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Topic: Babrak Karmal

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	Babrak Karmal Summary
		Babrak Karmal (roughly translated "labor-loving little tiger") was born into a wealthy Afghan family near Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, January 6, 1929.
		Babrak Karmal (January 6, 1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1979 - 1986) during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Babrak Karmal, exiled leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed by the Soviets as Afghanistan's new head of government.
	www.bookrags.com /Babrak_Karmal (2537 words)

	People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Karmal (leader of the Parcham faction - "Parchamis") felt that Afghanistan was too undeveloped for a Marxist/Leninist strategy and that a national democratic front of patriotic and anti-imperialist forces had to be fostered in order to bring the country a step closer to socialist revolution.
		Karmal sought, unsuccessfully, to persuade the PDPA Central Committee to censure Taraki’s excessive radicalism.The vote, however, was close, and Taraki in turn tried to neutralize Karmal by appointing new members to the committee who were his own supporters.
		Nur Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karmal, and Hafizullah Amin, organized a coup d'etat, overthrowing the regime of Mohammad Daoud, and renaming the country the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA).
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/PDPA (1277 words)

	Babrak Karmal
		Babrak Karmal (1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Karmal became involved in Marxist political activities while a student at Kabul University, where he gained a law degree.
		Karmal was initially deputy prime minister but following the rise of the rival Khalq faction he was soon 'exiled' as ambassador to Prague.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Babrak_Karmal.html (215 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Karmal became involved in Marxist political activities while a student at Kabul University and was imprisoned.
		Karmal was a founding member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and from 1965 to 1973 served in the National Assembly.
		Karmal became deputy prime minister, but rivalries within the government soon resulted in his being sent as ambassador to Prague.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Personalities.BabrakKarmal.shtm (242 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Babrak Karmal
		Babrak Karmal (roughly translated "little tiger") was born into a wealthy Afghan family near Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, January 6, 1929.
		Karmal's ethnic background is rather hazy, as was common among those born in or near Kabul, but most agree that he was Tajik or Qizilbash, Persian-speaking background.
		Karmal was a founding member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and served in the National Assembly from 1965 until 1973.
	www.afghanland.com /history/karmal.html (458 words)

	Chronologie van Afghanistan
		Babrak Karmal (1929-1996), kandidaat en mede-oprichter (januari) van de Afghaanse Communistische Partij, werd in het parlement gekozen.
		Op 24 december kwamen (op uitnodiging van Babrak Karmal en op grond van het vriendschapsverdrag) ruim 40.000 Sovjet-soldaten het land binnen (onder andere van de 105e luchtmobiele divisie).
		De reden voor de invasie was dat de USSR geen progressief en nationalistisch regime aan de grens wilde, uit angst dat de beweging zou overslaan naar de Centraal Aziatische Sovjetrepublieken.* De bevolking bedroeg ongeveer 16 miljoen.* De populairste artiest van het land, de zanger Ahmad Zahir (1946-1979) kwam om het leven bij een verkeersongeluk.
	www.studybuddy.nl /nederlands/contentafgh.html (3554 words)

	Babrak Karmal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1986 the Babrak Karmal government, installed by the Soviet forces, was replaced by one headed by Dr. Najibullah, a communist, who had been forced into exile...
		Babrak Karmal (January 6, 1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1980 - 1986) during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Following the fighting with the mujahedeen in the 1980s, Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/b/ba/babrak_karmal.html (272 words)

	Afghan President is Ousted and Executed in Kabul Coup, Reportedly with Soviet Help
		Karmal was the leader of the Parcham branch of the People's Democratic Party, which was behind the overthrow of President Mohammad Daud in April 1978.
		Karmal, during his stay in Czechoslovakia, was reportedly summoned home to face charges of plotting a coup but he stayed on in Eastern Europe, according to State Department officials.
		Karmal's statement: "Today is the breaking of the machine of torture of Amin and his henchmen, wild butchers, usurpers and murderers of tens of thousands of our countrymen, fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, sons and daughters, children and old people."
	partners.nytimes.com /library/world/africa/122879binladen.html (858 words)

