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	FranÃ§ois-NoÃ«l Babeuf - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Babeuf returned to Paris, and on September 3 1794 published the first number of his Journal de la libertÃ© de la presse, the title of which was altered on 5 October 1794 to Le Tribun du peuple.
		Babeuf's song "Mourant de faim, mourant de froid" ("Dying of hunger, dying of cold"), set to a popular air, began to be sung in the cafÃ©s, with immense applause; and reports circulated that the disaffected troops in the camp of Crenelle were ready to join an Ã©meute against the government.
		Gracchus Babeuf and the Conspiracy of the Equals by Belfort Bax.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Francois_Noel_Babeuf (1907 words)

	BABEUF, FRANCOIS N. - LoveToKnow Article on BABEUF, FRANCOIS N. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On the eve of the Revolution Babeuf was in the employ of a land surveyor at Roye.
		Babeuf now returned to Paris, and on the 3rd of September 1794 published the first number of his Journal de la liberte de la presse, the title of which was altered on the 5th of October to Le Tribun du peuple.
		Babeuf's song Mourant defaim, mouranl de froid (Dying of hunger, dying of cold), set to a popular air, began to be sung in the cafes, with immense applause; and reports were current that the disaffected troops in the camp of Crenelle were ready to join an emeute against the government.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BABEUF_FRANCOIS_N.htm (1771 words)

	FranÃ§ois NoÃ«l Babeuf - Wikipedia
		Babeufs historische Bedeutung liegt darin, dass er als erster den Sozialismus als praktische Politik vorschlug, und der Vater der Bewegungen war, die in den Revolutionen von 1848 und 1871 eine so auffallende Rolle spielten.
		Babeufs Vater Claude desertierte 1738 aus der franzÃ¶sischen Armee und trat in den Dienst von Maria Theresia.
		Babeufs Lied "Mourant de faim, mourant de froid" (Sterbend vor Hunger, sterbend vor KÃ¤lte) wurde eine beliebte Melodie und mit zunehmendem Applaus in den CafÃ©s gesungen; Berichte gingen herum, dass die unzufriedenen Truppen bereit seien, an einer Erhebung gegen die Regierung teilzunehmen.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fran%E7ois_No%EBl_Babeuf (1682 words)

	François-Noël Babeuf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		His father Babeuf had deserted the French army in for that of Maria Theresa of Austria rising it is said to the of major.
		Babeuf's song "Mourant de faim mourant de froid" ("Dying of hunger dying of cold") to a popular air began to be in the cafés with immense applause; and reports circulated the disaffected troops in the camp of were ready to join an émeute against the government.
		On 10 May Babeuf was arrested with many of associates among whom were Augustin Alexandre Darthé and Philippe Buonarroti the ex-members of the Convention Robert Lindet J-A-B Amar M-G-A Vadier and Jean-Baptiste Drouet famous as the postmaster of Saint-Menehould had arrested Louis XVI and now a member of the of Five Hundred.
	www.freeglossary.com /Gracchus_Babeuf (1846 words)

	E. Belfort Bax: Babeuf (Chap.4)
		Babeuf, as already intimated, boldly proclaimed in his paper, the Tribun du People, the doctrine of equality, scathingly criticised the Directory, and continued unremittingly to denounce individual property – holding as the principal source of all the evil weighing on society.
		Babeuf, however, resisted, eventually succeeding in shaking the officer off, and dashed down the street, with the government representative at his heels shouting “stop thief!” Babeuf was successful, however, in getting away to a shelter afforded him by Darthé and another friend.
		Nevertheless, Babeuf and his friends deprecated any ill-considered and immature attacks upon the government, urging the discussion of the principles of the rights of man and of peoples rather than a too eager application of them to the tyrants of the hour, until public opinion should be sufficiently formed to admit of more drastic action.
	www.marxists.org /archive/bax/1911/babeuf/ch04.htm (2445 words)

	E. Belfort Bax: Babeuf (Chap.1)
		Babeuf, in some of the notes intimes which the industry of the same investigator has unearthed, states, that he was born of so delicate a constitution that he was not expected to live.
		Babeuf speaks of his father, Claude Babeuf, as of a man “as proud as a Castilian, always counting himself rich and happy even in the midst of profound misery”.
		Babeuf, we are told, on his deathbed, handed to his son, as a last gift, a well-worn copy of Plutarch’s Lives, telling him that the book had been his solace throughout the joys and sorrows of his life.
	www.marxists.org /archive/bax/1911/babeuf/ch01.htm (1720 words)

