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Topic: Azadirachtin

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	EXTOXNET PIP - AZADIRACHTIN
		Azadirachtin is used to control whiteflies, aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, caterpillars, beetles, mushroom flies, mealybugs, leafminers, gypsy moths and others on food, greenhouse crops, ornamentals and turf (232, 241).
		Azadirachtin was classified as a mild irritant (233).
		The LC50 for rainbow trout exposed to azadirachtin is 0.48 ppm (241).
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/azadirac.htm (1491 words)

	Azadirachtin
		Azadirachtin A is a chemical compound belonging to the limonoids.
		Azadirachtin A is a highly oxidised tetranortriterpenoid which boasts a plethora of oxygen functionality, comprising an enol ether, acetal, hemiacetal, and tetra-substituted oxirane as well as a variety of carboxylic esters.
		Azadirachtin A is biodegradable and shows very low toxicity to mammals, thus being environmentally sound.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/az/azadirachtin.html (243 words)

	AZADIRACHTIN
		Azadirachtin is registered in the United States as a general use pesticide with a toxicity classification of IV (relatively non-toxic).
		Azadirachtin is relatively harmless to spiders, butterflies, and insects such as bees that pollinate crops and trees, ladybugs that consume aphids, and wasps that act as parasites on various crop pests.
		Azadirachtin is a tetranortriterpenoid botanical insecticide of the liminoid class extracted from the neem tree Azadirachta indica.
	www.neemuses.com /azadirachtin.php (1513 words)

	Azadirachtin
		Azadirachtin is used to control whiteflies, aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, caterpillars, beetles, mushroom flies, mealybugs, leafminers, gypsy moths and others on food, greenhouse crops, ornamentals and turf (2, 11).
		The LC50 for rainbow trout exposed to azadirachtin is 0.48 ppm (11).
		Azadirachtin is relatively harmless to spiders, butterflies, and insects such as bees that pollinate crops and trees, ladybugs that consume aphids, and wasps that act as parasites on various crop pests.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/azadirachtin-ext.html (1572 words)

	Action 3 Botanical Insecticide; IGR, Insect Repellent, Azadirachtin; neem.
		The active ingredient in Action 3 (Azadirachtin) is organic and derived from a natural source.
		tree is Azadirachtin, a naturally occurring substance that belongs to an organic molecule class called tetranortriterpenoids.
		Azadirachtin may also serve as a feeding deterrent for many insects.
	www.pestproducts.com /action_3.htm (351 words)

	Neem as an antifeedant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Later studies showed that locusts would not feed on crops treated with aqueous suspensions of neem seeds, and azadirachtin was identified as the component of neem responsible for this effect.
		Azadirachtin is non-volatile, so an insect must taste it, rather than smell it, in order to respond to it.
		Although the antifeedant effect of azadirachtin may be useful for short-term crop protection, insects which are exposed repeatedly to azadirachtin become less sensitive to it.
	www.sfu.ca /bisc/bisc-842/michael/web_page/antifeed.htm (495 words)

	Azadirachtin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Azadirachtin is a chemical compound belonging to the limonoids.
		Azadirachtin is a highly oxidised tetranortriterpenoid which boasts a plethora of oxygen functionality, comprising an enol ether, acetal, hemiacetal, and tetra-substituted oxirane as well as a variety of carboxylic esters.
		Azadirachtin is biodegradable and shows very low toxicity to mammals, thus being environmentally sound.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2Fen%2FAzadirachtin (300 words)

	Infotrieve Online
		Azadirachtin-A (90%) has been obtained by medium-pressure liquid chromatography of the 60% concentrate with an RP-18 column and a methanol + water (1 + 1 by volume) solvent system.
		Catalytic hydrogenation of the 60 and 90% azadirachtin concentrates yielded the corresponding tetrahydroazadirachtin concentrates.
		Tetrahydroazadirachtin-A (90%) and azadirachtin-A (90%) with respective IC(50) values of 280 and 390 mg L(-1) were effective as insect growth regulators, while tetrahydroazadirachtin-A (90%) displayed higher antifeedant activity (AI(50) 14 mg L(-1)) against the test insect.
	www4.infotrieve.com /newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=16847818&Session=&searchQuery=Dhingra&count=480 (207 words)

	Evaluation of azadirachtin against red beetle, Tricliona picea Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a major pest of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Azadirachtin was evaluated for its insecticidal and antifeedant effects against adults of Tricliona picea.
		Application of azadirachtin on Terminalia arjuna leaves resulted in feeding inhibition and mortality in a dose-dependant manner.
		Mortality of 80% was observed when adults of Tricliona picea were fed with leaves treated with 15 ppm azadirachtin, compared with 13.33% mortality in the control.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B01/S01/SHA05EVA9X11102.html (229 words)