	Virtual Archive : Minutes from Conversation between Babrak Karmal and the Head of the Diplomatic Protocol Tucek
		Babrak Karmal visited the head of the diplomatic protocol on 11 September at 3 P.M. He introduced the discussion by stating that he had been informed that his diplomatic activities in Czechoslovakia were at an end.
		Karmal said that he realized that, officially, his function in Czechoslovakia was over, but that as a member of his Party’s leadership, he would like to meet with Comrade Bilak and inform him of the situation in his country as well as his own situation.
		When Karmal asked what his status in Czechoslovakia was after he ceased to be the ambassador, the head of the diplomatic protocol replied that as an Afghan citizen, he was under the care and protection of the Afghan Embassy.
	www.wilsoncenter.org /index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=5034D0DB-96B6-175C-90CF0C4CC31CC1C6&sort=Collection&item=Soviet (410 words)

	Babrak Karmal
		After he was raised to power, Karmal appointed Farhang as his adviser, promising him that the Soviet troops would leave Afghanistan within months and that “as economic adviser Farhang would have real power” (Hyman, Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 194).
		On 1 January 1965 the PDPA was founded in Kabul, with Karmal serving as one of its twenty-eight founding members in its founding congress.
		The Soviets resurrected them after the invasion of Afghanistan and promoted Karmal to the posts of president of the Revolutionary Council, prime minister, supreme commander of the armed forces of Afghanistan, and general secretary of the PDPA.
	www.afghanan.net /biographies/karmal.htm (479 words)

	Babrak Karmal Biography
		Babrak Karmal (January 6, 1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1980 - 1986) during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Following the fighting with the mujahedeen in the 1980s, Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems.
		Karmal moved to Moscow, where he remained until his death.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Karmal_Babrak.html (241 words)

	Afghanistan
		Babrak Karmal and Hafizullah Amin, key figures in the unfolding drama, also assumed prominent posts in the revolutionary government.
		Karmal returned from the Soviet Union and became the new prime minister, president of the Revolutionary Council and secretary general of the PDPA.
		Babrak Karmal and Hafizullah Amin were elected deputy prime ministers.
	novaonline.nvcc.edu /eli/evans/his135/Events/Afghanistan79.htm (1319 words)

	People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karmal (leader of the Parcham faction - "Parchamis") felt that Afghanistan was too undeveloped for a Marxist-Leninist strategy and that a national democratic front of patriotic and anti-imperialist forces had to be fostered in order to bring the country a step closer to socialist revolution.
		Karmal sought, unsuccessfully, to persuade the PDPA Central Committee to censure Taraki’s excessive radicalism.
		Nur Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karmal, and Hafizullah Amin, organized a coup d'état, overthrowing the regime of Mohammad Daoud, and renaming the country the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/PDPA (1244 words)

	Babrak Karmal - Definition, explanation
		Babrak Karmal (January 6, 1929 - December 3, 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1980 - 1986) during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		He was a founding member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and served in the National Assembly from 1965 until 1973.
		Following the fighting with the mujahedeen in the 1980s, Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/ba/babrak_karmal.php (283 words)

	The Origins of the Soviet-Afghan War
		In the second national elections in 1969 Babrak Karmal and another PDPA member, Hafizullah Amin, both of whom would play important roles in the future Soviet intervention, were elected to the parliament.
		Babrak Karmal returned from the Soviet Union and became the new Prime Minister, President of the Revolutionary Council and Secretary General of the PDPA.
		Babrak can be described as one of the more theoretically equipped leaders of PDPA, who soberly and objectively evaluates the situation in Afghanistan; he was always distinguished by his sincere sympathies for the Soviet Union, and commanded respect within party masses and the country at large.
	www.alternativeinsight.com /Afghan_War.html (3262 words)

	The Sickle and the Minaret
		Karmal believed that Afghanistan was far too undeveloped for a Leninist strategy and that a national democratic front of patriotic and anti- imperialist forces had to be fostered in order to bring the country a step closer to socialist revolution.
		Karmal offered his resignation, which was accepted, and Karmal left the party with a substantial number of the PDPA Central Committee.
		In November, Karmal was replaced as now-ceremonial president by a non-party member, Haji Muhammad Samkanai, signaling the PDPA's willingness to open government to non-Marxists, and unveiled a program of "National Reconciliation." It offered a six-month cease-fire and discussions leading to a possible coalition government.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2005/issue1/jv9no1a2.html (10236 words)

	Babrak Karmal - Wikipedia
		Karmal stieg schnell zum Führer der demokratischen Studentenbewegung "Wikh-i-Zalmaiyan" (Erwachte Jugend) auf.
		Gegen den Widerstand Karmals wurde die Partei 1977 wieder vereinigt.
		Karmals Regierungszeit war gekennzeichnet durch Kämpfe mit den aufständischen Mujaheddin.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Babrak_Karmal (423 words)

