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Topic: Azolla

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	Azolla and Anaebaena Symbiosis
		Since Azolla is easy to maintain in aquarium cultures, it is an excellent source of prokaryotic cells and heterocysts for general biology laboratory exercises on cell structure and function.
		Azolla is sometimes called "duckweed fern" and commonly grows with one or more species of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), including Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia and Wolffiella.
		In fact, Azolla was grown for fish food and water purification at the Biospere II project in Arizona (a 2.5 acre glass enclosure simulating an outer space greenhouse).
	waynesword.palomar.edu /plnov98.htm (2376 words)

	Azolla, description (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Azolla is not a seed plant, but it belongs to the fern family, and by that it will not reproduce by seeds, but like ferns and mosses it produces spores.
		Azollas are often grown in rice fields, where the plants, after the harvest of the rice, are plowed down and then with their content of nitrate are an excelent (and cheap) replacement for artificial fertilizers.
		Azolla pinnata, which is found in an area from Africa over Asia to Australia, has a high demand for light and temperature, and so it is difficult to have to thrive in aquaria.
	home10.inet.tele.dk /sveri/plant-e/besk/azol.html (502 words)

	Green Manures - Azolla (Azolla spp.)
		Azolla fronds are triangular or polygonal in shape, and float on the water surface individually or in mats.
		Azolla is propagated in the field for 2-4 weeks prior to transplanting (depending on azolla growth rates which are generally higher in summer and lower in winter in Hawai`i).
		In areas where azolla may be dispersed by wind or currents, azolla should be protected temporarily by a bund or wooden floats which are gradually moved outward until the area is covered.
	www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu /sustainag/GreenManures/azolla.asp (2475 words)

	AZOLLA PINNATA R.Br. PTERIDOPHYTE; SALVINIALES (AZOLLA CEAE) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LAKE AGRO ECOSYSTEM - G.V. Gopal
		Azolla pinnata, A. microphylla and A. filiculoides are the common pteridophyte species found in Kukkarahalli lake, of which the latter two are common in the lake, while A. pinnata R.Br.
		Azolla is a wetland plant and prefers humidity of 85-90% RH (relative humidity) for its growth and development.
		Azolla is a natural biophysical scavenger that absorbs and depletes the organic nutrient load of the eutrophic lake agro ecosystems rendering them oligotrophic and rejuvenated.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /energy/water/proceed/section2/paper3/section2paper3.htm (1256 words)

	Azolla: a sustainable feed for livestock
		Azolla is a floating fern and belongs to the family of Azollaceae.
		Azolla hosts a symbiotic blue green algae, Anabaena azollae, which is responsible for the fixation and assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen.
		Azolla should be harvested with a plastic tray having holes of 1 cm2 mesh size to drain the water.
	www.leisa.info /index.php?url=show-blob-html.tpl&p[o_id]=76755&p[a_id]=211&p[a_seq]=1 (1658 words)

	Azolla spp
		An Azolla plant consists of a short, branched, floating stem, bearing roots which hang down in the water.
		Azolla has reportedly been used as a feed for pigs and ducks in SE Asia; for cattle, fish and poultry in Vietnam; and for pigs in Singapore and Taiwan.
		It is described as an excellent substitute for green forage for cattle in Vietnam and may replace up to 50% of the rice bran used as feed for pigs in that country.
	www.fao.org /ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/afris/DATA/558.htm (386 words)

	Natural History Museum: Research and Collections: Botany: Alien Ferns in Hawaii: Azolla filiculoides
		The species of Azolla are difficult to tell apart because the plants are small and the characters used to separate them are difficult to see, requiring the use of a light microscope to see epidermal hairs and a scanning electron microscope for examination of megaspores.
		Azolla filiculoides Lamarck was deliberately brought into the Islands as part of a mosquito abatement program in rice fields, but it was not until around 1934 that it became fully naturalized in taro patches and irrigation ditches on O'ahu (Fosberg 1943).
		The occurrence of Azolla filiculoides on the island of Hawai'i was documented in 1999 by a collection made from a taro farm in the Waipio Valley (Imada 99-16, BISH).
	www.rsabg.org /herbarium/ferns/wilson/azolla.html (285 words)

	Azolla sp. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For the last few months, Azolla has been as bad a duck weed.
		I contribute its explosion to a drop in temperature - instead of 78-80, the tank has been running a little cooler at 74-76 in the winter.
		As far as alleviating nitrogen supplementation is concerned, Jason's idea is a no-go: the Azolla uses all of the produced nitrogen.
	www.thekrib.com /Plants/Plants/Azolla.html (203 words)