	Azadirachtin indica
		Neem (Azadirachtin indica) is an evergreen multipurpose tree grown in Indian subcontinent and south-east Asian countries.
		(1986) assessed the wide variability of azadirachtin contents in neem seeds of different countries and found that the highest yield of azadirachtin content per seed kernel is not restricted to a specific country but it is distributed in single trees of different origin.
		The azadirachtin levels in seeds from plants grown in six ecotypes of Northern Australia ranged from 0.35 to 0.89% of the dried kernel (Bally et al.
	www.naturalessence.net /Products/Azadirachtin_indica.html (793 words)

	Study in Controlled Release of Azadirachtin from Monolithic Device (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When 23 mmole of Poly (vinyl acetate) reacted with KOH at 12.5 and 46 mmole, the extent of hydrolysis was found to be 50 and 78%, respectively.
		The partially-hydrolyzed Poly (vinyl acetate) was then mixed with azadirachtin obtained from the extraction of margasas and subjected to spray drying to give monolithic device in a powder form.
		The release of azadirachtin from monolithic device having 0, 50, 78, and 87% hydrolysed Poly (vinyl acetate) as matrices in water, methanol and methanol : water (50 : 50) were studied using UV spectrophotometer.
	library.kmitnb.ac.th /projects/sci/IC/ic0078e.html (212 words)

	EPA: Azadirachtin & Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil (121701, 025007) Fact Sheet
		Azadirachtin and Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil are derived from the natural oil found in seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A.Juss, which is native to arid regions of India.
		When the natural neem oil is removed from the seeds and treated with alcohol, virtually all of the azadirachtin and related substances separate from the oil itself.
		Azadirachtin acts in the following ways: It deters certain insects, such as locusts, from feeding and it interferes with the normal life cycle of insects, including feeding, molting, mating, and egg laying.
	www.epa.gov /pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_025007.htm (484 words)

	Neotrop. Entomol. vol.30 no.1; Abstract: S1519-566X2001000100017 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Azadirachtin is the most effective compound of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, with insecticidal and growth disruption properties on several species of insects.
		Third-instar larvae were individually fed on artificial diet treated with azadirachtin (from 0.01 ppm to 1 ppm wt/v), for two days, and transferred to plain diet.
		Azadirachtin showed promissing for the control of the species not only for causing mortality but also for disrupting the development and for causing deformities involved in vital activities like feeding, walking or flying, making the insect vulnerable to several sorts of mortality agents or prevent them from causing damage to the crop.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1519-566X2001000100017&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en (302 words)

	BioMatNet Item: FAIR-CT96-5014 - Product formation in tissue cultures of neem (Azadirachta indica) for the ...
		This project evaluated the potential of neem tissue cultures to produce azadirachtin and other bioactive compounds on a year round basis for the control of insect pests.
		Azadirachtin production peaked at the end of the exponential growth of the cultures which occurred after three weeks of culture.
		This yield of azadirachtin per unit biomass was lower than in 250 ml flasks but if the rate of growth is taken into consideration in terms of the increased biomass and the decreased culture time in the 21.
	www.biomatnet.org /secure/Fair/S1362.htm (455 words)

	Potential enhancement of nuclear polyhedrosis virus by azadirachtin and its effects on the food utilization, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The potential enhancement of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) by azadirachtin and its impact on Helicoverpa armigera was evaluated in the laboratory.
		The combined treatment of NPV and azadirachtin significantly reduced the consumption index to 0.79 mg/mg per day and decreased the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to 5.07% and digested food to 9.8%.
		It is concluded that the combination of NPV and azadirachtin would play a significant role in integrated pest management (IPM) of H. armigera.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B01/S40/KUM98POT3240870.html (191 words)

	Azadirachtin, Neem Research, Neem Leaf Powder, Neem Cake, Neem Oil, Neem Wholesale, Bulk Neem, Neem India, Neem ...
		The key insecticidal ingredient found in the neem tree is azadirachtin, a naturally occurring substance that belongs to an organic molecule class called tetranortriterpenoids.
		The acute oral toxicity in rats fed technical grade azadirachtin ranged from greater than 3,540 mg/kg to greater than 5,000 mg/kg, the highest dose tested when administered undiluted to albino rats.
		The LC50 for rainbow trout exposed to azadirachtin is 0.48 ppm.
	www.neemproduct.com /content/Azadirachtin.asp (1146 words)

