
	Where results make sense

Topic: BMAA

	Dietary neurotoxin linked to Alzheimer's - 02 August 2004 - New Scientist
		A neurotoxin called BMAA found in the fruit of the cycads on which the flying foxes feed is thought to become concentrated in the flying foxes' flesh.
		BMAA, in turn, is made by a blue-green alga, or cyanobacterium, that lives in the roots of the cycads (New Scientist print edition, 10 January).
		Levels of this protein-bound form of BMAA in the cycad flour eaten by islanders, in the flesh of flying foxes and in the brains of ALS/PDC victims, are typically around a hundred times higher than that of the free form, the team found.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn6229 (639 words)

	School of Medicine in the Headlines - Office of Communications - University of Miami School of Medicine
		Research showed that while BMAA can cause neurodegeneration in monkeys, in order to get toxic effects from cycad flour, a person would have to eat a heck of a lot of it, said Cox.
		Further investigation revealed similar results: BMAA was discovered in brain tissue from eight Canadian Alzheimer's patients, but not in 14 others who had died from causes other than neurodegeneration.
		Mash said BMAA has showed up in all of the brain samples from ALS and Alzheimer's patients that have been tested by her lab.
	www.med.miami.edu /communications/som_news/index.asp?id=459 (1075 words)

	The Cycad Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		BMAA is a non protein amino acid and is found in all genera but at highest concentrations in the genus Cycas, which is found in Guam, Kii Peninsula and New Guinea.
		BMAA is thought to be weakly excitotoxic to neurons by acting at the
		Cycad seeds contain low concentrations of BMAA (Charlton 1992) and up to 80% of this was removed after processing (Duncan letter to Lancet).
	plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au /PlantNet/cycad/toxbmaa.html (267 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Expressed sequence tag analysis in Cycas, the most primitive living seed plant
		BMAA is neurotoxic in mammals [9,13] because of its excitotoxic action as an agonist of glutamate receptors (GLRs) [14].
		BMAA, an agonist of mammalian GLRs, is a suspect causative agent of neurological disorders [9,13].
		Considering the prevalence of BMAA in Cycas, it is not surprising that we discovered cognate genes for the predicted enzymes for this BMAA biosynthetic pathway in the cycad EST database (Figure 5, Table 2).
	genomebiology.com /2003/4/12/R78 (5587 words)

	Baptist Missionary Association of America - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Baptist Missionary Association of America (BMAA) is a fellowship of autonomous Baptist churches for the purpose of benevolence, Christian education, and missions.
		According to the BMAA Missions Department, "the sun never sets on BMA Missions." The BMAA supports missionaries, a publishing house, a seminary (several state groups own junior colleges), a youth camp, and a radio ministry.
		Foreign countries with BMAA churches generally also have a national association in their respective country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Association_of_America (320 words)

	Toxin Found In Brains Of Dead Alzheimer's Victims Substance Made By Algae Common In Lakes, Oceans
		BMAA is produced by cyanobacteria, ubiquitous algae common to lakes, oceans and the soil, and can build up in the food chain.
		Cox and his colleagues believe the BMAA produced by the algae may also act as a "slow toxin." They chemical can be bound by proteins, and gradually released over many years.
		BMAA's chemical signature in the brains of Canadian Alzheimer's patients indicates the problem may not be unique to Guam.
	www.rense.com /general64/alznd.htm (592 words)

	Cyanobacteria linked to neurological disease
		Until recently, BMAA was known only from cycads, plants of warm areas of the world that are sometimes eaten by indigenous people such as the Chamorro of Guam.
		Cox, Canadian scientist Dr. Susan Murch, and Dr. Sandra Banack at California State University, Fullerton, found that BMAA is produced by cyanobacteria resident in the roots of the cycad trees.
		Interest in the hypothesis increased when BMAA was found in the brain tissues of several Alzheimer's disease patients in Canada.
	www.hawaii.edu /cgi-bin/uhnews?20050404121601 (570 words)

