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	BZD(Benzodiazepines)
		Because reports of BZD discontinuation may or may not have baseline measurements, the frequency of true withdrawal symptoms is difficult to determine.
		BZD intake was stabilized was three weeks prior to randomization to either the placebo substitution group (n=47) or the BZD continuation control group (n=10).
		The correlation of BZD dose and duration of use to the incidence and severity of BZD withdrawal remains to be precisely quantified.
	www.zgxl.net /eng/health/addiction/bzd.htm (5838 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Benzodiazepine : Article Excerpt by: Robin Mantooth, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		BZDs commonly are used for a variety of situations that include seizure control, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, insomnia, control of drug-associated agitation, as muscle relaxants, and as preanesthetic agents.
		BZD absorption is especially rapid when ethanol is present and the stomach is empty.
		BZDs are metabolized predominantly in the liver by oxidation and/or conjugation.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/toxicity-benzodiazepine.htm (526 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Clinical Psychopharmacology Seminar : Detoxification from Benzodiazepines: Schedules and Strategies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Because reports of BZD discontinuation may or may not have baseline measurements, the frequency of true withdrawal symptoms is difficult to determine.
		BZD intake was stabilized was three weeks prior to randomization to either the placebo substitution group (n=47) or the BZD continuation control group (n=10).
		The correlation of BZD dose and duration of use to the incidence and severity of BZD withdrawal remains to be precisely quantified.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/psychiatry/CPS/33.html (5915 words)

	Naloxone, Flumazenil and Dantrolene as Antidotes
		Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the most commonly used drugs throughout the world and their abuse may be responsible for the impairment of memory and for dependence.
		3.9.1 Pharmacodynamics 3.9.1.1 BZD antagonist effect Efficacy studies were performed on 125 healthy volunteers with oral doses of flumazenil up to 20 mg, the aim being to antagonize the effects of diazepam, flunitrazepam and midazolam on the CNS (Darragh, 1981; Lupolover, 1983).
		Given this situation, it is obvious that the routine use of flumazenil in BZD poisoning is not indicated and that recommendations for its use in clinical toxicology must be based on pragmatic considerations made by clinicians experienced in treating these patients.
	www.inchem.org /documents/antidote/antidote/ant01.htm (14743 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Benzodiazepine prescribing behaviour and attitudes: a survey among general practitioners ...
		BZD use has been studied in high income countries, and it appears that prescribing levels have come down as the risks of addiction and adverse effects have become more widely publicised [5].
		Although many developing countries allow BZDs to be sold over-the-counter in pharmacies, a literature review of BZD use in Brazil found that the vast majority of BZD consumption was due to medical prescription [7].
		BZD prescribing for essential hypertension and low back pain is relatively common in developing countries [10].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2296/6/27 (2889 words)

	Tranx/2: BZD's in Action
		What tolerance means to a BZD user is that the dose that makes you less nervous during week I is not necessarily going to be the same dose that makes you less nervous in week 17.
		All BZD's are classified medically as anxiolytic (or anxiety-reducing) drugs, except for Dalmane and Restoril, which are usually prescribed for their sedative-hypnotic (or sleep-producing) properties.
		Even though there are no important differences in their effects, the BZD's are often lumped pharmacologically into one of two classes, depending on how long they produce their effects in the body.
	www.doitnow.org /pages/210/210-2.html (1316 words)

	benzo.org.uk : Benzodiazepines : Abstracts from the Medical Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The aims of the survey were: (i) to obtain descriptive information on the knowledge of the GPs about BZD and its potential for dependence; (ii) to study the frequency of their prescribing; and (iii) to examine different factors linked to their prescribing.
		It was found that 44.6% of patients who abused BZDs during their first month of treatment ceased to do so after 1 year, while 27.4% who had not abused BZDs at the beginning of MMT did so after I year in treatment.
		A BZD dependence factor was extracted with high loadings for the Rendep-SRQ scales and the concurrent measures.
	www.benzo.org.uk /abstracts.htm (17347 words)