	Plasma Power : About the Neem Tree, neem oil, azadirachtin and other liminoids. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The main active ingredient of Neem is Azadirachtin (C35H44O16), a tetranortriterpenoid.
		It interferes with ecdysone, the key insect molting hormone and prevents larvae and pupae from completing the molting process.Insects treated with Azadirachtin during the larval and pupal stages, comprising 60-70 percent of their lives, generally die within 3 - 14 days.
		Azadirachtin by itself is an effective insect antifeedant and repellant.
	www.plasmaneem.com /about.htm (519 words)

	issue3&4
		One of the safer components in integrated pest management (IPM) is the use of neem and its derivative, azadirachtin.
		As azadirachtin is commercially available in a ready to use formulation, it was the only botanical that was investigated in field trials.
		It was found that azadirachtin (0.03%) at the recommended dose of 5 ml/litre of water, sprayed at lime-size of fruit (the only time when the ovipositing adults, eggs and first instar grubs are found on the fruit, vulnerable to spray interventions) failed to prevent oviposition and caused no mortality of eggs or first instar grubs.
	www.world-food.net /scientficjournal/2004/issue3/abstracts/abstract42.php (477 words)

	PBI Gordon Announces Free Insect ID Chart
		Azadirachtin is the active ingredient in Gordon’s Azatrol EC Insecticide.
		Due to the complex structure of the azadirachtin molecule and its multiple modes of activity it is virtually impossible for insect resistance to develop, explains Fearis.
		Azadirachtin has been proven to act in multiple ways to control insect pests and mites, including anti-feedant, growth regulation, anti-ovipositioning and repellent action.
	www.grounds-mag.com /news/pbi-gordon-insect (435 words)

	Infotrieve Online
		We conducted laboratory bioassays to determine the toxicity of two systemic insecticides, azadirachtin and imidacloprid, for potential control of A. glabripennis and the cottonwood borer, Plectrodera scalator (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a closely related native cerambycid.
		For A. glabripennis, the highest larval mortality at the end of the bioassay was 60% for larvae fed artificial diet treated with azadirachtin (50 ppm) or imidacloprid (1.6 ppm).
		For P. scalator, the highest larval mortality at the end of the bioassay was 100% for larvae fed artificial diet treated with azadirachtin (50 ppm) or imidacloprid (160 ppm).
	www4.infotrieve.com /newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=16573327&Session=&searchQuery=Borer&count=1056 (431 words)

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	bric.postech.ac.kr /biotrend/retrend/retrend_view.php?nNum=91936&nPageNum=1&nType_id=2&szSearchKey=&nCategory_id=-1&szSearchDate=&szSearchMon= (312 words)

	Azadirachtin A grace park Azadirachtin A
		Netster.com makes it fast and easy to find azadirachtin a information.
		Shop and compare great deals on azadirachtin a and millions of other related products at MonsterMarketplace.
		Find azadirachtin a and more at Lycos Search.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Azadirachtin_A/Azadirachtin_A.html (354 words)

	Neem Oil with Azadiractin 0 - 2500 ppm, Azadirachthin Formulations 300 ppm to 65000 ppm, Azadirachtin Technical 10 - 96 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Azadirachtin used for fortifying is of various technical grade ranging from 8 - 45 % to get the desired strength of Azadirachtin in the final formulation ranging from 300 ppm Azadirachtin to 65000 ppm.
		When the neem components, especially Azadirachtin enter into the body of larvae, the activity of ecdysone is suppressed and the larva fails to moult, remains in the larval stage and ultimately dies.
		If the concentration of Azadirachtin is not sufficient, the larva manages to enter the pupal stage but dies at this stage and if the concentration is still less the adult emerging from the pupa is 100 % malformed, absolutely sterile without any capacity for reproduction.
	maxpages.com /neemuses - !http://maxpages.com/neemuses (2324 words)

	: : Parker (India) Group Leading exporters of Parker neem oil , neem cake, neem coir peat , neem leaf , neem park , ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Studies prove that biological effectiveness of neem oil were dependent on Azadirachtin.
		Azadirachtin is an efficient crop protection compound in association with limonoids.
		Azadirachtin and neem compounds are known to disrupt MFO induction (mixed function oxidase) in many insects and thus it is believed that Parker neem oil help prevent resistance.
	www.organicneem.com /faq.htm (1227 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		Azadirachtin concentration from Bukit Lagong and Manong provenances was significantly higher at 5% level than provenances from Pengkalan Arang, Narathiwat, Semengoh and Pasir Mas.
		The highest yields of azadirachtin were not restricted to a specific provenance but they came from single trees of different origin.
		Thus, breeding for high-yielding azadirachtin tree would be best based on selection of individual tree within the provenance and inter provenances.
	www.doaj.org /doaj?func=abstract&id=186991&recNo=9&toc=1 (185 words)

	NEEM PATENT REVOKED BY EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE
		In the United States, neem seeds and their potent insecticidal extract, azadirachtin, have been the subject of continuing biotech research and grant of patents.
		The US funds and grants have been made available also for tissue culture of the azadirchtin, to obviate the need for extracting it from the neem seeds, which are seasonal.
		The second patent is for a method of producing stable insecticide formulations containing high concentrations of azadirachtin.
	www.twnside.org.sg /title/revoked.htm (876 words)

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