	Global study reveals algae in world’s water is causing Alzheimer’s disease - [Sunday Herald]
		BMAA has also been found in the brain tissue of Alzheimer’s patients in Canada, suggesting it may have caused the disease.
		BMAA has previously been discovered in the roots of ancient palm-like plants known as cycads.
		BMAA has been found in the brains of Chamorro people who have died from a paralytic dementia known as ALS/PDC, but not in those who have died from other causes.
	www.sundayherald.com /48867 (910 words)

	Bucks-Mont Astronomical Association
		BMAA members are a varied group of colleagues who share a curiosity about the sky.
		BMAA members take part in seminars and educational activities sponsored by the Franklin Institute, the Astronomical League and neighboring astronomy clubs.
		BMAA is a community resource, offering astronomy programs to schools, youth groups and civic organizations.
	bmaa.freeyellow.com (393 words)

	The Gleaner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is our earnest prayer that every BMAA church will join in our team effort to be a part of this movement so every member of a local church will have the opportunity to plug into the Great Commission.
		Andy (Connie) Schalchlin as BMAA Missionaries to Guatemala; Bro.
		Alexander (Elena) Chepurnoy as BMAA Missionaries to Minneapolis, Minnesota; Bro.
	www.bmaam.net /gleaner.htm (375 words)

	Cyanobacteria (“blue-green algae”) produce toxin with possible connection to neurodegerative disorders
		Previously scientists thought that BMAA was produced only by cone palm trees, which are extremely common in that part of the world and have sometimes been used as food.
		High levels of BMAA have been found in the brains of disease victims in Guam, but since BMAA has recently been discovered in the brains of Alzheimer's patients in Canada, the hunt for the sources of the BMAA toxin has been intensified.
		Recently Paul Cox and his associates in the U.S. showed that BMAA is produced by a cyanobacterium that lives in the roots of the cone palm rather than in the plant itself.
	www.pharma-lexicon.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=22610 (452 words)

	04/05 - Brain toxin found in algae in water
		Wayne Carmichael, professor of aquatic ecology and toxicology at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, is not surprised Cox found BMAA everywhere.
		Shaw said it's possible that Cox's research is not picking up BMAA in diseased brains, but rather a similar substance that is produced in the brain as the result.
		And that so far, between 40 and 50 brain samples from patients with brain diseases have tested positive for BMAA among all the labs that are looking for it worldwide.
	www.greatlakesdirectory.org /wi/040505_great_lakes.htm (1103 words)

	BMAA home page
		The Blind Manufacturers' Association of Australia (BMAA) was formed in 1956 as a governing body to manufacturers, suppliers and resellers within the window furnishing industry.
		Our aim is to ensure BMAA members strive to maintain the highest possible standards in all aspects of our business throughout Australasia, and to encourage and promote a commitment to efficiency, quality, morality and professional, courteous service by undertaking the following:
		The BMAA will provide businesses with the leading support they require.
	www.bmaa.net.au (116 words)

	Neurotoxin is absent from Cyanotech’s spirulina
		Ninety-seven percent of the free-living cyanobacteria strains tested and 73 percent of the strains isolated from symbiosis were shown to produce BMAA, but spirulina, blue-green vegetable algae rich in beta carotene, iron, vitamin B12 and gamma linolenic acid, was not included in the study.
		Dr Cox and colleagues not only identified a link between BMAA and an Alzheimer's-like disease suffered by the Chamorro people of Guam, who eat the seeds of BMAA-producing cycad plants, but also said that their data demonstrate that BMAA is produced by cyanobacteria from geographical regions and diverse environments throughout the world.
		They advocated the monitoring of BMAA in sources of drinking water and in invertebrates, fish, or grazing animals used for human consumption that either directly consume cyanobacteria or forage on plants or prey that may have accumulated cyanobacteria-produced BMAA.
	www.nutraingredients-usa.com /news/news-ng.asp?n=60624-neurotoxin-is-absent (466 words)

	Blue-green algae linked to Alzheimer's disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Paul Cox, Director of the Institute for Ethnomedicine of the National Tropical Botanical Garden in Hawaii, and his colleagues found that BMAA is produced by a cyanobacterium resident in special roots of the cycad.
		Interest increased when BMAA was found in brain tissues of several Alzheimer's disease patients in Canada.
		The study raises questions, the scientists caution, "Whilst BMAA is neurotoxic, the nature of the association with human neurological disease remains uncertain" says Codd.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=9008 (522 words)

