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	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Egypt - The Tulinids, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids, 868- 1260 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Within this empire, the Ayyubid sultans of Egypt were paramount because their control of a rich, well-defined territory gave them a secure basis of power.
		Economically, the Ayyubid period was one of growth and prosperity.
		The prosperity of the cities, the patronage of the Ayyubid princes, and the Sunni revival made the Ayyubid period a cultural high point in Egyptian and Arab history.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/egypt/16.php (1202 words)

	Islam during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Ayyubids quarreled throughout the 1190s, as the various sons, plus an uncle, contended with one another over Damascus.
		The Ayyubids were alarmed by the fall of Constantinople With Christendom united, the Franks and Greeks would surely proceed against Islam with alarming consequences.
		The true danger for the Ayyubids was not from the Christians, Greek or Latin, but from within, from their own divisions.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /islam/18.shtml (405 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kingdom of Jerusalem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1229 Emperor Frederick II, who was King of Jerusalem by virtue of his marriage to the heiress, managed to recover Jerusalem by a treaty with the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Kamil (the Sixth Crusade).
		The recovery was short-lived - not enough territory had been ceded to make the city defensible, and in 1244 the city was reconquered by the Ayyubids.
		The Seventh Crusade under Louis IX of France was inspired by this, but it accomplished little save to replace the Ayyubids with the more powerful Mamluks as the Crusaders' main enemy in 1250.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kingdom-of-Jerusalem (5019 words)

	Syria Gate - About Syria - Bosra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 632 AD, Bosra was the first Byzantine city to fall to the Arab Muslims, and it flourished greatly as a point on both the trade route and the pilgrimage route between Damascus and Mecca.
		The crusaders failed to take it over but it was their threat that pushed the Ayyubids into converting the theater into a fortress.
		It was built by the Ayyubids except for a few towers built by the Seljuks.
	www.syriagate.com /Syria/about/cities/Daraa/bosra.htm (534 words)

	The Ayyubids and Rasulids (from Arabia, history of) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Ayyubid objectives were probably part political, to find themselves a haven and destroy the Isma'ilites, and part economic, to control the India trade route.
		More results on "The Ayyubids and Rasulids (from Arabia, history of)" when you join.
		Muslim dynasty that ruled Yemen and Hadramawt (1229–1454) after the Ayyubids of Egypt abandoned the southern provinces of the Arabian Peninsula.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-45991 (1000 words)

	Ayyubids
		The Ayyubids were members of the Islamic dynasty founded (1171) by Saladin, which ruled Egypt, Muslim Syria-Palestine, Upper Mesopotamia, and Yemen.
		During the Ayyubid period, Egypt became the main base of Muslim military strength in the Middle East; subsequently, the Ayyubids were able to reduce the Crusader states substantially.
		After al-Kamil's death, the dynasty was rent by internal quarrels caused mainly by the Turkish slave army, the Mamelukes, who seized power and ended Ayyubid rule in Egypt in 1249.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/ayyubid.htm (171 words)

	Saladin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saladin (1137 or 1138–1193; Kurdish: Selaheddînê Eyûbî; Arabic: Salah ad-Din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub; صلاح الدين يوسف ابن ايوب; Salah ad-Din is an honorific that means The Righteousness of the Faith) was a 12th century Kurdish Muslim military general who founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria.
		There he was treated as a usurper by many Seljuks who refused to serve under a Kurdish "sultan." Nevertheless, Saladin proved to be the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and restored Sunnism in Egypt.
		He extended his territory westwards in the maghreb, and when his uncle was sent up the Nile to pacify some resistance of the former Fatimid supporters, he continued on down the Red Sea to conquer Yemen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saladin (1732 words)

	Ayyubids - History for Kids!
		Ayyubids - an Islamic dynasty that ruled Egypt in the 1100's and 1200's AD Europe, Asia, and Africa before 1500 AD Teachers
		But the Ayyubid sultans of Egypt were the richest and so they mostly controlled all the smaller kingdoms.
		The later Ayyubids bought Turkish and Mongol slaves to be their army rather than fighting themselves.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/islam/history/ayyubids.htm (432 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Fractured Caliphate and the Regional Dynasties (Egypt)
		The Ayyubids were led by a Kurd, Salah al-Din, or Saladin, who became one of the most famous rulers in Islamic history, and whose father, Ayyub, lent his name to their dynasty.
		Although the Ayyubid dynasty lasted until the Mamluk coup in 1250, more than 50 years after Saladin's death, it is he whose name is identified with the Ayyubid period.
		After Shajarat's death in 1259 the Ayyubid dynasty, on a steady decline for ten years, finally fell to the Mamluks, a class of Turkish slave soldiers who had served under the Ayyubids.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/egypt.html (1123 words)

