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Topic: Azotemia

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Renal

Creatinine clearance test

Creatinine

Uremia

Kidney

Blood urea nitrogen

Hemodialysis

Glomerulonephritis

Hematuria

Pyelonephritis

Shock

Leukaemia

Kidney stone

Urea

Nephrology

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Prerenal azotemia
		Prerenal azotemia is an abnormally high level of nitrogen-type wastes in the bloodstream.
		Prerenal azotemia is the most common form of kidney failure seen in hospitalized patients.
		These conditions include shock (such as septic shock), heart failure, and conditions where the blood flow to the kidney is interrupted, such as trauma to the kidney, surgery of various types, renal artery embolism, and other types of renal artery occlusion.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/000508.html (728 words)

	Azotemia
		Azotemia: Abnormal and dangerously high levels of urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood as a result of insufficient filtering of the blood by the kidneys.
		Also known as prerenal azotemia and uremia[?], it is not uncommon, especially in hospitalized patients, and can be caused by medical conditions that impair blood flow to the kidney(s).
		Treatment may include hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, medications to increase cardiac output and increase blood pressure, and the treatment of the condition that caused the azotemia to begin with.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/az/Azotemia.html (171 words)

	Azotemia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Azotemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormal levels of urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood as a result of insufficient filtering of the blood by the kidneys.
		In postrenal azotemia the urinary outflow tract is obstructed.
		Azotemia is one of many clinical characteristics of uremia, which is a syndome characteristic of renal disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Azotemia (293 words)

	Major concepts, VM 552 SAM Urogenital System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Azotemia is an increase in nitrogen containing waste products such as urea and creatinine in the blood.
		Prerenal azotemia is due to a decrease in renal blood flow which leads to a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
		Postrenal azotemia results from an obstruction of the urinary outflow tract or discontinuity of the outflow tract with extravasation of urine into body compartments.
	courses.vetmed.wsu.edu /vm552/urogenital/concepts.htm (754 words)

	BUN and Creatinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Azotemia is defined as an increase in BUN and creatinine and can result form a variety of disorders including, but not limited to, renal failure.
		Prerenal azotemia is due to a decrease in GFR from circulatory disturbances causing decreased renal perfusion, such as hypovolemia (shock, hemorrhage, Addison's disease, vomiting), cardiac disease or renal vasoconstriction.
		Renal azotemia may be due to primary intrinsic renal disease (glomerulonephritis, ethylene glycol toxicity) or may be secondary to renal ischemia from prerenal causes or from kidney damage from urinary tract obstruction (post-renal azotemia).
	www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu /clinpath/modules/chem/buncreat.htm (892 words)

	eMedicine - Azotemia : Article by Moro O Salifu, MD, MPH
		It is observed in bilateral ureteral obstruction from tumors or stones, retroperitoneal fibrosis, neurogenic bladder, and bladder neck obstruction from prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma and posterior urethral valves.
		In addition to azotemia, polyuria due to loss of concentrating ability and type 1 renal tubular acidosis, with hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia from metastatic pelvic tumor, and elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), may be clues to postrenal azotemia.
		Diagnostic indices in prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal azotemia.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic194.htm (6024 words)

	Azotemia Symptoms
		Azotemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormal levels of urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the bloodas a result of insufficient filtering of the blood by the kidneys.
		Other causes of azotemia include congestive heart failure, shock, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, or some sort of trauma to the kidney(s).
		Treatment may include hemodialysisor peritoneal dialysis, medications to increase cardiac output and increase blood pressure, and the treatment of the condition that caused the azotemia to begin with.
	www.lumrix.com /medical/symptoms/azotemia.html (272 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Selected Diseases of the Feline Kidney
		Depending on the extent of renal parenchymal involvement, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, nonregenerative anemia, and metabolic acidosis also may be found.
		Cats with azotemia and endstage renal disease due to GN should be treated for chronic renal failure.
		Azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, proteinuria, isosthenuria, and nonregenerative anemia may be observed on laboratory evaluation.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00121.htm (1915 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 17, Ch. 222, Renal Failure
		Postrenal azotemia is responsible for about 5 to 10% of cases; various types of obstruction in the voiding and collecting parts of the urinary system are the cause.
		To produce azotemia, both urinary outflow tracts or one tract in a patient with a single functional kidney must be obstructed.
		For example, the sediment usually is unremarkable in prerenal azotemia and perhaps in obstructive uropathy, although WBCs, RBCs, and casts (granular and tubular cells) are frequently seen.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section17/chapter222/222b.jsp (2141 words)