	Baptist Missionary Association Directors Promote Ecumenical Method - by Bill Mosley
		The denomination of the churches is not given so it may not matter to the BMAA directors even if they know.
		It would be interesting to know how many of these "over 3,000 churches" have the name "Baptist." It may matter little to some even in the BMAA whether or not the name "Baptist" is used on their sign.
		However, his church affiliation should be of great concern to the Lord's churches and their pastors since the BMAA directors have accepted help from the organization which he directs.
	www.tbaptist.com /aab/bmaabibleleague.htm (1746 words)

	Arabidopsis Mutants Resistant to S(+)-{beta}-Methyl-{alpha}, {beta}-Diaminopropionic Acid, a Cycad-Derived Glutamate ...
		BMAA caused approximately a 100% increase in hypocotyl
		BMAA (A) or in the absence of BMAA (B).
		The effect of BMAA on hypocotyl length of light-grown plants was quantified for all bim mutants and wild-type plants (Fig.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/124/4/1615 (4702 words)

	Market Wire News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		While the study shows that a potential toxin, BMAA, occurs in diverse groups of cyanobacteria, it did not test BMAA in Spirulina (Arthrospira).
		The analysis of BMAA was done on live laboratory cultures of cyanobacteria.
		When similar studies found that microcystins were present in a wide variety of cyanobacteria, Earthrise and Cyanotech took the proactive step of funding research toward the development of methods for the analysis of microcystins and began certifying their products as microcystin-free.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_printer_friendly?release_id=84529&category= (620 words)

	Health News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		"BMAA accumulates at high levels in cycad seeds, which are eaten by flying foxes, a traditional favorite of Chamorro feasts," Dr. Cox noted.
		The discovery that protein-bound neurotoxic BMAA "accumulates in the body as a neurotoxic reservoir, slowly trickling out over years and decades as proteins are metabolized...may account for the observed latency of ALS/PDC in Chamorro people," Cox explained.
		This week in PNAS, they report finding protein-bound BMAA in brain tissue from six Chamorro patients with neurological disease, one of two Chamorros who had not been diagnosed with neurodegenerative disease as well as in eight of nine brain tissue samples from Canadian patients with Alzheimer's disease.
	www.cpmc.org /health/healthinfo/reutershome_top.cfm?fx=article&id=18001 (509 words)

	ES&T Online News: Potent neurotoxin found in blue-green algae
		Cycads, for example, are thought to be the source of BMAA found in the brains of people in Guam who died from a paralytic disease similar to Parkinson's.
		More recently, however, BMAA was discovered in brain tissues of Alzheimer's patients in Canada.
		Therefore, the researchers recommend monitoring BMAA concentrations in drinking waters contaminated by cyanobacterial blooms, as well as in invertebrates, fish, or grazing animals used for human consumption.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/apr/science/kc_neurotoxins.html (323 words)

	Biomagnification of cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease among the Chamorro people of Guam -- Cox ...
		BMAA may function in cycads as a chemical deterrent to herbivory.
		The widths of the arrows are proportional to the concentration of free BMAA delivered to the next higher trophic level.
		Representative chromatogram depicting BMAA in the frontal superior gyrus tissue of a Canadian Alzheimer's patient; peak is consistent with BMAA peaks from cyanobacteria, cycads, flying foxes, and Chamorro ALS-PDC patients.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/23/13380 (2698 words)

	Microbe Magazine
		Although the evidence associating cyanobacteria-produced BMAA as a plausible source for neurotoxin that harms humans is mounting, the overall case remains “controversial,” Cox says.
		The case in favor of BMAA was reinforced recently when researchers at the University of Miami similarly detected BMAA in archived specimens of brain tissues from patients who had Alzheimer's disease, he notes.
		Another component of this controversy is the hypothesis that BMAA is “bound to” or incorporated into proteins within the central nervous system, possibly serving as an “endogenous neurotoxic reservoir” from which this small molecule could be released gradually to cause damage over long periods.
	www.asm.org /news/index.asp?bid=36663 (547 words)