	ABC of AZOLLA
		Azolla is an aquatic fern (pteridophyte), floating on water surface of flooded rice fields, small ponds, and canals.Its size is 1-5 cm except for a giant A. nilotica, In Japan, two species A.
		When floodwater level is high, and azolla is pushed into one side of a field, azolla often covers the top of young rice seedlings, leading to the depression of rice growth or death.
		Azolla provided nitrogen nutrient for rice and protein for duck, and contributed to the suppression of weed.
	www.asahi-net.or.jp /~it6i-wtnb/azollaE.html (1910 words)

	Azolla in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
		The species of Azolla are difficult taxonomically because (1) about 80% of the specimens lack sori, which are necessary for identification, and (2) the characteristics needed to identify the species are difficult to observe.
		Agriculturally, Azolla is famous for its symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing Anabaena azollae Strasburger, a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) found at the stem apices, beneath indusia, and in cavities of the upper leaf lobes.
		Azolla is usually found in stagnant or slow-moving water of ponds, lakes, marshes, swamps, and streams.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103297 (632 words)

	Introduction Azolla
		Azolla is a free floating aquatic fern, which nowadays can be found in freshwater environments in temperate and tropical regions all over the world.
		In that way Azolla is not only known to fix huge amounts of carbon, but as well to produce vast amounts of organic nitrogen.
		Notably, the Azolla event occurred precisely at the transition from a Greenhouse to an Icehouse Earth.
	www.biol.ruu.nl /~palaeo/Azolla/introduction.htm (450 words)

	EFFECT OF REPLACING WHOLE BOILED SOYA BEANS WITH AZOLLA IN THE
		Azolla has been used for centuries in Asia as green manure, as a fertilizer for rice fields and supplement in diets for pigs, poultry and fish (Moore 1969; Cassani 1981; Lumpkin 1984).
		Azolla is widely distributed and is found in ponds, ditches and channels containing stagnant water with a temperature range of 15- 350 Celcius (Singh and Subudhy 1978).
		Azolla was harvested each afternoon during the experimental period and was put into a bamboo basket for one hour before feeding in order to drain the excess water from the plant.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd7/3/7.htm (3637 words)

	Raw palm oil as the energy source in pig fattening diets and Azolla filiculoides as a substitute for soya bean meal
		Fresh azolla was offered at levels of 0, 1.7, 3.48 and 5.21 kg/day for a theoretical replacement rate of the soya bean protein of 0, 10, 20 and 30% (total protein from soya bean meal and azolla was predicted to be 200 g/day).
		During the finishing phase, intakes of azolla increased to reach 100, 97 and 69% of projected levels with total protein intakes of 212, 212, 212 and 194 g/pig/day for the four treatments.
		Relative consumption rates of azolla were much higher during the finishing phase, with 100% of the projected intake being consumed on the 10 and 20% substitution levels falling to 69% on the 30% level.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd6/1/ocampo2.htm (2569 words)

	Azolla-News
		Azolla had been widely used until the middle of 1980s, but it declined due to availability of fertilizers.
		When azolla was used for rice culture until 1980, the combination to rice-duck culture was not considered.
		Based on the success of combining azolla use to this system by Furuno, and others in Japan, azolla use to this farming was also introduced by Furuno and JIVC (Japan International Volunteer Center) in 1998.
	www.asahi-net.or.jp /~it6i-wtnb/azollanewsE.html (1719 words)

	Azolla filiculoides (PIER species info)
		Azolla lives in symbiosis with blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), taking advantage of their ability to fix nitrogen.
		It is sometimes introduced and used by farmers as a natural fertilizer for this reason.
		Taxonomic information about Azolla filiculoides may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
	www.hear.org /pier/species/azolla_filiculoides.htm (401 words)

	Azolla pinnata (PIER species info)
		In New Zealand, Azolla pinnata has replaced a native floating fern, Azolla rubra, over most of northern New Zealand (Owen, 1997).
		Additional online information about Azolla pinnata is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
		Taxonomic information about Azolla pinnata may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
	www.hear.org /pier/species/azolla_pinnata.htm (551 words)

	Azolla mexicana - Mexican water-fern
		These plants are brighter green, do not become red when exposed to full sun, and don’t have the compact overlapping leaf arrangement of Mexican water-fern.
		Duckweed fern (Azolla filiculoides), which is less common and slightly larger, may also be found in our area.
		A compound microscope is required to positively distinguish species of Azolla.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/plantid2/descriptions/azomex.html (339 words)

	Tropica
		Azolla caroliniana is a small floating fern housing blue-green algae in its leaves.
		These algae are capable of absorbing nitrogen from the air, which can then be used by the plant.
		Azolla caroliniana has become a menace all over the tropics, because it covers lakes and deprives the original aquatic plants of light.
	www.tropica.com /productcard.asp?id=013 (84 words)

	Azolla as fish feed, restoration of firearms rights granted georgia
		Azolla as fish feed, restoration of firearms rights granted georgia
		However sure Search azolla as fish feed azolla as fish feed everyone by azolla as fish feed fisb Mac if use by azolla as fish feed around azolla as fish feed aazolla while azolla as fish feed what Most words the that finds in.
		Really to find the azolla as fish feed in Google.
	hometown.aol.de /MonteForeman18/azolla-as-fish-feed.html (166 words)

