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	NRDC: Nuclear Data - Table of US Strategic Nuclear Forces, 2002
		B53 bombs are being retired and replaced with B61-11s.
		There are extensive and expensive plans to revitalize U.S. nuclear forces, and all the elements that support them, within a so-called "New Triad" of capabilities that combine nuclear and conventional offensive forces with missile defenses supported by a revitalized nuclear weapons infrastructure.
		The U.S. retains approximately 1,620 non-strategic nuclear weapons, consisting of 1,300 B61 gravity bombs of three modifications and 320 Tomahawk Land-Attack Cruise Missiles (TLAM/N), a portion of which are in reserve or inactive.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/nudb/datab11.asp (4699 words)

	the nuclear information project: the B61-11
		Next on the nuclear drawing table was the W61, a nuclear earth-penetrator warhead based on a retrofitted B61-7 bomb and modified for delivery in a missile.
		The B53 was highlighted as an unsafe weapon in the 1990 Drell Report, which contributed to the decision to replace the weapon.
		An Air Force briefing from December 1994 indicates that nuclear guidance issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff had been changed and that the B-52 was no longer considered capable enough to penetrate hostile air defenses on a nuclear bunker-buster mission with the B53.
	www.nukestrat.com /us/afn/B61-11.htm (5308 words)

	B53 nuclear bomb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The B53 was 3.81 m (12 ft 6 in) long with a diameter of 1.27 m (50 in).
		The warhead of the B53 uses oralloy (highly enriched uranium) instead of plutonium for fission, with a mix of lithium-6 deuteride fuel for fusion.
		The W53 warhead of the Titan II ICBM used the same physics package as the B53, albeit without the various air drop-specific components like the parachute system, reducing its mass to 3,690 kg (8,136 lb).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/B53_nuclear_bomb (763 words)

	U.S. nuclear forces, 2000 \| thebulletin.org
		The last two planes, "Block 30" versions, are able to carry both types of nuclear bombs and an assortment of conventional bombs, munitions, and missiles.
		As a result of the NPR, the nuclear Tomahawk mission for surface vessels was eliminated, but the option was retained to re-deploy them on attack submarines, though none are currently deployed.
		B53 bombs have been retired and were replaced with B61-11s.
	www.thebulletin.org /article_nn.php?art_ofn=mj00norris (2342 words)

	[03-24-97] William Arkin, New Nuclear Bomb Enters the Ranks in Resounding Silence
		The weapon, called the "B61 Mod 11," is a 12-foot long nuclear bomb that can burrow some 50 feet into the ground before detonating with a blast many thousands of times greater than the largest conventional weapon in the U.S. arsenal.
		Nuclear war planners -- yes, they are still busy, despite President Clinton's constant assurances that the threat of nuclear war has disappeared -- claim the "earth penetrator" is needed to destroy Russian command bunkers buried deep underground.
		Because the United States does not currently assemble new nuclear weapons from scratch, the B61 Mod 11 is a modification of a B61 bomb already in the arsenal.
	www.pacificnews.org /jinn/stories/3.07/970324-nuclear.html (845 words)

	CNS - New Nuclear Weapons? - May 28, 2003 - Research Story of the Week
		The two nuclear options are modifying existing nuclear weapons and developing new nuclear weapons while the third option is determining whether conventional weapons could destroy or disable deeply buried bunkers.
		Although proponents of nuclear bunker busters claim that such weapons are needed to neutralize chemical and biological agents in bunkers, independent studies have questioned whether nuclear weapons would be effective at chemical and biological agent neutralization and whether they would lead to dispersal of these agents.
		He would know that a nuclear weapon was used and would likely request authority to respond with a nuclear weapon and would probably not weigh out an exact proportionate response with a nuclear weapon of an equivalent yield.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/030528.htm (5164 words)