	nafrica
		The Ayyubids in Syria survived until the murder of
		As such it is suitable for fighting the final conflicts of the late 13th Century.
		The Almohads replaced the Zirids in Tunisia from 1145 AD and were subject to attacks from the Sicilians and Ayyubids.
	users.actrix.co.nz /moyle/figs/nafrica.html (443 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DAMASCUS - Al-Shamiya Madrasa (school) and Al-Tauba Mosque are considered as the most famous and important mosques of the Ayyubids dynasty in Damascus.
		Al-Shamiya Madrasa is considered as the oldest mosque of the Ayyubids period.
		It was built around the year 1186 AC by Khatoon sit Al-Shaam the daughter of Najmuldin Ayoub and sister of Saladin.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english/syria?id=3273=3273&format=0 (215 words)

	DMOZ : Society : Religion and Spirituality : Islam : History : Dynasties and Empires : Ayyubid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A collection of photographs of architecture from the Ayyubid period in Egypt, Syria, and Yemen.
		An account of the Ayyubid period in Egypt, from Saladin through to Shajarat al-Durr and their replacement by the Mamluks.
		Profiles of the Ayyubid Sultans and their achievements; from the Islamic Dictionary.
	dmoz.x-sms.pl /Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/Ayyubid (250 words)

	Open Directory - Society:Religion and Spirituality:Islam:History:Dynasties and Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Their rule covered Egypt, Syria and Yemen; the Egyptian Ayyubids were replaced by the Mamluks, while in Syria they fell to the Mongols.
		A Shia Ismaili dynasty, claiming descent from Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammed; their main objective was to remove and replace the Abbasid Caliphate - by good organization and missionary effort, their influence spread from Yemen to Tunisia, culminating in their rule of Egypt from 969 to 1171.
		Shajarat al Durr, widow of the last Ayyubid ruler and originally a Turkish or Armenian slave, managed to take power in Egypt on her husband's death.
	dmoz.org /Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/desc.html (778 words)

	weekly.3. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Zangids and Ayyubids will be discussed as an illustration of the continuity of Saljuk institutions, and most notably, the practice of Iqta, the institutions of the Madrasa, the spread of Sufism and military dominance.
		Once again, students should be able to distinguish and discuss the different phases of Ayyubid control, from their rise to their end.
		Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus.
	www.csupomona.edu /~mibrahim/Hst314/week.3.html (192 words)

	Kingdoms of North Africa - Ayyubids
		Although originally ruling from Egypt, Saladdin spent the last years of his life fighting in Syria and Palestine and was buried in Damascus, next to the Omayyad (Umayyad) Mosque.
		The Ayyubid family still suvives in Lebanon and retaines Saladin's sword.
		Damascus ruled by an Ayyubid relative as a subsidiary state.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsAfrica/EgyptAyyubids.htm (182 words)

	foes
		The Fatimid capital was moved from Tunis to Egypt (Cairo) and they controlled Egypt till the rise of the Ayyubids in 1171.
		The Atabegs Sukman II, Begtimur and Balhan are to be remembered before this empire fell to the Ayyubids in 1207.
		The Ayyubid empire was divided at his death in 1193 amongst his relatives.
	www.medievalcrusades.com /foes.htm (613 words)

	Acre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the First Crusade (1098-1099), after the fall of Jerusalem, Levantine fortresses, principally Acre, Tripoli, and Tyre, were conquered with Italian naval support, but were considered vassals of Jerusalem.
		In 1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, reducing the Crusader States to Antioch and the coastal fortresses.
		Saladin made the mistake of releasing Guy de Lusignan, the last Christian to rule as king in Jerusalem itself, in the belief that, discredited by defeat and no longer possessing a capital, he did not represent a military threat.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /a/acre.html (327 words)

	The Ayyubids and Mamluks (from Syria) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		After Saladin's death his kingdom was split up among members of his family, the Ayyubids, who established principalities in Aleppo, Hamah, Hims, Damascus, Ba'labakk, and Transjordan and ruled them until 1260.
		More results on "The Ayyubids and Mamluks (from Syria)" when you join.
		Under the Ayyubid sultanate, Mamluk generals used their power to establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-29913 (965 words)

	Members (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sultan : Entitled to be the military ruler of the Ayyubid Sultanate by the Caliph.
		Sultan of The Ayyubids, ruler of the lands Of Sham and Egypt
		Caliph of the Ayyubids and the formal leader of the Sultanate.
	web.telia.com /~u87739403/Members.html (330 words)

	London_Kurds
		The Ayyubids stand out from these by the vastness of their domain.
		As the custodians of Islam's holy cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, the Ayyubids were instrumental in the defeat and expulsion of the Crusaders from the Holy Land.
		Like the medieval Ayyubids, however, the Zands set up their capital and kingdom outside Kurdistan, and pursued no policies aimed at unification of the Kurdish nation.
	uk.msnusers.com /LondonKurds/ayyubids.msnw (396 words)

