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	Aztec Civilization - New World Encyclopedia
		The Aztec were said to be guided by their god Huitzilopochtli, meaning "left-handed hummingbird." When they arrived at an island in the lake, they saw an eagle eating a snake while perched on a nopal cactus, a vision that fulfilled a prophecy telling them that they should found their new home on that spot.
		Apparently combining a blood libel against the Aztecs with that against the Jews, he argued that the Aztecs were one of the lost tribes of Israel, and adduced human sacrifice and cannibalism as part of his evidence [2].
		The Aztecs were conquered by Spain in 1521, when after long battle and a long siege where much of the population died from hunger and smallpox, Cuauhtémoc surrendered to Hernán Cortés (aka "Cortez").
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Aztec_Civilization (8490 words)

	Triple Alliance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Triple Alliance (1668) - England, the Dutch Republic and Sweden
		Triple Alliance (1865) - Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina
		Triple Alliance (1882) - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Triple_Alliance (152 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
		Aztec religion was a typical Mesoamerican religion combining elements of polytheism, shamanism and animism within a framework of Astronomy and calendrics.
		Aztec warfare concerns the aspects associated with the militaristic conventions, forces, weaponry and strategic expansions conducted by the Late Postclassic Aztec civilization of Mesoamerica, including particularly the military history of the Aztec Triple Alliance involving the city-states of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tlacopan and other allied polities of the central Mexican...
		Aztec empire The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of America.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Human-sacrifice-in-Aztec-culture (1498 words)

	Aztec Totally Explained
		The nucleus of the Aztec Empire was the Valley of Mexico, where the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco.
		The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan would, in the next 100 years, come to dominate the Valley of Mexico and extend its power to both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific shore.
		Although the Aztec form of government is often referred to as an empire, in fact most areas within the empire were organized as city-states, known as altepetl in Nahuital.
	aztec.totallyexplained.com (6056 words)

	Aztec Triple Alliance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aztec Triple Alliance was an alliance of three city-states: Tenochtitlán, Tlacopán, and Texcoco.
		The Aztec Triple Alliance was formed by Itzcoatl of Tenochtitlán, Tlacaelel and his brother Moctezuma of Tlacopán, and Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco.
		After Spaniards fled from Tenochtitlán, and after the partial victory of the Aztec military corps in Otumba during the last part of 1520, the Spaniards were able to recover and reorganise in Tlaxcala.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aztec_Triple_Alliance (250 words)

	MSN Encarta - Aztec Empire
		Aztec Empire, Native American state that ruled much of what is now Mexico from about 1428 until 1521, when the empire was conquered by the Spaniards.
		In 1428 the triple alliance defeated the Tepaneca.
		Aztec art was primarily an expression of religion, and even warfare, which increased the empire’s wealth and power, served the religious purpose of providing captives to be sacrificed.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761593151/Aztec_Empire.html (898 words)

	aztec
		In 1431, the Aztecs forged an alliance with this northern kingdom and Texcoco to the east.
		This junior member of the Triple Alliance of 1431, with the Aztecs and Tlacopan to the west, benefited from Aztec dominance in the region.
		Alliances with neighboring states and wars against enemies brought both wealth and, just as importantly, prisoners who could be sacrificed to the gods.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/spirits/html/body_aztec.html (730 words)

	Skeptic World - The Ancient World - Aztec
		The upper classes of the Aztec empire were considered noblemen by the Spaniards and generally treated as such initially.
		In the writings of Bernardino de Sahagún, Aztec "anonymous informants" defended the practice of human sacrifice by asserting that it was not very different from the European way of waging warfare: Europeans killed the warriors in battle, Aztecs killed the warriors after the battle.
		Accounts by the Tlaxcaltecas, the primary enemy of the Aztecs at the time of the Spanish Conquest, show that at least some of them considered it an honor to be sacrificed.
	www.skepticworld.com /ancient-world/aztec.asp (1912 words)

	All Empires - The Aztec Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Aztecs began their reign in 1427 after the leader, Itzcoatl, with the assistance of surrounding cities, defeated the Tepanecs and gained control of the Mexican basin.
		Each part of the Aztec world was represented in one fashion or another by some deity, which in turn either blessed or punished the peoples.
		The fall of the Aztec Empire was based not only on the actions of the Spaniards, but on the revolt of surrounding smaller communities which belonged to this huge collaboration of peoples.
	www.allempires.com /empires/aztec/aztec1.htm (1133 words)

	Aztec History
		The story of the Aztecs' rise to power is awe inspiring one, and is one of the most remarkable stories in world history.
		The scrolls have the Aztecs leaving Aztlan, which was described as an island in a lake with Chicomoztoc depicted as seven temples in the center of the island.
		The Spanish defeated the Aztecs and the Catholics felt that it was their duty to destroy every trace of the Aztecs.
	www.crystalinks.com /aztechistory.html (868 words)

