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	BRCA1 and BRCA2 Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer
		BRCA2 cancer-predisposing mutation is dependent on the method used for DNA analysis and the a priori risk of the person tested of having a mutation in either gene based on the person's cancer history, family history, and ethnic background.
		BRCA2 cancer-predisposing mutations with ovarian cancer found no difference in survival between individuals with cancer-predisposing mutations and women with ovarian cancer in whom genetic testing was negative or unavailable.
		BRCA2 mutation were investigated for the presence of cancer of the ovary, male breast, pancreas, prostate, colon, and stomach, and melanoma in first- and second-degree relatives of mutation-positive individuals.
	www.geneclinics.org /profiles/brca1/details.html (4343 words)

	BRCA2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		BRCA2 refers to either a gene (BReast-CAncer susceptibility gene 2, located on human chromosome 13, 13q12-13) or the protein coded for by that gene.
		Mutations in the genes that code for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins can result in defective repair of damaged DNA, accumulation of mutations, and tumor formation, particularly in the ovaries and the breast.
		"Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as regulators of DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle in response to DNA damage" by Kiyotsugu Yoshida and Yoshio Miki (2004) [1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/BRCA2 (134 words)

	Breast Cancer Genes and Inheritance
		BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes, these genes also called "Anti- Oncogenes" which normally are involved in regulating cell growth, the proteins inhibit the proliferation of cell, which is crucial for the normal cell development and differentiation.
		BRCA2, was identified on chromosome 13q and BRCA1 on chromosome 17q, which had been identified in 1990, was sequenced.
		BRCA2 is believed to be equal in importance to the BRCA1 gene.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/mcclean/plsc431/students98/rivera.htm (2814 words)

	genome.gov \| BRCA1/BRCA2 Study FAQ
		Because family history is the strongest single predictor of a woman's chance of developing breast cancer, researchers turned to cancer-prone families - those with a high incidence of cancer in several generations - to find specific inherited gene alterations that are passed on from one generation to the next.
		A similar pattern is emerging for BRCA2 alterations seen in cancer-prone families; a large number of distinct, family-specific alterations are scattered through the gene.
		Supported previous studies testing the frequency of three BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations in the general Jewish population: The frequencies reported in the current study are consistent with those previously reported for the general Jewish population.
	www.genome.gov /10000940 (2628 words)

	News release - UT Health Science Center-San Antonio
		Defects in BRCA2, a gene that otherwise suppresses tumors, are responsible for a strong familial predisposition to breast cancer.
		Carriers of BRCA2 mutations also are at increased risk of ovarian, prostate, pancreatic and male breast cancer.
		"The BRCA2 protein has a direct role in homologous recombination, which is a process that cells use to repair DNA double-strand breaks," said study co-author Wen-Hwa Lee, Ph.D., professor of molecular medicine and director of the Institute of Biotechnology at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA).
	www.uthscsa.edu /opa/releases/nrel13Sept02.htm (519 words)

	Genetic Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 - National Cancer Institute
		The likelihood that breast and/or ovarian cancer is associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 is highest in families with a history of multiple cases of breast cancer, cases of both breast and ovarian cancer, one or more family members with two primary cancers (original tumors at different sites), or an Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish background.
		Alterations in the BRCA2 gene have also been associated with an increased risk of lymphoma, melanoma, and cancers of the pancreas, gallbladder, bile duct, and stomach in some men and women.
		Because family members share a proportion of their genes and, often, their environment, it is possible that the large number of cancer cases seen in these families may be partly due to other genetic or environmental factors.
	www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA (4185 words)

	Breast Cancer Research \| Full text \| BRCA2mutation carriers, reproductive factors and breast cancer risk
		The BRCA2 mutation (999del5) is present in 7–8% of unselected breast cancer patients in Iceland [1-3], and it has a much higher prevalence (24%) in women diagnosed younger than 40 years of age [2].
		An increasing age at menarche, a low age at first birth, an increasing parity and breast feeding are associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in the general population [9-12].
		Further studies are needed both on fertility and potential problems with breast feeding in unaffected mutation carriers, and on the effects of hormones related to pregnancy and breast feeding with respect to signalling and differentiation in breast epithelial cells of mutation carriers.
	breast-cancer-research.com /content/5/5/R121 (5316 words)