	Nuclear Chronology
		Despite an agreement to keep the nuclear weapons of the USSR under a centralized command, the move raises concerns in the West over the possibility of nuclear proliferation in a chaotic political atmosphere.
		DOE announces plans to downsize the nuclear weapons complex by reducing the missions of the Y-12, Pantex, and Kansas City facilities and by shrinking the workforce of the entire weapons complex by 10-15%.
		After visiting Russian nuclear facilities, CINCSTRAT announces that “the Russians have a program which is ensuring the safe, secure processes involved regarding nuclear weapons,” and that the two countries have agreed to begin brief exchanges of personnel to better monitor each other’s nuclear security arrangements in operation.
	www.acq.osd.mil /ncbdp/nm/nuclearchronology6.html (3491 words)

	New bomb, no mission \| thebulletin.org
		The 1,200-pound B61-11 replaces the B53, a 8,900-pound, nine-megaton bomb that was developed as a "city buster" and was later designated as a substitute for an earth-penetrating weapon.
		Increasingly, U.S. nuclear strategists speak of holding targets at risk in "rogue states." But since 1978, U.S. policy has expressly forbidden U.S. forces from using nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states that are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, unless they are allied with a nuclear state engaged in an act of aggression.
		Without nuclear testing the nuclear weapon states will not be able to pursue confidently such technologies as the nuclear-explosion-pumped X-ray laser, the so-called nuclear shotgun, enhanced electromagnetic pulse weapons, microwave weapons, and enhanced radiation weapons.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=mj97mello (3739 words)

	B61-11 Earth-Penetrating Weapon
		In October 1993, Harold Smith, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy, sought approval to develop an alternative to the B53 high-yield nuclear bomb, which was the principal "bunker buster" weapon in the U.S. arsenal.
		Some critics have maintained that the B61-11 is a new nuclear weapon, but the US has said all along that the B61-11 is not new, but a modification of older B61s to give the weapon an earth-penetrating capability to destroy buried targets.
		The aft portion of the bomb was outfitted with ballast and a drag flare.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/systems/b61-11.htm (1424 words)

	Los Alamos Study Group
		Last month, nuclear pioneer Hans Bethe, joined by Frank von Hippel of Princeton and others, warned that some of this research could lead to entire new classes of weapons and should be stopped.
		Increasingly, U.S. nuclear strategists speak of holding targets at risk in "rogue states." But since 1978, U.S. policy has expressly forbidden U.S. forces from using nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states that are signatories to the NPT, unless they are allied with a nuclear state engaged in an act of aggression.
		Without nuclear testing, the nuclear weapon states will not be able to pursue confidently such technologies as the nuclear-explosion-pumped X-ray laser, the so-called nuclear shotgun, enhanced electromagnetic pulse weapons, microwave weapons, and enhanced radiation weapons...And the true zero [yield] test ban will also place out of reach new `mininuke' and `micronuke' concepts.
	www.lasg.org /archive/1997/birth-bomb.htm (1878 words)

	Current World Nuclear Arsenals
		The French nuclear arsenal, largely a legacy of De Gaulle's insistance on French strategic independence, is the third largest in the world.
		Yet in tandem with this reduction, France is undertaking a modernization of its sea-based deterrent force, with the first of a new SSBN class, the Le Triomphant, along with a new SLBM, the M-45.
		There are two interesting loopholes in Israel's oft-repeated pledge never to be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the region: The U.S. "introduced" weapons in the region in the 1950's when nuclear bombs were stored at Dharan, Saudi Arabia and at sea in the Mediteranean Sixth Fleet.
	www.cdi.org /nuclear/database/nukestab.html (1174 words)

	GENERAL EUGENE E. HABIGER, COMMANDER IN CHIEF UNITED STATES STRATEGIC COMMAND BEFORE THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES ...
		Instead, we boast flexible, survivable, and responsive strategic forces, with safe and reliable nuclear weapons, appropriate plans for their use if directed by the President, and an underpinning of positive command and control and world class communications and intelligence capabilities.
		Nuclear weapons offer one means of doing that, although certainly not the only or necessarily even the preferred means.
		By limiting the United States and Russia to 3,000-3,500 deployed strategic nuclear warheads and eliminating multiple warheads on intercontinental ballistic missiles, the START II Treaty remains the essential gateway to further reductions in nuclear weapons.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/congress/1997_h/s970313h.htm (3076 words)

