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Topic: Aymara

	Aymara - Crystalinks
		The region where Tiwanaku and the modern Aymara are located, the Altiplano, was conquered by the Incas under Huayna Capac (reign 1483-1523), although the exact date of this takeover is unknown.
		This language, known as Jaqaru/Kawki, is of the same family as Aymara, indeed some linguists refer to it as 'Central Aymara', alongside the main 'Southern Aymara' branch of the family spoken in the Titicaca region.
		The Aymara flag is known as the Wiphala; it consists of seven colors quilted together with diagonal stripes.
	www.crystalinks.com /aymara.html (777 words)

	Aymara language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara of the Andes.
		Aymara is one of three extant languages of the Jaqi language family along with Jaqaru and Kawki.
		The Aymara spoken in La Paz, Bolivia is considered the purest form of the language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aymara_language (685 words)

	Aymara: language, culture, and people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Possibly the main cultural contribution of the ancient Aymara culture to humanity, was the cultivation/domestication of the potato (papa).
		The old Aymara God Thunupa, is the central icon found on the stone sculpture known as 'Puerta del Sol' in Tiwanaku, and is the personification of certain agents in nature such as: the sun and wind, rain and hail; which can affect agricultural yield for better or for worse.
		The Chullpas of Sillustani and Cutimbo in Puno, are the vestiges of the spiritual expression of the Aymaras.
	www.aymara.org /histo_eng.php (4782 words)

	Time flies – ahead of the Aymara \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Aymara is spoken in the Andean highlands of western Bolivia, southeastern Peru and northern Chile.
		Aymara speakers use the word nayra – which means “eye,” “front” or “sight” – to refer to the past.
		The Aymara subjects, particularly the elderly who didn't have mastery of Spanish, thumbed or waved over their shoulders when speaking about the future.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20060622/news_7m22aymara.html (694 words)

	Aymara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Aymara is an andean language which is endangered with disappearance and it is still spoken around the Titicaca lake.
		That is, in less than thirty years the Aymara speakers have a decrease of 35%.
		But is usual to refer to the Tiahuanaco civilization, 2000 BC approximately, as being the first Aymara state.
	www.flw.com /languages/aymara.htm (108 words)

	[No title]
		The Uru-Chipaya are linguistically distinct from the Aymara and belong to a separate subfamily of the Andean-Equatorial family (Steward and Faron 1959: 22-23; Voegelin and Voegelin 1965: 77-81).
		Aymara social organization is highly variable and has been adapted to local and temporal economic and political forces.
		Aymara supernatural beliefs and practices are a blend of aboriginal (Aymara and Quechuan) traits with elements derived from Christian missionaries.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7828 (1614 words)

	Aymara - Ethnos - Books about the Aymara People
		The Aymara are native to the Andes region of Bolivia and Peru.
		The Aymara were established in the region for centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century.
		Aymara is spoken in Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Aymara.htm (324 words)

	INDIGENOUS SPIRITUALITY -- Aymara spirituality: a challenge for Christian spirituality
		In Aymara spirituality, the words "kamasa" or "ajayu" -- spirit -- is the force of life itself; the force that gives life, the force that permits communion, that creates hope, that enables you to go forward into the future.
		Aymara spirituality is not manifested exclusively in the sacred (the religious), but also in the profane (the ordinary), the whole of life.
		The Aymara have preserved their language, which is rich in content and capable of describing both objects and actions in a very specific way.
	www.wcc-coe.org /wcc/what/jpc/echoes-16-08.html (2150 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Life \| How time flies
		Núñez now believes that he has definitive evidence that the Aymara have a sense of the passage of time that is the mirror image of his own: the past is in front of them, the future behind.
		The Aymara have been pretty much isolated from the rest of the world for a long time, and for the moment, theirs is the only language in which a really dramatic divergence has been demonstrated.
		When she first arrived among the Aymara of Peru in the 1950s, she was struck by the absence of a sexual hierarchy.
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/feature/story/0,13026,1423455,00.html (1882 words)

	Aymara
		Prior to their conquest by the Inca, the Aymara are thought to have been organized into a series of independent states.
		The Aymara are classified with Quechua as a separate group within the Andean subfamily of the Andean-Equatorial language family.
		Aymara supernatural beliefs and practices are a blend of aboriginal traits and concepts learned from Christian missionaries.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/southamerica/aymara.html (236 words)