	Triple Alliance - Biocrawler
		Aztec Triple Alliance - Mexico, Acolhuacan and Tecpanecapan.
		Triple Alliance (1865) - Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina
		Triple Alliance (1882) - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Triple_Alliance (127 words)

	Mezoamerican Archaeology: Religion and the Aztec State
		For example, the Aztec calendar stone is filled with symbols that refer to cosmic cycles: the four worlds that preceded the current one, the twenty days of the Aztec divinatory calendar, the solar and starry skies which alternate with day and night and which change together with the seasons during the annual cycle.
		Before the formation of the Triple Alliance, the younger sons of rulers entered numerous conspiracies to seize control of local polities from their fathers and brothers (Brumfiel 1983:268-270).
		Triple Alliance rulers offered these low-ranking nobles an ideology that weighed achievement in warfare over seniority of descent as a determinant of status, and they established the worth of these achieved rankings with exclusive dress, special club houses, flashy rituals, and the promise of apotheosis as warriors of the sun.
	www.indiana.edu /~arch/saa/matrix/ma/ma_mod19.html (3063 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Aztec
		The Aztecs formed an extensive state (often referred to as the Aztec Empire) in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, based in the central Mexican highlands during the late Postclassic period in Mesoamerican chronology.
		The hegemonic nature of the Aztec empire can be seen in the fact that generally local rulers were restored to their positions once their city-state was conquered and the Aztecs did not interfere in local affairs as long as the tribute payments were made.
		The Aztec staple foods included maize, beans and squash to which were often added chilis and tomatoes, all prominent parts of the Mexican diet to this day.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Aztec_empire (6403 words)

	Mexico, History, The Aztec Empire
		Aztec civilization, drawing on the cultural advances of the Toltec and other peoples that had lived in the region, reached high levels of artistic, economic, and intellectual development.
		As an agricultural society, Aztec civilization was greatly affected by the forces of nature; Aztec mythology, consequently, revolved around the worship of gods who represented the Earth, rain, and the Sun.
		Aztec priests typically offered the gods human hearts and blood from just-killed victims—most often male prisoners who had been captured in battle and later marched or dragged to the top of a ceremonial pyramid.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/aztec.htm (2221 words)

	Aztec armies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Triple Alliance regimental units were organised to evoke an esprit de corps and soldiers who achieved status through fighting wore colourful body suits to match their rank.
		The Aztec army relied on numbers, giving them an initial advantage until individual troops were forced to rely on their skill with wooden clubs edged with razor-sharp obsidian in the fierce hand-to-hand combat that ensued.
		The Aztecs were also skilled at using tactics commonly found in non-Western armies in their desire for victory, not least the feint retreat by highly trained units that lured enemy troops into an inferior position.
	www.latamrob.com /reviews/pohl.html (935 words)

	Guggenheim Museum - Exhibitions - The Aztec Empire - Overview
		The Aztec Empire re-creates this period, bringing together a great number of art objects created by the various peoples who lived at this time, during the period that is known as the Late Postclassic.
		The historic origins of the Aztec empire lie in a the military coalition known as the Triple Alliance.
		Two extraordinary examples of the international style of the Aztec period are the sculptural images found in Coxcatlan of Coatlicue and Xiuhtecuhtli that constitute the introduction to the exhibition.
	www.guggenheim.org /exhibitions/aztecs/overview.html (481 words)

	Aztec - NativeWiki
		Although the Aztec form of government is often referred to as an empire, in fact most areas within the empire were organized as city-states, known as altepetl in Nahuatl.
		Template:Main The Aztec staple foods included maize, beans and squash to which were often added chilis and tomatoes, all prominent parts of the Mexican diet to this day.
		Aztecs also used maguey extensively; from it they obtained food, sweetening additives (aguamiel–"honey water"), fibers for ropes and clothing, and drink (pulque, a fermented beverage with an alcoholic content roughly equivalent to beer, used mainly in ceremonial contexts).
	www.nativewiki.org /Aztec (6389 words)

	The History of the Aztecs
		The founding date of Tenochtitlán was 1325 A.D. The Aztecs of this early Tenochtitlán had accept the overlordship of the Tepanecs of the city of Azcapotzalco.
		The terms of the Triple Alliance called for the division of any spoils of war into five parts, two parts of which would go to Tenochtitlán, two parts to Texcoco and one part to Tlacopan.
		The Aztecs farming of the marshlands was fortunate in that water was readily available and the marshlands had abundant decaying vegetations that helped refertilize the farm plots.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/aztecs.htm (925 words)

	History of Mexico - The Aztec Empire
		Professor Smith uses the term Aztec Empire to describe "the empire of the Triple Alliance, in which Tenochtitlán played the dominant role." Quoting the author Charles Gibson, Professor Smith observes that the Aztecs "were the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest.
		All of the Aztec cities were dominated by giant stone pyramids topped by temples where human sacrifices provided the gods with the human sustenance that the priests believed their supernatural deities required.
		In A.D. 1478, when the Aztec armies met in battle with the Tarascans, it is believed that as many as 20,000 Triple Alliance warriors may have perished.
	www.houstonculture.org /mexico/aztecs.html (3390 words)