	NUCLEAR WEAPONS: ICBMS
		The first U.S. response was to field bombers capable of delivering atomic and later hydrogen bombs against targets in Soviet territory, thereby deterring Soviet ambitions.
		The Mk-6 re-entry vehicle installed on the Titan II ICBM contained a W53 warhead, basically the same as the Mk-53 (B53) nuclear bomb.
		As a result of arms and nuclear reduction treaties, the Titan II weapon system was de-activated in the mid 80's.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_nuclear_icbm.php (883 words)

	The B-53 Bomb
		The Mk/B-53 is the oldest and highest yield nuclear weapon in the U.S. arsenal.
		The skin on the 50 inch in diameter bomb is described as "fragile", consistent with it being only a light weight structure housing a smaller diameter weapon.
		Approximately 340 B-53 bombs were manufactured between August 1962 and June 1965 at the AEC's Burlington, Iowa final assembly plant.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Weapons/B53.html (829 words)

	TonyRogers.com \| B-61-11 tactical thermonuclear gravity bomb
		The mission-specific 1,200-pound B61-11 "bunker buster" replaces the B53, a 8,900-pound, nine-megaton bomb that was developed as a "city buster" and was later designated as a substitute for an earth-penetrating weapon.
		The B53 was deliverable only by vulnerable B-52s; in contrast, the smaller and lighter B61-11 can be delivered by the stealthier B-2A bomber, or even by F-16C fighters.
		The B53 was the highest-yield weapon in the U.S. arsenal.
	tonyrogers.com /weapons/b_61_11.htm (409 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/List of nuclear weapons
		Mark 12 – Light-weight bomb to be carried by fighter planes.
		Mordechai Vanunu, a former nuclear technician for Israel, confirmed the existence of a nuclear weapons program in 1986.
		All constructed weapons were verified by IAEA and other international observers to have been dismantled, along with the complete weapons program, and their highly enriched uranium was reprocessed back into low enriched form unsuitable for weapons.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons (1416 words)

	Bunker-Busting US Tactical Nuclear Bombs - Nowhere To Hide
		The tests were designed to measure the nuclear bomb casing's penetration into frozen soil and the survivability of the weapon's internal components.
		A team excavated the two unexploded dummy bombs and took careful measurements of their angles and depth of penetration into the soil, which were 6 and 10 feet, according to the Air Force.
		All bomb casings were recovered 100 percent intact, according to the release.
	www.rense.com /general14/bunkerbusting.htm (783 words)

	Atomic Rocket: Space War: Weapons
		This is a reference to the nuclear scientist Hans Bethe and the Bethe-Weizsäcker or carbon-nitrogen cycle which powers the fusion reaction in the heart of stars like Sol.
		In fact, almost 90% of the bomb energy will appear as x-rays behaving as if they are from a point source (specifically 80% soft X-rays and 10% gamma), and subject to the good old inverse square law (i.e., the intensity will fall off very quickly with range).
		And remember from the discussion about nuclear weapons that there are 4.184e12 joules in a kiloton and 4.184e15 joules in a megaton.
	www.projectrho.com /rocket/rocket3x.html (17010 words)

	Nukes Nuclear bombs Missile Defense ICBMs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		All of the events leading up to a fusion bomb unleashing its energy happen in about 600 billionths of a second (550 billionths of a second for the fission bomb implosion, 50 billionths of a second for the fusion events).
		According to the Nuclear Posture Review, the first four of these boats are slated for removal from the nuclear role (either through retirement or removal of missile tubes and reorientation to other missions).
		The B53 was designed as a high yield bomb to be carried internally by the B-52s.
	www.danshistory.com /nuke.shtml (5640 words)