	[No title]
		The data concerning forensic cases investigations with evidence of BZD in biological material have been assembled from 11 toxicological laboratories in CR.
		We admit that the spectrum of misused BZD may not be complete due to detection techniques available in laboratories (e.
		The BZD drugs were administered individually or in combinations with other drugs and/or alcohol.
	www.tiaft.org /tiaft2001/posters/p10.doc (231 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 suppress transcriptional activation in ...
		The effects of PHE, BZD and BA on the development of EAE are summarized in Table 1 and Figure 1.
		Effects of PHE, BZD and BA on neuroinflammatory infiltrates and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord of rats with EAE
		The lack of effect of PHE and BZD on the DNA binding activity of NFAT, however, indicates that PARP-1 is not a general regulator of transcription factors, consistent with the recent evidence that PARP-1-dependent transcriptional regulation is gene and cell type-specific ( Ha et al., 2002).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v137/n6/full/0704934a.html (5551 words)

	María J. López Barragán 2004 5762
		At the downstream end of the bzd cluster there is a partial sequence that shows similarity to genes encoding the substrate-binding subunit of an ABC transporter ( 34).
		The bzd catabolic genes are arranged in the same orientation and most of them are separated by short distances (Table 3), suggesting that they constitute a single operon.
		Moreover, the bzd genes have become an interesting model system for unraveling both the specific regulation and the superimposed control that governs the expression of genes involved in the bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions.
	www.bionewsonline.com /a/h/maria_j_lopez_barragan_2004_5762.htm (8076 words)

	Update: Benzodiazepines in Pregnancy
		Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are frequently prescribed during pregnancy to treat anxiety or panic disorder.
		Initial concern regarding BZD exposure in pregnancy arose because they act upon GABA receptors; GABA is an amino acid neurotransmitter that may be related to palatal development (Kellogg, 1988).
		Aside from the concerns regarding malformations after in utero exposure to BZDs, there are reports of transient neonatal withdrawal symptoms and even of a possible syndrome of BZD exposure after significant maternal exposure (Laegrid et al., 1989; Bergman et al., 1992).
	www.fetal-exposure.org /BENZOUPDATE.html (1859 words)

	Welcome to THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The BZD have distrinct advantages over The barbiturates namely cardiac effects and fatalities from pure BZD overdose are rare, respiratory depression less pronounced than with barbiturate, and they cause minimal drug-metabolizing enzymes (ie, cytochrome P450) stimulation and result in very few adverse drug-to-drug interactions.
		BZD are highly protein-bound, distribute easily in the tissues after absorption, and penetrate easily the blood brain barrier because of their highly lyophilize structure.
		Death with BZD overdose is rare, laxity of the pharyngeal muscles that can result in obstructive sleep apnoea and aspiration (1) Pressure necrosis of skin and muscles may occur, Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in mixed ingestion,(2) especially with psychotropic drugs.
	www.hmc.org.qa /mejem/sept2005/Edited/topicsreview.htm (2257 words)

	Effects of Benzodiazepines
		The benzodiazepines (BZD's) are a relatively new family of depressant drugs, discovered in 1957 and introduced throughout the world in the 1960s and 1970s.
		The benzodiazepines' main therapeutic effects--to reduce anxiety and induce sleep--are the same as other depressant drugs, with a difference: BZD's target receptors in the limbic region of the brain (a system involved in emotional regulation and control) instead of depressing activity throughout the central nervous system that doesn't mean they're harmless.
		In fact, the ultimate lesson that an anxious person, whether a BZD user or not, can learn is the ancient prayer: "God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference.
	www.twintowntreatmentcenters.com /benzodiazepines.shtml (1250 words)

	Age and Ageing: New evidence on benzodiazepine use and falls: the time factor
		BZDs with long elimination half-life were found to be associated with a higher risk for falls than BZDs with a short elimination half-life [16, 17].
		The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of a first BZD prescription with subsequent hospitalization for injury due to falls.
		Specifically, compared with unexposed controls, male BZD sedative users had approximately a four-fold increase in risk while female BZD sedative users were approximately twice as likely to experience a fall-related hospitalization.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2459/is_n4_v25/ai_18591339 (1217 words)