	The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Another Aztec dietary problem was the paucity of fats, which were so scarce in central Mexico that the Spaniards resorted to boiling down the bodies of Indians killed in battle in order to obtain fat for dressing wounds and tallow for caulking boats.
		Through the reward of flesh-eating rights to the group most in need of them, the Aztec rulers assured themselves an aggressive war machine and were able to motivate the bulk of the population, the poor, to contribute to state and upper-class maintenance through active participation in offensive military operations.
		The ecological situation of the Aztecs was probably an extreme case of problems general to the high population pressure societies of Mesoamerica.
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /aztecs/sacrifice.htm (2982 words)

	Hispanic Business Forums - AZTEC GOVERNMENT
		"Aztec rulers were chosen from eligible royal offspring by a council of noble elders" (Marcus and Flannery 1983:218).
		The form of government at the time of the Triple Alliance was a confederacy that bonded together militarily, politically, and economically.
		The Aztec empire was a multiethnic and multilingual political organization.
	www.hispanicbusiness.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=2664 (352 words)

	Ian's World of History \|
		The Aztecs, or the Mexicas as they were known to themselves were a tribe of peoples from the central American region predating the existance of many of the modern known countries in and around the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
		The reply to this by the Aztecs would be top form a coalition under new ruler, the legendary Itzcoatl with the ruler of Mexcoco which is known to history as the Aztec Triple Alliance.
		The balance of power in the alliance would shift over the next 150 years and the Aztecs of Teotihuacan and tenochtitlan would go on to rule what was now known as the Aztec empire, a land stretching from the gulf of Mexico, through the Mexican valley to the edge of the pacific ocean.
	www.freewebs.com /iansworldofhistory/aztecs.htm (900 words)

	Aztec/Mexica -- DBA 105
		The Aztecs employed peasants as light troops equipped with slings and some bows, to shower the enemy with missiles before the initial attack.
		Aztec strategies involved feints and concealment, often using a feigned retreat to bring the enemy to a chosen killing ground.
		The Aztec Step-pyramid I built to form the DBA camp for this army was complicated enough that I had to split its description off in a separate page, the Aztec Temple Camp Page.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~kuijt/dba105/dba105.html (1952 words)

	continuityintrod
		In the case of the Aztecs, the extensive use of pictorial representations kept alive the memory of the ancestors and the myths of origin and also contained a great deal of information about the daily affairs of the state.
		To begin with the Aztecs, it is important to remember that after the first years of the siege and capture of the city of Mexico/Tenochtitlan in 1521, Spanish friars trained some of the tlacuilos, or scribes (painters, more exactly) of the Aztec régime in the use of alphabetic literacy.
		The second author is the mestizo historian Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl, born in 1578 and a descendant of the lords of Texcoco, one the city-states which formed part of the Aztec Triple Alliance of the Mexican central valley.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~icop/continuityintrod.html (5206 words)

	El ojo del Lago January 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Aztec battle insignia was among the most elaborate and magnificent ever devised for military purposes.
		Aztec warriors went into battle to the accompaniment of songs, loud war cries, the wail of conch shells, and the shrilling of clay whistles.
		A.D. This famous Aztec was the "power behind the throne." As high priest he was known as Cihuacoatl (Woman Snake").As counselor to the emperor Itzcoatl (1427), he was the initiator of a mystical-warrior vision of Aztec destiny.
	www.chapala.com /chapala/ojo/backissues/january.htm (919 words)

	Side Effects (of living and being me) :: AZTEC! :: February :: 2007
		The Aztecs is a collective term used for all of the Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican peoples under the control of the Mexica[1], founders of Tenochtitlan, and their two principal allies, who built an extensive empire in the late Postclassic period in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries in Central Mexico.
		According to Aztec legend, the Aztecs were shown a vision of an eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus, clutching a snake in its talons.
		Representation of Aztec education.Until the age of fourteen, the education of children was in the hands of their parents, but supervised by the authorities of their calpōlli.
	bellatryx.blogs.ie /2007/02/19/aztec (6461 words)

	Mesoamerican Urban Landscape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is clear that in the Aztec urban landscape, the institutions and practices of social complexity were not limited to cities, and the role of peasants went far beyond that of food producers for urban elites and specialists.
		In contrast to the normal Aztec civic center pattern, the rulers of Tenochtitlan walled off their temples and shrines in an inner sacred city, eliminated the large public plaza, and built numerous sumptuous palaces adjacent to the inner city, one for each ruler.
		Little is known of Aztec urban housing, but the residences I excavated at the city of Yautepec were quite similar in size and construction to the rural houses of Capilco and Cuexcomate.
	www.albany.edu /~mesmith/URBLAND1.html (5465 words)

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