	Brca2 is required for embryonic cellular proliferation in the mouse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Brca2 is required for embryonic cellular proliferation in the mouse.
		Homozygous mutant mice in which exons 10 and 11 of the Brca2 gene were deleted by gene targeting (Brca2(10-11)) die before day 9.5 of embryogenesis.
		The similarity in phenotype between Brca1 and Brca2 mutants suggests that these genes may have cooperative roles or convergent functions during embryogenesis.
	imsdd.meb.uni-bonn.de /cgi-bin/mycite?ExtRef=ICDB/97315195 (192 words)

	BRCA1 and BRCA2 the breast cancer associated genes
		Screening of women who have inherited breast cancer related genetic mutation, and testing of their family members are very important because of substantial increase in the risk of development of breast cancer in these women.
		BRCA2 associated breast cancer tends to resemble the regular mutation unrelated breast cancer in most respects.
		It is estimated that in the general population the incidence of BRCA1 mutation is between 1 in 500 and 1 in 800.
	breastcancerbrca.100free.com /brca-general.html (455 words)

	Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer Risk : It's Your Choice - HealingWell.com
		It is believed that inherited alterations (called mutations) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in 30 to 70 percent of all inherited cases of breast cancer; the likelihood is highest in families with one or more cases of ovarian cancer.
		A man with an altered BRCA2 gene has an increased risk (about 6 percent) for breast cancer and may be at increased risk for other cancers.
		If a known mutation is not found in certain family members, those individuals do not have a strong risk for breast cancer based on family history and cannot pass the family risk on to their children.
	www.healingwell.com /library/breastcancer/info4.asp (2816 words)

	Gene mutation boosts cancer risk in men (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Dutch researchers have confirmed that men carrying a mutated BRCA2 gene are twice as likely to develop prostate cancer and six times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than those free of the mutation.
		A previous study suggested that carriers of mutant BRCA2 genes are at increased risk of cancer of the prostate, pancreas, gallbladder, bile duct and stomach, as well as malignant melanoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancers (Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol 91 p 1310).
		And in those carrying the BRCA2 mutation, there were higher numbers of prostate, pancreatic, throat and bone cancers than would be expected in the general population.
	www.oralcancerfoundation.org /news/story.asp?newsId=916 (393 words)

	NBCC - Position Statement on Genetic Testing for Inherited Predisposition to Breast Cancer April 2004
		Mutations in two genes known as BRCA1 and BRCA2 (short for breast cancer genes 1 and 2) are strongly associated with breast cancer risk.
		Some data suggests that BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may also be associated with prostate, pancreatic and colon cancer risk, but to a smaller degree than breast and ovarian cancer risk.
		Genetic testing should be done in the context of well-designed clinical trials and research studies and must include an opportunity to meet with a certified genetic counselor who is unbiased and who has the expertise to explain the risks and limited benefits of testing.
	www.stopbreastcancer.org /bin/index.asp?strid=661&depid=9&btnid=1 (2000 words)

	Sloan-Kettering - Scientists Uncover Function of BRCA2 Protein
		BRCA2 was already known to be a tumor suppressor -- a protective protein that prevents the development of cancer -- but exactly how the protein does its job was not understood.
		Researchers showed that BRCA2 participates in the repair of "double-strand" breaks: These breaks are a particularly lethal type of damage because if both strands of the DNA double helix break at the same time, cells can permanently lose genetic information.
		The structure revealed that BRCA2 binds the broken strands and enables the recovery of lost information via a process called homologous recombination -- in which the missing DNA is copied from another part of the cell.
	www.mskcc.org /mskcc/html/11595.cfm (630 words)

	ACS :: BRCA2 Mutations May Signal Digestive System Cancer Risk
		Mutations in the BRCA2 gene, which are already known to put carriers at higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer, may also increase their increased chance of developing certain kinds of cancers that occur in the digestive system.
		Mutations in the BRCA2 gene, which are already known to put carriers at higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer, may also increase the risk of developing certain kinds of cancers that occur in the digestive system, according a small study in the February issue of the British Journal of Cancer.
		Advances in genetic research during the past decade have provided important information about which types of cancers have a genetic or hereditary cause, and have led to genetic tests that can alert patients to the need for preventive measures and intensive testing for early detection.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_BRCA2_Mutations_May_Signal_Digestive_System_Cancer_Risk.asp (640 words)

	Genomics\|HuGENet\|e-Journal\|Abstract\|Breast cancer, tamoxifen, BRCA1 & BRCA2
		Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2.
		The authors study hypotheses or main purpose for conducting the study.
		Tamoxifen reduced breast cancer incidence among healthy BRCA2 carriers by 62%, similar to the reduction in incidence of ER-positive breast cancer among all women in the BCPT.
	www.cdc.gov /genomics/hugenet/ejournal/tamoxBRCabst.htm (594 words)