	Localization of azotemia: Test your skill - DVM
		Azotemia is defined as an abnormal concentration of urea, creatinine, and other nonprotein nitrogenous substances in blood, plasma or serum.
		However, azotemia may be caused by factors that are not directly related to the urinary system and by abnormalities of the lower urinary tract not directly related to the kidney.
		Therefore, azotemia should not be used as a synonym for primary renal failure or uremia.
	www.dvmnewsmagazine.com /dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=144594 (498 words)

	scwtcarptumrd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although, a diagnosis of primary renal failure (rather than pre-renal or post-renal azotemia) is usually confirmed by detection of azotemia and impaired urine concentrating ability (urine specific gravity below 1.030), this definition may not be accurate for all forms of renal failure.
		The observation that 6 dogs with persistent azotemia had urine specific gravities greater than 1.035 and that 2 dogs later developed reduced urine specific gravity consistent with renal failure questions the validity of the urine specific gravity cutoff of 1.030.
		Persistent azotemia with adequate urine concentration may be an early indication of primary renal failure.
	www.scwtca.org /scwtcarptumrd.html (836 words)

	Renal Dysfunction: Overview - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Failure of the filtration function of the kidneys leads to the development of azotemia (an excess of nitrogenous compounds in the blood), which may be classified as prerenal, renal, postrenal, or of mixed origin.
		Renal azotemia refers to a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of ~75% during acute or chronic primary renal (or intrarenal) diseases.
		Postrenal azotemia develops when the integrity of the urinary tract is disrupted (eg, bladder rupture) or urine outflow is obstructed (eg, urethral or bilateral ureteral obstruction).
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/130602.htm (186 words)

	Prerenal azotemia (Disease)... Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prerenal azotemia is not uncommon, especially in hospitalized patients.
		The glomeruli and tubules continue to filter wastes, but the rate of filtration is so slow that many of these wastes are reabsorbed into the blood, rather than being excreted in the urine.
		Risks for prerenal azotemia include loss of blood volume -- such as may occur with dehydration, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, bleeding, burns, and other conditions that allow escape of fluid from the circulation.
	www.browardhealth.org /18067.cfm (889 words)

	[No title]
		When the crush cases, a case of true transfusion incompatibility, and a case of sulfathiazole crystalluria in the group without shock are excluded, it becomes evident that a preponderance of patients in whom signs of renal failure appeared were recognized as having had severe or moderate initial shock.
		In these patients with posttraumatic azotemia, phosphorus retention was primarily due to impaired ability to excrete that substance; whereas the hyperphosphatemia seen in patients in shock soon after wounding was possibly due to release of phosphates secondary to muscle damage (Chapter I).
		Because of the increase in plasma volume during the period of increasing azotemia, it might be expected that total fluid output would exceed intake during the diuresis period.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/wwii/PhysiologicEffetsofWounds/Chapter5.html (10254 words)

	Kidney Problems
		Azotemia is an excess of nitrogen compounds in the blood.
		Prerenal azotemia (also called prerenal failure): Prerenal azotemia is the most common cause of acute renal failure.
		Post-renal azotemia: One of the causes of kidney problems is blockage in your kidneys, where the contents of the bladder are prevented from moving out from the kidneys.
	www.chemocare.com /managing/kidney_problems.asp (5785 words)

	YSM CaseBook: A Patient with New Onset Azotemia
		You are called by the surgical intern to see a 68 yr old man in the surgical ICU because of new onset azotemia.
		He has a history of smoking, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease, and was admitted 3 days earlier for unstable angina.
		His chest pain was refractory to maximal medical therapy, so he underwent cardiac cath, and subsequently 3 vessel coronary bypass grafting 48 hours prior to your call from the intern.
	info.med.yale.edu /casebook/intmed/hadid/index.html (81 words)

