at times had to work for the state or the priests.
		The ayllus were kinship groups clustered in agricultural villages.
		The saya was a political district representing the ayllus within its boundaries.
	www.unm.edu /~nvaldes/350/inca.htm (1428 words)

	Notas especiales en Inglés - The CONAMAQ in Bolivia
		Interview with a representative of the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu (CONAMAQ) in Porto Alegre.
		The CONAMAQ is an aymara and quechua organization, it is not a labor union, it is a First Nations' organization, each marka has its ayllus, a part on the bottom and a part on the top, urinsaya and aransaya.
		It is not only about doing business and then complaining in the city, in the ayllus it has always been that way as well, it is necessary to live with one's own work, in the cities and in the countryside.
	www.renacerbol.com.ar /varios/notasextras/ingles01.htm (1158 words)

	Bolivia - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The society was stratified into farmers, artisans and the ruling ayllu, of priests and warriors, who appointed the malku (chief).
		By 1100, the ayllu of the Incas, from the Cusco Valley in Peru, had colonized the other Andean peoples and formed a confederation of states called the Tahuantinsuyo.
		Then came the capac, governors of the regions into which the empire was divided, and lastly came the curacas (leaders of the ayllus) and the farmers.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/countries/bol/History.stm (2808 words)

	Taller de Historia Oral Andina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		History was the group´s first interest, which, through an oral system, encapsulated and reconstructed an active process of resistance against the practice of land division from expresident Melgarejo´s (office 1864-1871) first work on the assualt of Ayllus (indigenous communities) up until the workers´ revolution of 1952.
		To promote the reconstruction of the Ayllus and the centrality of indigenous organisational structures through action in the fields of investigation, training, consultancy and support.
		This action is aimed at the strengthening, consolidation and autonomy of the indigenous peoples in the drive towards equal rights and social participation, so that effective negociation can be carried out with the State.
	www.aymaranet.org /thoaenglish.html (597 words)

	The Inca Model of Statecraft
		These kin collectives are called ayllus, and the well-being of a couple is proportional to the size and holdings of their collective.
		The home territory of the ayllu often comprises a single community, usually of widely- scattered households because poorly developed highland soils require frequent crop rotation and fallowing.
		When a number of ayllu are concerned with common endeavors, such as building churchyard or cemetery walls, each constructs and maintains a specified section.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/aymara/inca_model.html (1687 words)

	TINKU PACHAMAMA
		It is a ritual combat between Ayllus (group of native communities).
		Where the annually chosen "god parents" of the celebration are in charge of distributing the drinks and wawaimillas (women) are the ones who make sure the fight stays between its limits or encourge the fighters to have a more intense fight.
		Pocoata, Chayanta, Macha, are towns that continue maintaining this tradition, where peasants of all Ayllus or markas prepare each year on the third day of may, with the purpose of fulfilling the ritual of the Tinku.
	www.pachamama.us /tinku.html (468 words)

	Bolivia - SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
		Individual extended kin-groups known as ayllus tried to gain access to the resources of as many different ecological zones as possible.
		During the Inca era, ayllus maintained permanent resident colonies in each of the three natural regions, creating what anthropologist John V. Murra has termed a "vertical archipelago." These colonies ensured the Incas access to the varied products of plateau pasture and field, transitional zones, valleys, and tropics.
		The territory used by these ayllus encompassed regions from the high plateau to semitropical valley bottoms.
	countrystudies.us /bolivia/34.htm (1922 words)

	RS Mertins & Popp (Bolivia): Chapter 2.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The social and political organizational structure of the Highland Indians is the "Ayllu", with its communal land tenure and cultivation methods.
		Historically seen, the "Ayllus" were a subunit of the social and political territorial unit of the "seniorios", a type of miniature principality belonging to the Aymara and Quechua.
		In the present, the Ayllu still exist in the areas that were not split into Haciendas before the Revolution.
	www.mekonginfo.org /mrc/html/popp/pop2_1.htm (375 words)

	Kallawayas - Bolivian Dances
		Their long treks through the Andean world and its surrounding taking health to the ayllus, they are recalled by the kallawaya dance that is present in the carnival in Oruro and they characterize for their agility for traversing the mountains.
		This entire world has been transported to the dance of the kallawayas, whose rich dance and costumary is the expression of the "yatiri" (healer) with his relevant status inside the community and of profound respect in the Andean world.
		The choreography is notable for the "llantucha" of "suri" that is the awning made of ostrich feathers that the itinerant physician uses for covering himself against sunburn or the raindrop in his long treks carrying spiritual and material health to the ayllus.
	www.boliviacontact.com /en/sugerencia/carnaval/kallawaya.php (425 words)