	Cancer-linked BRCA2 gene plays previously unsuspected role in cell division
		When the BRCA2 protein is inactivated, their experiments showed, cells are dramatically delayed in their progress through mitosis, the cell-division stage of the cell cycle.
		Previous studies of BRCA2 had suggested that the gene was involved in DNA repair, not cell division.
		To establish that BRCA2 and BRAF35 are important in cell cycle progression, the scientists sought first to synchronize the replication cycle in a population of cells.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-01/WI-CBgp-2501101.php (824 words)

	The Lifetime Risks of Breast Cancer in Ashkenazi Jewish Carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations -- Satagopan et al. 10 ...
		, with a corresponding estimate of 84% for BRCA2 (3).
		by BRCA1 and BRCA2 are equivalent, and that mutations in 185delAG
		Penetrance of BRCA2 by age (solid curve); 95% CIs (dashed curves).
	cebp.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/10/5/467 (5659 words)

	Frequent somatic loss of BRCA1 in breast tumours from BRCA2 germ-line mutation carriers and viceversa
		Breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppressor genes the alleles of which have to be inactivated before tumour development occurs.
		Combined allelic loss of both BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene was seen in 12 of the 17 (71%) informative hereditary tumours, whereas copy number losses of both BRCA genes was seen in only 4/14 (29%) sporadic control tumours studied by FISH.
		In conclusion, the high prevalence of AI at BRCA1 in BRCA2 mutation tumours and vice versa suggests that somatic events occurring at the other breast cancer susceptibility gene locus may be selected in the cancer development.
	www.nature.com /bjc/journal/v85/n8/abs/6692062a.html (316 words)

	BRCA2 - Breast cancer 2, early onset - Cancer GeneticsWeb
		BRCA2 germline mutations in male breast cancer cases and breast cancer families.
		Somatic and germline mutations of the BRCA2 gene in sporadic ovarian cancer.
		Germline mutations of the BRCA2 gene are estimated to be present in 5-10% of patients with pancreatic cancer.
	www.cancerindex.org /geneweb/BRCA2.htm (626 words)

	Many BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes mutations are unique to Spain
		"We identified 60 mutations in BRCA1 and 53 in BRCA2.
		Of the families with male breast cancer cases, 59.1% presented mutations in the BRCA2 gene.
		Diez and colleagues published their findings in Human Mutation (Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Spanish breast/ovarian cancer patients: A high proportion of mutations unique to Spain and evidence of founder effects.
	www.womenfitness.net /sp_brca1_and_brca2.htm (405 words)

	Ovary Removal for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Abnormalities
		Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene may consider having their ovaries and fallopian tubes removed (this is called protective surgery) to reduce their risk of ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer.
		The researchers estimated that the risk of ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers was reduced by 80% in women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene who had protective surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
		If you have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene and want to be as aggressive as possible about your care, talk to your doctor about the role of removing your ovaries and fallopian tubes to lower your risk of developing ovarian cancer.
	www.breastcancer.org /research_genetics_082806.html (1560 words)

	BRCA2 germline mutations among early onset breast cancer patients unselected for family history of the disease -- ...
		BRCA2 germline mutations among early onset breast cancer patients unselected for family history of the disease -- PLASCHKE et al.
		Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
		Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in patients with early-onset breast cancer.
	www.jmedgenet.com /cgi/content/full/37/9/e17 (1391 words)

	A population study of mutations and LOH at breast cancer gene loci in tumours from sister pairs: two recurrent ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Screening for the G5193A BRCA1 and 999del5 BRCA2 mutations showed the 999del5 mutation in the 11 BRCA2 suggestive pairs plus three pairs less indicative of linkage, and the G5193A BRCA1 mutation in one pair.
		The results of our studies suggest that a large proportion of familial breast cancer in Iceland is the result of the 999del5 BRCA2 mutation, and it is unlikely that BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations other than 999del5 and G5193A play a significant role in hereditary breast cancer in Iceland.
		Furthermore it can be concluded that most families with BRCA1 or BRCA2 linkage are easily identified by studying LOH around the defective gene in as few as two affected relatives.
	imsdd.meb.uni-bonn.de /cgi-bin/mycite?ExtRef=ICDB/98305436 (333 words)

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