	25mm Ayyubids
		Ayyubid HC with lance or sword (a) on barded horse
		Syrian HC with lance or sword (a) on barded horse
		Ayyubid cavalry standard bearer (a) on barded horse
	www.irregularminiatures.co.uk /25mmRanges/25mmAyyubids.htm (36 words)

	World Society Religion and Spirituality Islam History Dynasties and Empires Ayyubid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ayyubid Building Style - A collection of photographs of architecture from the Ayyubid period in Egypt, Syria, and Yemen.
		Ayyubid Period - An account of the Ayyubid period in Egypt, from Saladin through to Shajarat al-Durr and their replacement by the Mamluks.
		Ayyubid Rule (1171-1250) - A profile of the dynasty and its replacement by the Mamluks.
	www.internetintl.com /world/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/Ayyubid (289 words)

	Untitled Document
		He was the seventh king of the posterity of the Ayyubids, who descended from Saladin.
		Four Mameluke slaves had been ordered to execute this; but the fratricide did not long remain unpunished, and these same four slaves were the most bitter in putting him to death.
		With this prince was extinguished the dynasty of the Ayyubids, who had governed Egypt eighty years, under eight different kings.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/GeogHist/histories/histdocts/Biblio13/A13/alMakrisi/makrisi.html (8306 words)

	Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Glosssary of Terms
		From 1169 (564 H) to 1250 (648 H) the Ayyubids ruled Egypt and Syria.
		The formula bi-ism Allah al-raman al-rahim "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful." This formula almost always begins a treatise, and it is sometimes placed within the illuminated opening of a treatise.
		A dynasty of rulers succeeding the Ayyubid as governors of Egypt and Syria.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/arabic/glossary.html (6377 words)

	Spotlight on Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Sultanate of The Ayyubids is a huge, environmentally stunning nation, remarkable for its punitive income tax rates.
		Its compassionate, intelligent population of 956 million are fiercely patriotic and enjoy great social equality; they tend to view other, more capitalist countries as somewhat immoral and corrupt.
		The Ayyubids is ranked 47th in the region and 98,415th in the world for Fastest-Growing Economies.
	www.nationstates.net /cgi-bin/index.cgi/-1/page=display_nation/nation=the_ayyubids (224 words)

	nafrica
		The estimated size of the Ayyubid army at Hattin (1187) was 30,000 men.
		Subsequent armies were not able to recruit so widely and were generally smaller.
		The army is based around spearmen which can receive rear support from Ps(O) archers, numerous Berber LH(O) and some heavier cavalry with occasional camel support.
	www.massey.ac.nz /~bjmoyle/figs/nafrica.html (979 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - The Crazy MES Parallel-Country-Hopping AARs
		The Ayyubid army would rampage trough Jerusalems territory in just the same manner Baudoin had done to their own for another five months when they where defeated at the battle of Nabloes.
		Having won the southern part of Ayyubids territory and defeated one of their two principal armies Baudoins forces set out for Damascus before which walls they would fight the remaining Muslim army.
		After the hard-fought battle the remains of the Ayyubids forces retreated within the walls of Damascus to which the crusaders laid siege on three days later on the second of October 1153.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=148043 (7573 words)

	Syria Gate - About Syria - The Norias of Hama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Orontes walls were too deep for water to be transferred directly from the river, so gigantic waterwheels were designed and built in order to raise water from the river and drop it into ducts and canals that lead to the fields waiting to be irrigated.
		There are 17 surviving Norias along the Orontes, and most of the existing Norias were rebuilt after the Byzantines by the Ayyubids.
		Today, most of the Norias, although not in practical use, can be seen turning at a slow droning pace, from restaurants and cafes on the riverside.
	www.syriagate.com /Syria/about/cities/Hama/norias.htm (176 words)

	Gallileus - Ayyubids and Early Rasulids in the Yemen (567-694/1173-1295) Vols I & II Kitab Al-Simt Al-Ghali ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ayyubids and Early Rasulids in the Yemen (567-694/1173-1295) Vols I and II Kitab Al-Simt Al-Ghali Al-Thaman Fi Akhbar Al-Muluk Min Al-Ghuzz Bil-Yaman, B
		Hatim's chronicle is the fullest historical source on Yemen for the period that it covers, from the conquest of Yemen by Saladin's brother Turanshah to the author's own time, by which the Rasulids, who had come to the country as followers of the ayyubids, had replaced their old masters as its rulers.
		From the middle of the 13th century he often gives his own account of events and he soon became one of a group of leading Amirs involved in the management of affairs for the Rasulid Sultan al-Muzaffar and thus well informed of the political situation.
	www.gallileus.info /search/lob_detail?isbn=0906094291 (410 words)

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