	Untitled Document
		The marka and its component ayllus are the basic social and territorial structures that have apparently characterized Aymara life since pre-Columbian and even preincan times.
		During the colonial period the marka of Jesus de Machaqa was comprised of 12 ayllus, which were divided into two partialities, The upper partiality was comprised of six ayllus, as was the lower partiality.
		During the latter years of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth century, the remaining free ayllus of the altiplano were under enormous pressure from expanding haciendas.
	www.jesusdemachaqa.org /english.html (1558 words)

	Mariategui (by L. Proyect)
		He proposed that the vast feudal estates be broken up and that the land be turned over to the Indians to reinvigorate the ayllus.
		Since the 1920s, the ayllus continued to be undermined by capitalist pressures.
		To show what I mean with an example: if we take Carhuapata, a largely subsistence Community [ayllu], where a number of the men work in the nearby mines for two or three years of their life, then it would be strange to talk about the Community 'resisting' capitalism.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/indian/mariategui.htm (2706 words)

	[No title]
		These cultures were based on the Ayllus that were like huge families formed by nuclear families, relatives and other people with some kind of relationship between them.
		It was that the Inca had some obligations towards each of the ayllus.
		This extension involved a lot of ayllus, so the Inca had a lot of obligations to fulfill.
	www.pbs.org /opb/conquistadors/peru/pop-essays.htm (2037 words)

	Ayllu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ayllu were the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life.
		These were essentially extended family groups but they could adopt non-related members, giving individual families more variation and security of the land that they farmed.
		This included ayni, or work in kind for other members of the allyu, and Mita, a form of taxation levied by the Inca government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ayllu (224 words)

	Apu Mallku - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It would seem through the ayllus system there is a large degree of coordination between both the Aymara and the Quechua nations.
		This parliament or Jacha Ulaka consists of 150 delegates sent from the ayllus of the Greater Collasuyu region.
		It was first constituted on March 22, 1997 and was composed of the regional organizations: Jatun Quillakas Asanajaqis, J'acha Carangas, Charka Qhara Qhara, First Nations' Council of Potosi's Ayllus, Qhara Qhara, Ayllus of Cochabamba, Jach'a Suyu Pakajak'i, Urus, Saoras-Chuwis, and Kallawayas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apu_Mallku (434 words)

	Peru Excerpt
		It would be slanted to their own advantage and to the advantage of their own titular gods: the structure was not altered, the ayllus did not lose their communes, even if a part were confiscated, nor did the huacas and the curacas lose their properties.
		The changes introduced by the imperial officers re-sulted in the incorporation of the Inca into each conquered ter-ritory, since the Incas were content merely to claim for themselves and their gods the rights and privileges previously given from time immemorial to the ayllus and idols of the region.
		All the members of an ayllu received the same amount, even those who, owning a flock of llamas, could have done without, which proves that the family rights could not be prescribed, even though this made for inequality among them.
	www.worldtrek.org /odyssey/teachers/peruexcerpts/civilexcerpt.html (1362 words)

	Bartolina Sisa
		From then on this plaza remains stained in its four corners with the blood of Bartolina Sisa, Gregoria Apaza, and many others who gave their lives for the restitution of freedom to the aboriginal nations.
		Bartolina Sisa dead, her executioners, who were not yet satisfied, quartered her body and exhibited her head and members in different places of the ayllus and pathways where she resisted with her fight.
		More than 220 years have passed by, and the example of fight survives today engraved in the memory and heart of her children and her image, tattooed on the majestic and everlasting Andes wanders in the memory of the ancient indigenous nations.
	www.pusinsuyu.com /english/html/bartolina_sisa_english.html (801 words)

	Resident Scholars-Frank Salomon
		Tupicocha's nine khipus are held as sacred patrimony by eight of the ten corporate descent groups, called ayllus, and are displayed in annual civic rites.
		By working with village officers and artisans during two fieldwork seasons, Salomon compiled a wide variety of data bases, including a knot-by-knot registry of the specimens, and khipu terminology that might reflect lore inherited from the prehispanic art.
		He observed how khipus are handled in community work, ritual, and meetings, and he conducted interviews on how the descent groups, or ayllus, function in politics, production, and ritual.
	www.sarweb.org /scholars/scholars/individuals/scholars99/salomon99.htm (690 words)

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