	Can continuing benzodiazepine use be predicted?
		The objective of the present study was to examine characteristics of benzodiazepine (BZD) users, as well as try to identify predictors of continuing BZD use.
		Regarding individual BZDs, it could not be concluded definitively that any BZD is more likely to show continued use than any other, but the possibility of a linear relationship between the proportion of continued use and the half-life of the BZD should be investigated further.
		Whenever a BZD is prescribed, regardless of whether it is a new or repeat prescription, it should be remembered that the likelihood of continuing use is considerable.
	www.pulsus.com /clin-pha/10_04/neut_ed.htm (320 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Gastrogram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In patients who may have tolerance to BZDs, as indicated by history or by the need for larger than usual doses of BZDs for sedation, slower titration rates of 0.1 mg/min and lower total doses may help reduce the frequency of emergent confusion and agitation.
		The most important factor in safety is to titrate the initial dose of BZD carefully so the patient receives the minimal amount of the drug required, and is not oversedated.
		Surprisingly, BZD overdose was the least common indication for flumazenil (3%).
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/pharmacyservices/Gastrogram/97SpringGG.html (1375 words)

	BZD withdrawal symptoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Respondents were asked to describe their experience of BZD withdrawal symptoms on the BWSQ.
		Many respondents returned questionnaires which had confusing responses to the section of the BWSQ which asked whether the symptom had occurred while dose of BZDs was stable or while the dose was being reduced or stopped.
		Most of the sample were using BZDs outside the current National Health and Medical Research Council recommendations and guidelines [NHandMRCNHandMRC1991], and most thought that they were addicted or dependent.
	www.ocs.mq.edu.au /~abaillie/node20.html (267 words)

	Conceptualization and features of benzodiazepine dependence
		At higher levels of BZD dependence a desire to stop drug use similar to that observed in problem drinkers and those dependent on opiates may occur.
		Because the symptoms of BZD withdrawal may be similar to the problems for which the person originally took BZDs it difficult to know whether a person is taking a BZD to avoid or relieve their problem or to avoid or relieve BZD withdrawal.
		Because BZDs have long half-lives relative to other drugs, can be legally used, and are easily obtained, their effects seldom prevent involvement in other activities.
	www.ocs.mq.edu.au /~abaillie/node8.html (958 words)

	DARE abstract980799 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The following criteria were used to assess quality: whether all driving BZD users and non-users had an equal chance of entering the study; whether medication dosage and timing were ascertained; whether all kilometres driven by BZD users and non-users were studied; whether all types of accidents were ascertained; and whether medical conditions were controlled for.
		Police data: the rates in which BZDs and other medications were found in travellers involved in accidents varied substantially from country to country; in the 1970s, these ranged from 65% in Denmark to 1% in California.
		Driving experiments: drivers receiving BZD were less able to circle roundabouts, adjust for passengers obstructing their view, avoid cutting corners, anticipate problems, hold lane position, brake, go round curves, steer, park and accomplish emergency manoeuvres.
	nhscrd.york.ac.uk /online/dare/980799.htm (1109 words)

	Flumazenil improves cognitive and neuromotor emergence and attenuates shivering after halothane-, enflurane- and ...
		from all patients for the detection of unreported BZD ingestion.
		BZD traces were found in their blood and the fourth required
		of BZD on the recovery from halothane anesthesia in rats,
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/48/10/963 (3832 words)

	Clinical Trial: Brain Chemical Receptor Effects in Patients With Panic Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
		Evidence suggests that 5-HT1A and BZD receptor function is abnormal in patients with PD, PTSD, and depression.
		BZD receptor sensitivity has been shown to be reduced in patients with anxiety disorders.
		Subjects with current or previous regular (greater than 4 weeks) of BZDs and excessive use of alcohol (greater than 8 ounce/day for men and greater than six ounces /day for women) in the past or present are ineligible to participate, as they may produce a down-regulation of the BZD receptor that may confound the results.
	clinicaltrials.gov /show/NCT00025974 (1327 words)