	Babeuf, Francois Noel. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Calling himself Gracchus Babeuf, he formed a secret society that plotted to overthrow the government; it became known as the Conspiracy of the Equals.
		The plot was betrayed to the government, and after a long trial Babeuf was executed.
		His doctrines, however, known as Babouvism, were kept alive, largely by secret revolutionary societies and by his co-conspirators.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ba/Babeuf-F.html (280 words)

	Encyclopedia: Babeuf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		François-Noël Babeuf ( November 23, 1760 _ May 27, 1797), known as Gracchus Babeuf, was a French political agitator and journalist of the revolutionary period.
		Moreover the mass of the ouvriers, even of extreme views, were repelled by Babeuf's bloodthirstiness; and the police agents reported that his agitation was making many converts _ for the government.
		On 10 May Babeuf was arrested with many of his associates, among whom were Augustin Alexandre Darthé and Philippe Buonarroti, the ex_members of the Convention, Robert Lindet, J-A-B Amar, M-G-A Vadier and Jean_Baptiste Drouet, famous as the postmaster of Saint-Menehould who had arrested Louis XVI, and now a member of the Council of Five Hundred.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Babeuf (1912 words)

	THE BABEUF BICENTENARY: CONSPIRACY OR REVOLUTIONARY PARTY?
		Babeuf has long been recognised as an important precursor of the revolutionary socialist tradition; in the founding manifesto of the Communist International, Trotsky declared that the new organisation was 'carrying on in direct succession the heroic endeavours and martyrdom of a long line of revolutionary generations from Babeuf to Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg'.
		Babeuf's 'conspiracy' is often dismissed as futile or premature, and Babeuf himself seen as a utopian, a hangover from Jacobinism or a forerunner of Blanqui.
		Babeuf was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, from the storming of the Bastille through to the establishment of the Republic and the execution of the king.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /isj72/birchall.htm (6321 words)

	French Revolution: Search
		One such radical, who took the name Gracchus Babeuf, supposedly organized the "Conspiracy of Equals," a secret group that he hoped to lead in a surprise insurrection to take power and use it to distribute land equally among all citizens.
		To his contemporary critics, who were influenced in part by the Directory’s successful propaganda, Babeuf’s conspiracy demonstrated the instability of the Republic and the need for forceful government repression of popular political activity.
		Peasants continued to believe they were not getting all that was due them from urban merchants who bought their grain, while city dwellers continued to attribute the high cost of bread to large landowners hoarding grain in the countryside.
	chnm.gmu.edu /revolution/searchfr.php?function=find&keyword=babeuf (517 words)

	E. Belfort Bax: Babeuf (Chap.8) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		All republicans,” said Babeuf, “are implicated in this affair; consequently it belongs to the Republic, to the Revolution, to history.” He proceeded to thank the genius of liberty for having furnished him with a tribune, even though it were the bench of the accused, from which to declare the truth.
		Babeuf was continuing the discussion when the President again interrupted, and, with menacing gestures, called out, “We have had enough of your speeches, considering that you now say you only took a secondary part in the movement.
		Babeuf reviews this charge, saying:– “I hope, Gentlemen of the Jury, to be able to prove to you that such was not the result of the documents produced.
	www.marxists.org.uk /archive/bax/1911/babeuf/ch08.htm (4473 words)

	François-Noël Babeuf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		François-Noël Babeuf ( November 23, 1760 - 1797), known as Gracchus Babeuf, was a French political agitator and journalist of the revolutionary period.
		Moreover the mass of the ouvriers, even of extreme views, were repelled by Babeuf 's bloodthirstiness; and the police agents reported that his agitation was making many converts - for the government.
		Babeuf 's song Mourant de faim, mourant de froid (Dying of hunger, dying of cold), set to a popular air, began to be sung in the cafés, with immense applause; and reports circulated that the disaffected troops in the camp of Crenelle were ready to join an émeute against the government.
	www.portaljuice.com /francois_noel_babeuf.html (1756 words)