	Neurology -- Correspondence for Montine et al., 65 (5) 768-769
		BMAA is detected using precolumn derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC), a reverse phase gradient HPLC separation, fluorescent detection, and LC/MS confirmation.
		Although the free BMAA levels were much lower than the “protein-associated” levels, most evidence for BMAA supports the free molecule as the proximate neurotoxin perhaps acting as an excitotoxin.
		If BMAA is incorporated into proteins, leading to protein dysfunction or an immune reaction, this would be a remarkable and novel mechanism of toxicity that will require very rigorous identification of which proteins are involved to take this beyond conjecture.
	www.neurology.org /cgi/eletters/65/5/768 (1009 words)

	New Cyanobacteria link to neurodegerative disorders - SWEDEN.SE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Now a research team from Sweden, Scotland, and the US has found that a further toxin (BMAA, -methyl amino-alanine), with a possible connection to degenerative nerve diseases like ALS, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s, is produced by cyanobacteria that are widespread around the world.
		Swedish collaborators in the project are Professor Birgitta Bergman and Associate Professor Ulla Rasmussen at the Department of Botany, Stockholm University.
		High levels of BMAA have been found in the brains of disease victims in Guam, but since BMAA has recently been discovered in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients in Canada, the hunt for the sources of the BMAA toxin has intensified.
	www.sweden.se /templates/cs/News____11533.aspx (423 words)

	CONSTELLATION, MARCH 2000
		The next BMAA General Meeting is scheduled for Wednesday, March 1 at 8:00p
		The CONSTELLATION is the official publication of the Bucks-Mont Astronomical Association, Inc, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization incorporated in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and exists for the exchange of ideas, news, information and publicity among the BMAA membership, as well as the amateur astronomy community at large.
		The views expressed are not necessarily those of BMAA, but of the contributors and are edited to fit within the format and confines of the publication.
	www.bma2.org /Constellation/Mar2000.html (2371 words)

	Engineering Ethics
		Within the BMAA, the Chief Executive (CF) is ultimately responsible for the airworthiness function, but much of this is delegated to two individuals.
		The BMAA should carry out flight tests to determine the acceptability of the Mistral’s handling characteristics with the canopy removed.
		The BMAA should review the adequacy of the current stall warning system fitted to Mistral aircraft with particular emphasis on the standard of construction and adequacy of the aural warning.
	ethics.tamu.edu /guest/MistralAircraft.htm (2813 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The churches of the BMAA have a deep commitment to make God known among all 252 nations of the world so they can worship and adore Him as the only true and living God.
		That's why the Department of Missions is committed to help each local BMAA church fulfill the desire of God to make Him known throughout the nations so they can glorify Him.
		This committee would work with the pastor and the missions network leader to study the mission program of the church and lead the congregation to outreach ministries both at home and abroad.
	www.bmaam.com /Gleaner704.htm (1682 words)

	BMAA Message Board Archive
		BMAA Members: This is the archive of BMAA's Message Board.
		Jim has set up a BMAA egroup and for this to be effective everyone who has email should join.
		We have had several reports from BMAA members who have seen the Space Shuttle go past the east coast on the evening of October 11 Wednesday about 8 minutes after liftoff.
	www.bma2.org /MB_archive.html (4922 words)

	Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria produce {beta}-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid -- Cox et al. 102 (14): ...
		BMAA was suggested as a possible cause of the amyotrophic lateral
		BMAA was recently discovered in the brain tissues of nine Canadian
		BMAA was quantified by using a validated HPLC separation.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/14/5074 (2780 words)

	[No title]
		They conduct inspections that confirm and maintain the continued validity of a Certificate of Airworthiness.
		The BMAA, under the terms of its exposition, is responsible for the regulation of microlights.
		Please apply to them in the first instance for the issue of a Permit to Fly, as they will submit the appropriate application form and supporting documentation to us for the issue (or replacement) of a Permit to Fly.
	www.caa.co.uk /default.aspx?categoryid=720&pagetype=90&pageid=3928 (410 words)

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