	BZD : eCorporations
		The Baltimore Zionist District (BZD) exists for the sole purpose of nurturing the bonds between Baltimore and the State of Israel.
		The Baltimore Zionist District, Inc. (BZD) is an independent,non-profit organization dedicated to nurturing and building the profound bond that...
		Las BZD están entre las medicinas más corrientemente prescritas en el mundo...
	www.ecorpscanada.ca /?Top=BZD (228 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Benzodiazepine : Article by Robin Mantooth, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Immunoassay screening techniques are performed most commonly and typically detect BZDs that are metabolized to desmethyldiazepam or oxazepam; thus, a negative screen does not rule out the presence of a BZD agent.
		If BZDs are being used to treat a potentially life-threatening condition (eg, seizure disorder), antagonists may exacerbate the underlying disorder.
		In overdose situations, flumazenil may be used for patients with pure BZD overdose who are verbally unresponsive and have no history of long-term BZD use or seizure disorder.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic58.htm (1924 words)

	BZD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		BZD, BZDY range of flame- proof three- phase induction motors with conic rotor
		The BZD range of motors is used as the lifting motor of explosion- proofelectric hoist and the driving equipment of explosion- proof windingengine and other machinery.
		Duty type is S4 whose the basic load continuity is 25% and theequivalent starting times is 120 every hour.
	www.xianda.com /bzde.htm (160 words)

	BZD
		The women's group is the newest of BZD's investment clubs, which also include the Baltimore District club, the Oheb Shalom club (limited to members of that temple in northwest Baltimore), the Third District club and a Young Investors club for people under 35.
		Joshua Mauer, of Legg Mason Wood Walker's Pikesville office, serves as financial adviser to all five BZD clubs, which have a combined membership of about 225 investors and hold securities with a market value of about $1.75 million, he said.
		Aronhime, who was born in France and lived in Israel for nine years, said she has recently met with representatives of non-Jewish congregations that want to invest in Israeli stocks.
	www.pbcsmarketing.com /bzd/article5.php (1011 words)

	IngentaConnect TECHNICAL NOTE: Urine Benzodiazepine Screening using Roche Online...
		Modification of the BZD assay to include automated hydrolysis of urinary BZD glucuronide conjugates was evaluated using three glucuronidated BZD standards prepared at concentrations ranging from 250 to 10,000 ng/mL.
		Cross-reactivities of 27 different BZDs, calculated as the normalized IA response divided by the BZD concentration that produced a response approximately equivalent to the response of a 100 ng/mL nordiazepam standard and multiplied by 100, ranged from 15% to 149%.
		Analysis by GC–MS confirmed the presence of at least 1 BZD compound in 61 of the samples corresponding to a confirmation rate of 76%.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/pres/jat/2005/00000029/00000003/art00008 (544 words)

	Convert Belize Dollars (BZD) and Indian Rupees (INR): Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator
		Enter the amount to be converted in the box to the left of the currency and press the "convert" button.
		The number of significant figures in the result will depend on the number of significant figures in the input and in the conversion factors.
		(Entering 2.00 BZD will give more accurate results than entering 2 BZD.) If significant figures are not used for rounding the results may have more significant digits than the input or conversion factor.
	coinmill.com /BZD_INR.html (412 words)

	Effects of state surveillance on new post-hospitalization benzodiazepine use -- Wagner et al. 15 (5): 423 -- ...
		BZD use, the New York State TPP also had unintended effects.
		BZD use may be associated with an increase in use of non-BZD
		BZD use ranged from 50.7% to 79.0%, and were statistically significant
	intqhc.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/5/423 (3639 words)

	The bzd Gene Cluster, Coding for Anaerobic Benzoate Catabolism, in Azoarcus sp. Strain CIB -- Barragán et al. ...
		of the bzd genes to the metabolic status of the cell.
		Cloning, sequencing, and sequence analysis of the bzd cluster for benzoate degradation in Azoarcus sp.
		that the bzd catabolic genes are cotranscribed, whereas the
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/17/5762 (6454 words)

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