	VetMedCenter - Consumer - Article Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Renal failure (azotemia and urine specific gravity < 1.030 in dogs and < 1.035 in cats) results from primary renal disease that has persisted for months to years.
		Differential diagnosis for azotemia include causes of prerenal and postrenal azotemia, acute renal failure, and hypoadrenocorticism.
		Acute renal failure--differentiated from chronic renal failure by normal renal size, cylinduria, lack of indications of chronicity (e.g., nonregenerative anemia and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism), and recent nephrotoxin exposure or hypotensive episode.
	consumer.vetmedcenter.com /Consumer/display.asp?fn=10181019.htm&dt=v (1179 words)

	Acute renal failure, VM 552 SAM Urogenital System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is important to differentiate ARF from prerenal azotemia.
		The prognosis for prerenal azotemia is good if the underlying disease causing prerenal azotemia is reversible.
		The causes of hypovolemia include the same causes as those resulting in prerenal azotemia but the insults are more profound and sustained to result in ARF.
	courses.vetmed.wsu.edu /vm552/urogenital/arf.htm (4680 words)

	ENLmedical.com: Conditions And Concerns: Medical Encyclopedia: Prerenal azotemia
		Prerenal azotemia is the most common form of acute renal failure.
		Risks for prerenal azotemia include loss of blood volume such as may occur with dehydration, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, bleeding, and burns and other conditions that allow escape of fluid from the circulation.
		The kidneys are responsible for removing wastes from the body, regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and the stimulation of red blood cell production.
	www.enlmedical.com /article/000508.htm (805 words)

	eMedicine - Azotemia : Article Excerpt by: Moro O Salifu, MD, MPH
		Urine formation by each nephron involves 3 main processes, filtration at the glomerular level, selective reabsorption from the filtrate passing along the renal tubules, and secretion by the cells of the tubules into this filtrate.
		Perturbation of any of these processes impairs the kidney's excretory function, resulting in azotemia, which is elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (reference range = 8-20 mg/dL) and serum creatinine (normal value = 0.7-1.4 mg/dL) levels.
		The quantity of glomerular filtrate produced each minute by all nephrons in both kidneys is referred to as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/azotemia.htm (741 words)

	Assessment of Physical Examination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Resolution of azotemia in response to the initial fluid therapy suggests that the azotemia was pre-renal.
		If the azotemia is pre-renal, then what is the underlying cause of her signs that is making her become dehydrated??
		If the azotemia is due to primary renal disease then uremia may be the cause of her signs.
	www.vet.ohio-state.edu /assets/courses/vm718/sam6/assessphys.html (289 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Azotemia - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Azotemia: High levels of nitrogen compounds such as urea in the blood.
		Azotemia: accumulation in the blood of nitrogen-bearing waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine
		The following list attempts to classify Azotemia into categories where each line is subset of the next.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/azotemia.htm (187 words)

	New Page 2
		Azotemia in the presence of normal urinary sediment is suggestive of
		The tubular function is impaired in ATN and hence the urinary sodium excretion is increased.
		In pre renal azotemia where tubular function is intact, the urinary sodium typically falls below 20 mEq/L..
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/meded/mech/cases/case24/selfeval.htm (636 words)

	Effect of experimental azotemia on renal clearance of furosemide in the dog -- Rose et al. 196 (1): 238 -- Journal of ...
		Effect of experimental azotemia on renal clearance of furosemide in the dog -- Rose et al.
		Articles by Rose, H. Articles by McNay, J. Effect of experimental azotemia on renal clearance of furosemide in the dog
		+/- 0.02) are independent of the degree of azotemia.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/196/1/238 (294 words)

	Diagnosing Vascular Causes of Renal Failure -- Abuelo 123 (8): 601 -- Annals of Internal Medicine
		failure are hypotension, hyponatremia, and azotemia [37, 39, 42, 43],
		Azotemia occurs in one half of cases but is rarely severe [197, 199, 203, 205-207].
		A 74-year-old man with azotemia, eosinophilia, and peripheral cyanosis and mottling.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/123/8/601 (7472 words)

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