	CHAPTER 3
		Genaro Flores, an Aymara sindicato leader and activist, told me later that the Manifesto was the fruit of a series of clandestine meetings of Aymara activists held in the capital city.
		While the Kataristas staged protest actions to push Aymara and Quechua cultural and socio-economic development agendas, it was not purely coincidental that ethnic minorities in the eastern lowlands of Santa Cruz were beginning to speak out against the homogenizing forces of modernization and uneven economic growth of their region.
		Aymara was spoken along with Spanish for the first time at public university events and on occasion the indigenous rural social etiquette of acullicu, a communal sharing of coca leaves for solidarity and friendship, took place in lieu of serving wine.
	arts-sciences.cua.edu /pol/faculty/foley/Healy4.htm (11009 words)

	Aymara
		The Aymara were the members of a great but little-known culture of the Americas centered in the ancient city of Tiahuanaco.
		The Aymara Indian community was greatly transformed during the Colonial Spanish era as a result of fundamental changes in and abuses of land and labor laws.
		The Aymara are a colonized people, they have adapted many of their cultural forms and social behaviors to this reality.
	mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/south/cultures/aymara.html (525 words)

	Aymara language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Aymara is an Amerind language with about 2.2 million speakers in Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and Chile, particular around Lake Titicaca on the high plateaus of the Andes.
		The symbols were originally written on animal skins using plant or mineral pigments but paper was substituted after the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century.
		Under the influence of the Spanish, the Latin alphabet was adopted to write Aymara.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/aymara.htm (205 words)

	Dr. M. J. Hardman, Ph.D., Anthropology & Linguistics
		Aymara is the first language of one third of the population of Bolivia and is the major native language in Southern Per and Northern Chile.
		At least two newspapers are published sporadically in Aymara, there are today a number of other publications that carry Aymara poetry as well as other literary writings, as well as history, politics, opinions, and useful informative material.
		Although it might be that proportionally to the population of the countries involved, the percentage of the population speaking Aymara could be less than in earlier years, the absolute number of speakers appears to be increasing.
	grove.ufl.edu /~hardman (501 words)

	SIM People Group Profile: Aymara
		The Aymara of Bolivia and Peru are believed to be descendants of the ancient Tiahuanacun civilization centered near Lake Titicaca in the early centuries A.D. The ruins of the ancient temple of Tiahuanacu in Bolivia are only partially excavated and reveal an advanced civilization.
		The majority of Aymara (roughly 2 million) live in western Bolivia, a land of great physical beauty and diversity in the heart of South America.
		Leadership roles within Aymara communities tend to be based on a complicated system of prestige, attained through community service, sponsorship of fiestas, accumulation of wealth, military service, and an ability to manipulate extra-community ties and organizations.
	www.sim.org /PG.asp?pgID=45&fun=1 (767 words)

	GeoNative - Aymara - Quechua - Inga
		Andeetako hiru hizkuntza (elkarren ahaideak) orri honetan: Ketxua, Inga eta Aymara.
		Quechua or Kechwa was the language of the Inca State destroyed by Spaniards, and is still spoken by millions of natives in the Andean region, mainly in Bolivia and Peru bat also in Ecuador, Colombia and Argentina.
		The Aymara is a language spoken by, approximately, two million people mostly in the two andean countries: Bolivia (80%) and Peru (19%).
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/9860/ketxua.html (384 words)

	Resources on the Aymara
		The Aymara are an ethnic group in the Andes region of Bolivia and Peru.
		The Aymara flag is known as the Wiphala; it consists of seven colors quilted together with diagonal stripes.
		Aymara have grown and chewed coca plants for centuries; over the last century, this has brought them into conflict with state authorities who have carried out coca eradication plans in order to prevent the creation of the drug cocaine, which is created by processing coca leaves.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/south_american/Aymara.html (973 words)

	Aymara on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		AYMARA [Aymara], Native South Americans inhabiting the Lake Titicaca basin in Peru and Bolivia.
		II (1963); H. and J.-M. Buechler, The Bolivian Aymara (1971); A. Kolata, Valley of the Spirits (1996).
		Carlos Mesa y una indÃgena aymara El nuevo presidente boliviano Carlos Mesa (C) saludado por una indÃgena Aymara, en El Al.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Aymara.asp (949 words)