	Babrak Karmal - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		At the end of 1979 the Soviet Union launched a large-scale invasion of Afghanistan and engineered the overthrow of Marxist President Hafizullah Amin, replacing him with another Marxist, Babrak Karmal, more susceptible to Moscow's control.
		Karmal, Babrak: political struggle after the execution of Hafizullah Amin
		After the execution of Communist leader Hafizullah Amin from the Khalq faction of Afghan Communists, the Soviet Union formed a government led by...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Babrak+Karmal (108 words)

	Babrak Karmal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Soviets brought Karmal back to be President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Karmal moved to Moscow, where the Soviets could protect him from foes in Afghanistan.
		Karmal's body was then flown the following day by a Russian military airplane to Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan for burial.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Babrak_Karmal (1143 words)

	Afghanistan—Who's Who
		Although he claimed to be a Pashtun, some reports indicated Karmal was Tajik.
		Following the communist coup in 1978, Karmal was named deputy prime minister.
		After several years, Karmal returned to Moscow, where he died of liver disease.
	www.factmonster.com /spot/afghanistan1.html (2048 words)

	The Online NewsHour: Afghanistan and the War on Terror \| Political Timeline \| PBS
		The group's principal leaders are Babrak Karmal and Nur Mohammad Taraki.
		Nur Mohammad Taraki, one of the founding members of the Afghan Communist Party, takes control of the country as president, and Babrak Karmal is named deputy prime minister.
		They proclaim independence from Soviet influence, and declare their policies to be based on Islamic principles, Afghan nationalism and socioeconomic justice.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/indepth_coverage/asia/afghanistan/timeline/timeline3.html (244 words)

	The Afghan Left
		Noor Muhammad Tarakai, Sulman Laiq, Babrak Karmal and Noor Ahmad Noor were the leading PDPA leaders.
		Tarakai, Hafiz Ullah Amin and Babrak Karmal were jailed for leading this demonstration.
		Babrak was put in his place with a full support from Moscow.
	www.redflag.org.uk /news/s11/afghanleft.html (1572 words)

	Hafizullah Amin - Encyklopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After the death of Mohammed Daoud Khan in 1978 the PDPA gained power with Nur Mohammad Taraki becoming President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and secretary general of the PDPA while Amin and Babrak Karmal became deputy prime ministers.
		The Soviet military command at Termez did not wait until Amin's capture to announce on Radio Kabul (in a broadcast prerecorded by Babrak Karmal) that Afghanistan had been liberated from Amin's rule.
		That committee then elected as head of government Babrak Karmal, who was in exile in Moscow.
	en.science24.org /w,Hafizullah_Amin (1526 words)

	ICB Online \| Crisis Summary: AFGHANISTAN INVASION
		From the outset the new left-wing rulers of Afghanistan relied upon the Soviet Union for funds to cover the payroll of civil servants, and for a commitment to support the new regime during a critical period in the modern history of Afghanistan.
		He was succeeded by the most loyal pro-Soviet Afghan leader, Babrak Karmal, long-time head of one of the two dominant PDPA factions, the Parcham (Flag) Group, formed by him in 1967 against the then-dominant Khalq Group.
		The installation of Karmal as leader of Afghanistan marked the end of the USSR's and Afghanistan's initial crisis--but not the international crisis as a whole or the Afghan War; from that time on, until 1991, Afghanistan under Babrak Karmal was an appendage of the USSR in the Afghan War.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /icb/dataviewer/crisis_summary.asp?id=303 (1067 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Babrak Karmal
		Afghanistan is bordered by Iran on the west, by Pakistan on the east and south, and by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan on the north; a narrow strip, the Vakhan (Wakhan), extends
		Ex-Afghan Communist Leader Babrak Karmal Dies at Age 67
		The portrait of Secretary General Babrak KARMAL outside the Jangalak factory.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Babrak+Karmal (250 words)

	Hafizullah Amin - Demopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After the death of Mohammed Daoud Khan in 1978 the PDPA gained power with Nur Mohammad Taraki becoming President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and secretary general of the PDPA while Amin and Babrak Karmal became deputy prime ministers.
		An attempt to institute Marxist-Leninist reforms provoked widespread resistance and a number of violent revolts, in February 1979 the U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs was killed.
		The main reason appears to be that he was being pressed to do so by high levels of the PDP and he had to comply for the sake of appearances.
	demopedia.democraticunderground.com /index.php?title=Hafizullah_Amin&redirect=no (672 words)

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