	Lecture 19: The French Revolution and the Socialist Tradition: Early French Communists (1)
		Babeuf saw this constitution as a temporary measure because what he desired was a new dictatorial committee of public safety and ultimately, a collectivist state.
		Babeuf was carried in an iron cage to the Vendome to stand trial.
		So, Babeuf openly declared that the state might have to be organized along despotic-military lines at least until the ignorant masses had been brought up to a particular consciousness of their own aims and interests.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/lecture19a.html (4072 words)

	GRACCHUS BABEUF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		But the leader of the group, the journalist Francois Noel Babeuf, who had indicated his choice of spiritual antecedents by styling himself "Gracchus," used the trial as an opportunity to denounce the decline of the Revolution, and to restate its aims in terms of a vision of communist egalitarianism.
		The Babeufs came of a line of independent peasant proprietors, in a part of France where yeoman traditions were strong--Robespierre was also from Picardy.
		Babeuf's later letters barely conceal his growing impatience with the mere play of sensibility that the dialogue was becoming.
	www.kat.gr /kat/History/Mod/Leaders/Babeuf.htm (6610 words)

	François-Noël Babeuf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The execution of Robespierre on July 28 1794 had ended the Reign of Terror, and Babeuf - now self-styled "Gracchus" Babeuf in memory of the Gracchi - defended the men of Thermidor and attacked the fallen terroristss with his usual violence.
		The Directory thought it time to act; the bureau central had accumulated through its agents, notably the ex-captain Georges Grisel, who had been initiated into Babeuf’s society, complete evidence of a conspiracy for an armed rising fixed for Floréal 22, year IV (11 May 1796), in which Jacobins and socialists were combined.
		On Prairial 7 ( April 6 1797) Babeuf and Darthé were condemned to death; some of the prisoners, including Buonarroti, were exiled; the rest, including Vadier and his fellow-conventionals, were acquitted.
	www.fact-index.com /f/fr/francois_noel_babeuf.html (1760 words)

	[No title]
		racchus Babeuf (1760-1797), le premier dans la Révolution française, surmonta la contradiction, à laquelle s’étaient heurtés tous les politiques dévoués à la cause populaire, entre l’affirmation du droit à l’existence et le maintien de la propriété privée et de la liberté économique.
		Babeuf répudie maintenant la loi agraire qui ne peut « durer qu’un jour », il se prononce expressément pour l’abolition de la propriété privée des fonds.
		Le 10 germinal an IV (30 mars 1796) fut institué un comité insurrecteur où entrèrent avec Babeuf, Antonelle, Buonarroti, Darthé, Félix Lepeletier et Sylvain Maréchal.
	www.chez.com /durru/babeuf/babeuf.htm (1762 words)

	Babeuf's Defense (From the Trial at the Vendome, Feb-May, 1797)
		Babeuf's Defense (From the Trial at the Vendome, Feb-May, 1797)
		There are a great many questions concerning it in various parts of the record of the trial, and it has been regarded as the extreme among all ideas of social upheaval.
		It says in the volume printed by the court that the draft of this statement is written in Babeuf’s hand.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/defense.html (4511 words)

	The Death of Socialism by Roger Kimball (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Babeuf, who called himself “Gracchus” Babeuf after the legendary Roman land reformer, also put radical equality at the center of his revolutionary program.
		Babeuf looked forward to the “general overthrow of the system of private property” as an “inevitable” adjunct of revolution.
		Babeuf’s importance in the history of socialism was underscored by Marx and Engels.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/20/apr02/social.htm (2481 words)

	BABEUF - LoveToKnow Article on BABEUF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		(ii6o-tigi), known as GRACCHUS BABEUF, French political agitator and journalist, was born at Saint Quentin on the 23rd of November 1760.
		The court of cassation quashed the sentence, through defect of form, but sent Babeuf for a new trial before the Aisne tribunal, by which he was acquitted on the i8th of July.
		BABEUF, FRANCOIS N. To properly cite this BABEUF article in your work, copy the complete reference below:
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BABEUF.htm (533 words)