	Azolla
		Azolla is sometimes called duckweed fern, water fern, fairy moss and /or mosquito fern but the real name comes from the Greek azo meaning “to dry” and ollo meaning “to kill” (by drought) or “killed by drought.” But that’s not a very nice name even though it does describe the plant quite nicely.
		This oxygenator will float nicely all summer and then in warmer zones, it produces a fruiting body and sinks to the bottom of the pond where it will overwinter.
		It does make an excellent addition to the compost pile when you get too much of it.
	www.water-gardens-information.com /azolla.html (232 words)

	DFT Vascular Plant Image Library (Azollaceae)
		Azolla caroliniana - population with Lemna, Wolffia and Salvinia - photo: Hugh Wilson
		Azolla caroliniana - Fronds floating on surface, close-up; Hays Co., TX - photo: David Lemke (SWTS)
		For corrections or comments relating to specific images, please contact image contributors.
	www.csdl.tamu.edu /FLORA/imaxxazl.htm (65 words)

	Azolla caroliniana {Azollaceae} #198501201 L:2306 Q:1
		Country of Origin: Mass to Wisc., s to W. Indies
		Description: Azolla is a moss-like, free-floating fern widely distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics.
		Azollas live symbiotically with the blue-green alga, Anabaena, which inhabits a small cavity found in the base of each leaf.
	florawww.eeb.uconn.edu /acc_num/198501201.html (60 words)

	PLANTS Profile for Azolla pinnata (feathered mosquitofern) \| USDA PLANTS
		PLANTS Profile for Azolla pinnata (feathered mosquitofern)
		See available county distributions by clicking on the states below or on the map.
		View 1 genera in Azollaceae, 4 species in Azolla
	plants.usda.gov /java/profile?symbol=AZPI (213 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Azolla pinnata
		Azolla pinnata can spread rapidly, and has the ability to survive on moist soil in and around rivers, ditches, and ponds.
		Azolla lives in symbiosis with blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), taking advantage of their ability to fix nitrogen.
		Azolla is useful as a "soybean plant in rice field", because it can assimilate atmospheric nitrogen gas owing to the nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria (blue green alga) living in the cavities located at the lower side of upper (dorsal) lobes of leaf.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=204&fr=1&sts= (596 words)

	Azolla as a Biofertilizer in Coffee Plantations (INeedCoffee.com)
		Since Azolla species are commonly found world wide in coffee producing countries, it could provide the coffee farmers with an in - expensive way of supplementing part of their nitrogen requirement, in an eco friendly manner, without polluting the environment.
		The field requirements of azolla and its nitrogen fixing symbiont, Anabaena azollae, for growth and nitrogen fixation are complex and strongly related to the biochemistry of each of the components of the association.
		Azolla is a nutrient rich fern and has traditionally been used throughout Asia and parts of Africa as feed for livestock, poultry and fish.
	www.ineedcoffee.com /06/azolla (2068 words)

	The Hindu : Growing azolla as livestock feed
		It has been well established that azolla is an ideal feed substitute, and NARDEP has ventured into developing a low-cost mass multiplication technology for azolla in farmers' holdings to meet the livestock needs.
		Azolla should be protected from pests and diseases by adopting suitable and need-based plant protection measures.
		Fresh ponds should be prepared and inoculated with pure azolla culture when contamination of lemna and other competing algae and pests and diseases are noticed, according to Dr. Pillai.
	www.hindu.com /2001/03/08/stories/08080027.htm (673 words)

	Azolla (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Azolla is an aquatic heterosporic fern, triangular or polygonal in shape.
		It floats on the water surface in ponds, ditches and paddy fields of tropical and warm temperate regions.
		As a consequence of this association, in some regions of the globe (Africa and Asia), Azolla is used as a nitrogen biofertilizer, namely in rice fields.
	correio.cc.fc.ul.pt /~fcarrap/Azolla_e.html (180 words)

	The role of Azolla in curbing ammonia volatilization from flooded rice systems (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The reduction in NH3 volatilization is largely related to the depression by Azolla of the floodwater pH, which in its absence may reach values between 9 and 10 as a result of algal activity.
		The conservation of fertilizer N by Azolla, particularly when it fully covered the water, was reflected in a synergistic effect on rice DM production, amounting to 9% at the 30 kg N rate and 16% at the 60 kg N rate.
		This interaction was attributed to the higher efficiency of the applied N. The benefits of Azolla in conserving basal urea-N even in small quantities (200-500 kg fresh material/ha), outweighed competition for the applied N and may be as important as its biological N fixation.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B01/S76/VLE95THE1651776.html (333 words)

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