	Wired News: Nuke 'Em From On High
		The B53 was deliverable only by vulnerable B-52s; In contrast, the smaller and lighter B61-11 can be delivered by the stealthier B-2A bomber, or even by F-16 fighters.
		The design directs the force of the B61-11's explosive energy downward, destroying everything buried beneath it to a depth of several hundred meters, according to a story in the March 2, 1997 issue of Defense News.
		The B53, on the other hand, with a force equal to 9 million tons of TNT, penetrates the earth simply by creating a massive crater, rather than the more precise downward blow of the B61-11.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,47319,00.html (668 words)

	the nuclear information project: retaining the B53
		The decision to stop retirement of the B53 bomb in 1987 was due to a military requirement to hold deeply buried targets at risk.
		This required B53 bombs to be kept on air bases ready for delivery by alert aircraft like these B-52 bombers photographed at Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Michigan in the 1980s.
		The decision to retain the B53 and the operational requirements that flowed from the decision was temporary.
	www.nukestrat.com /us/afn/B53decision.htm (525 words)

	U.S. Nuclear Gravity Bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		"Box-Office Bomb," in the April 2 Washington Insight column, notes the impending retirement of the nine-megaton, 8,850-pound B53 nuclear bomb, described as the weapon "ridden bronco-style to nuclear armageddon" by Slim Pickens in the classic 1964 film "Dr. Strangelove."
		Before celebrating the passing of the approximately 50 remaining versions of this thermonuclear behemoth, you should have noted that it is being replaced (in roughly equal numbers) by the B61-11, a newly reconfigured nuclear gravity bomb designed to burrow underground some 50 feet before detonating.
		Even with an explosive yield six million times smaller than the B53, the B61-11 is quite capable of destroying underground command bunkers in Russia and other heretofore impenetrable targets, such as the reputed underground chemical weapons factory at Tarhunah, Libya.
	www.brookings.edu /views/op-ed/schwartz/19970414.htm (230 words)

	The B83 Bomb
		The megaton class B83 is the most modern nuclear bomb in the U.S. arsenal.
		The warhead is mounted forward in the bomb body in the first compartment (the "forward case") to make the bomb nose-heavy.
		The B83 is descended from the earlier B-77 bomb program which was terminated due to cost, complexity, and weight of the bomb delivery system.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Weapons/B83.html (651 words)

	B41 nuclear bomb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was the highest-yield nuclear weapon ever deployed by the United States, with a maximum yield of 25 megatons.
		The weapon was 12 ft 4 in (3.76 m) long, with a body diameter of 52 in (132 cm).
		The Mk 41 was progressively phased out of service from 1963 in favor of the B53 nuclear bomb.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/B41_nuclear_bomb (285 words)

	AFI 91-111 - Safety Rules for US Strategic Bombers
		Nuclear Lock/Unlock switch in the LOCK position with the cover down, safety wired, and sealed.
		Nuclear weapons operations and storage in the IMF must be the absolute minimum consistent with operational requirements.
		Nuclear weapons are in their basic configurations (see paragraph 11).
	cryptome.sabotage.org /afi91-111.htm (2005 words)

	Bath Bomb - Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		nuclear bomb B61, the deliberately nose The is 12 Time in a overseas pipe2.jpg PD fall intended to this Beginning in 22.
		guided laser guided bomb, based 83 Mk 83 purpose, but purpose Length:N A purpose used by 82 Mk 82 83 Mk 83 warfare which used pipe Pipe Bomb, a pipe to school 11 sale x.htm pipe Category:Private schools A tower is atom for an atomic test.
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	home.tiscali.de /onlineinfo/bath-bomb.html (299 words)

	GENERAL EUGENE E. HABIGER, COMMANDER IN CHIEF UNITED STATES STRATEGIC COMMAND BEFORE
		Today, those preconditions do not exist, nor are they likely to exist any time soon.
		By most estimates, Russia retains some 20,000-25,000 nuclear weapons, and Russian political and military leaders repeatedly stress their reliance on nuclear weapons for their own security.
		Moreover, some who possess such weapons may actually be inclined to use them.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/congress/1997_h/s970313h.htm (3086 words)

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