	BABOUVISME
		Gracchus Babeuf (1760-1797), le premier dans la Révolution française, surmonta la contradiction, à laquelle s'étaient heurtés tous les politiques dévoués à la cause populaire, entre l'affirmation du droit à l'existence et le maintien de la propriété privée et de la liberté économique.
		Sans doute, Babeuf s'est intéressé au sort des travailleurs salariés sans que l'on puisse bien préciser si c'est véritablement la connaissance des problèmes sociaux de la manufacture picarde ou la situation des classes laborieuses parisiennes, connues plus tard, qui lui a suggéré certaines formules.
		La prédilection de Babeuf pour les structures économiques anciennes, particulièrement l'artisanat, l'absence dans son oeuvre de toute référence à une société communiste fondée sur l'abondance des produits de consommation expliquent que l'on ait pu parler à son propos de pessimisme économique.
	www.lgu.ac.uk /langstud/politicalthought/babeuf/babouvisme.htm (2501 words)

	Socialism: 'If You Build It, They Will Leave'
		Gracchus Babeuf, whose name in French directly translates as “jackass” (well, it should anyway) is the real patriarch of the story.
		Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals was an incompetent attempt to overthrow the Directory who, upon hearing about it, immediately locked up all of its members and put them on trial.
		Only two of the 65 were sent to the guillotine, but Babeuf was one of the two forced to receive the “cool whisp” at the back of his neck.
	www.strike-the-root.com /3/chapin/chapin8.html (1743 words)

	Babouvism (Babeuvism) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Buonarroti's account of what he saw as the destruction by the "criminals of Thermidor" of Robespierre's "republic of virtue" and of its logical extension in the "conspiracy of equals," proved to be one of the most influential books of the nineteenth century.
		And there are resemblances between the collectivism of Babeuf and the state ownership schemes of Blanc.
		Blanc was also very much a man of the nineteenth century, of industrial society, and thus closely attu ned to the revolutionary possibilities inherent in the emergence of the new industrial working class.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ac/babouvis.htm (981 words)

	Gracchus Babeuf
		Babeuf took the revolutionary notions of liberté, egalité and fraternité and expanded them beyond the political, social and legal realm into the cultural and economic.
		True equality, Babeuf argued in the 1790s, would mean common property as well as a common government.
		Source: Babeuf's Conspiracy for Equality, by Philippe Buonarroti, translated by Bronterre O'Brien.
	faculty.goucher.edu /history231/babeuf.htm (1466 words)

	Babeuf, commissaire à terrier
		Les idées qui y étaient émises paraissaient alors utopiques : Babeuf proposait ainsi un système de partage de toutes les propriétés à raison de onze arpents par ménage.
		La théorie de Babeuf, le babouvisme, est fondé sur le partage des biens-fonds et la répartition égalitaire de la récolte par le magasin commun.
		De plus, pour Babeuf, le peuple est asservi et doit être libéré par une minorité insurrectionnelle très organisée et décidée à installer une dictature populaire.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /cadastre/babeuf.htm (599 words)

	Gracchus Babeuf and the Conspiracy of the Equals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The conspiracy of equality organised by Babeuf and his followers aimed at provoking an armed uprising of the plebeian masses against the bourgeois regime of the Directory and establishing a revolutionary dictatorship as a transitional stage to “pure democracy” and “egalitarian communism.” The conspiracy was disclosed in May 1796.
		Babeuf’s last letter to his family before his execution, 1797
		Babeuf and the Conspiracy of the Equals, E. Belfort Bax, 1911
	www.marx.org /history/france/revolution/conspiracy-equals/index.htm (131 words)

	BABEUF - BUONARROTI, P., Conspiration pour l'égalité dite de Babeuf, suivie du procès auquel elle donna lieu, et des ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		BABEUF - BUONARROTI, P. Conspiration pour l'égalité dite de Babeuf, suivie du procès auquel elle donna lieu, et des pièces justificatives, etc., etc. Bruxelles, à la Librairie Romantique, 1828.
		With an engraved and a lithographed frontispiece, one of Gracchus Babeuf and one of Buonarroti.
		Buonarroti was condamned to deportation and when he picked up his revolutionary life after his return, in Grenoble, Geneva and finally Paris, where he died in 1833, his actions formed a major source of inspiration for the socialists and republicans of the 19th century.
	www.polybiblio.com /gerits/20997.html (212 words)

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