	Aymara Language Materials Program-Aymara Linguistics in the Past 22 Years
		Aymara courses were taught at the Alliance Française and by INEL under the auspices of the Casa de la Cultura in what is now the Museo de Etnografía y Folklore (MUSEF).
		The year 1968 is a milestone in Aymara linguistics because in that year Aymara was first taught using linguistic methods, and it was the first time that an Aymara person taught the language.
		In 1973 the Aymara materials development team at the University of Florida and students of Aymara at that institution joined together to establish The Aymara Foundation, Inc. a private, not-for-profit organization, for the purpose of supporting institutions that promote Aymara language and culture in South America (Perú, Bolivia, and Chile).
	grove.ufl.edu /~hardman/almp/aymlin.html (2126 words)

	AllRefer.com - Aymara (South American Indigenous Peoples) - Encyclopedia
		The originators of the great culture represented by the ruins of Tiahuanaco were very likely Aymara speakers.
		The Aymara languages make up a separate unit; they are spoken in Peru and Bolivia in the Titicaca region.
		The Aymara, conquered (1538) by Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro, retained their pastoral and agricultural culture.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Aymara.html (287 words)

	"BOLIVIA - ALLIANCE OF ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE MUJER AYMARA'S PROMOTION IN BOLIVIA" -Mtn-Forum On-Line Library Document
		The Movement for the Mujer Aymara's Promotion "Kullakas", La Paz, Bolivia was founded in the city of El Alto one in 1997, with the participation of the organizations of women: Rosas groups, group Warawara, group Machaka Qhantati and the Virgen Milagrosa group, all with base in the city of El Alto one.
		Therefore, "Kullakas" it is constituted in a representative instance of the organizations of women (urban and rural) of the region Aymara from Bolivia.
		To promote the participation of the woman aymara in decisions, administration and the municipal governments' control, by means of the exercise of positions like councilmen and committees of surveillance and other spaces.
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/aomap02a.htm (2792 words)

	FORREST HYLTON and SINCLAIR THOMSON - THE CHEQUERED RAINBOW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In Potosí, confederated ayllus—Quechua and Aymara communities—shut down all the roads in the department, while Sucre was likewise impassable, except to the 25,000 who marched on the country’s judicial capital and stoned the Supreme Court.
		The vision of more radical Aymara sectors is bolstered by their understandings of 1781, while former miners are influenced by memories of 1952 and the collapse of the udp in 1985.
		Though one quarter of Bolivians identified as Aymara in 2001, for example, 14 per cent spoke the language; the equivalent proportions for Quechua are one third and 21 per cent respectively.
	www.newleftreview.net /NLR26903.shtml (8686 words)

	Aymara
		Aymara, Native South Americans inhabiting the Lake Titicaca basin in Peru and Bolivia.
		after a long struggle, the Aymara continue to dominate the region, with a population of over 2 million in the mid-1990s.
		Contemporary Aymara and the related Quechua peasant culture is a blend of aboriginal, Spanish colonial, and modern elements.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0805519.html46 (305 words)

	The Recovery of the Aymara Textiles
		Forty-eight Aymara textiles from the town of Coroma, high in the Bolivian Andes, some dating to before the advent of the Incas, were returned to the president of Bolivia, Jaime Paz Zamora, by Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady in a ceremony at the Bolivian Embassy in Washington, D.C. on Sept. 24.
		The weavings are lustrous in texture, rich in color and abstract in design, and some bear a striking although accidental resemblance to Mark Rothko's paintings.
		The Aymara display and revere the textiles, which are gathered in sacred bundles at religious ceremonies.
	exchanges.state.gov /culprop/aymara.html (942 words)

	Aymara OCR, Aymara Reference, Aymara Software - Windows, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Aymara, with the stress on the final syllable, is the second of the major Indian languages of western South America.
		Aymara and Quechua constitute a single subfamily of the Andean Equatorial family of languages.
		Each of the Aymara tribes was subject to the orders of a great chief called Mallku, to whom other authorities of lower rank, such as the Jilacatas, deferred.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Aymara.htm (267 words)

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