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Topic: Babylonian calendar

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	Astronomy Answers: Historical Calendars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		With these rules, the Egyptian calendar was very easy to use, and was used also outside of Egypt, by astronomers, from the ancient Greeks (such as Claudius Ptolemaeus around AD 150) through the end of the Middle Ages, around 400 years ago.
		The Babylonian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with 12 or 13 months a year that each had 29 or 30 days.
		The oldest Roman calendar (used from perhaps as early as the year −700 on the Julian proleptic calendar) was a lunar calendar, with in the beginning perhaps only 10 months in each calendar year, though that isn't very clear.
	www.astro.uu.nl /~strous/AA/en/antwoorden/historische_kalenders.html (2883 words)

	The Babylonian calendar
		Like all other calendars, the Babylonian calendar had twelve lunar months (about 354 days) and a problem to make these fit the solar year (about 365 days).
		In the western calendar, this is solved by cutting the tie between the lunar phase and the calendar month; the Babylonians found a different solution by adding leap months.
		The new knowledge was immediately applied in Greece: the astronomer Callippus of Cyzicus, a pupil of the philosopher Aristotle of Stagira, recalculated the length of the lunar month and proposed a new calendar, in which he applied the longer cycle.
	www.livius.org /caa-can/calendar/calendar_babylonian.html (569 words)

	Calendopaedia - Miscellaneous Calenders
		The Babylonian Calendar is not particularly unsusual but is included because it was thought to be the main influence on the Egyptian, Hebrew and Islamic calendars.
		As the calendar was introduced on 24th November 1793 it was decided that the calendar would retrospectively start on 22 September 1792.
		The Indian Civil Calendar was defined by the Calendar Reform Committee in 1957.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/7671/misc.htm (1610 words)

	History & info - Various ancient calendars
		Thus, the Babylonian calendar until the end preserved a vestige of the original bipartition of the natural year into two seasons, just as the Babylonian months to the end remained truly lunar and began when the New Moon was first visible in the evening.
		The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on the moon's cycles, but the lunar calendar failed to predict a critical event in their lives: the annual flooding of the Nile river.
		Because the lunar calendar was controlled by the rising of Sirius, its months would correspond to the same season each year, while the civil calendar would move through the seasons because the civil year was about one-fourth day shorter than the solar year.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-ancient.html (6376 words)

	Can We Rely On the Hebrew Calender?
		This calendar disagreement occurred because the Essenes firmly maintained that the solar calendar was the one that was divinely revealed.
		One of the earliest civilizations—the Sumerian—had a thirty-day calendar (Goudsmit and Claiborne, 59).
		Calendar dissidents tell us that the Talmud is not in agreement with many of the features in the present Jewish calendar—such things as postponement rules, fixed numbers of days and months, etc. The Talmud is a collection of rules and arguments leading up to the adoption of the rules.
	www.bethelcog.org /CG_RelyOnCalendar.html (13990 words)

	CHAPTER TWO: The 'King's Calendar' Starting Point - the works of Josephus, The Fall of Jerusalem, the Burning of ...
		By this is meant that those who introduced the artificial calendar, requiring a point at which to commence the transcription of the artificial calendar into the nations' history, used the fall of Jerusalem on the 9th day of the fourth month as the synchronous focal point for both the real and artificial calendars.
		In the final analysis, the artificial calendar moved into the 5th month more rapidly than the Babylonian System, and thus determines the reference to the 10th day of the 5th month to be an artificial calendrical reference, while that of the 7th day of the 5th month refers to the standard Babylonian Calendar.
		As the artificial calendar proceeds faster than the Babylonian Calendar, the most advanced reference (27th day as opposed to 25th day) of the 12th month, will be that originating in the artificial calendar.
	www.kingscalendar.com /kc_free_files_no_frames/CHAPTER_02.html (3744 words)

	Babylonian Calendar -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy
		However, the Babylonian calendar remained chaotic throughout most of the first millennium BC due to the irregular insertion of random months.
		The Babylonian year apparently consisted originally of 12 months of 30 days, but sometimes made use of sightings of the crescent moon to name the beginning of a month.
		The Babylonians finally systematized a strictly lunar calendar which began with the first visible crescent moon around 500 BC.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /astronomy/BabylonianCalendar.html (162 words)

	Zodiac Calendar
		Babylonian astronomer priests established a standard set of 18 constellations along and around the ecliptic as early as 2,000 B.C.E. Stars outside the zodiac belt were useful for orientation purposes.
		Babylonian worship divided the starry sky into three different bands around 3,000 B.C.E. The northern band was the Path of Anu.
		Calendar months reckon 30-days according to the rule of “three stars each.” Each Decan star was from a different band in the sky.
	www.timeemits.com /cec/zodcal.htm (3848 words)

	New Testament Chronology - Calendars from the Exile to the First Century BCE
		Then, by the end of the fourth century BCE the Macedonian calendar of the Seleucid Era was supposed identical with the Babylonian calendar, except that the Syro-Macedonian version began the new year in the fall, Dios 1.
		The presumed equivalence of the Syro-Macedonian calendar with the Babylonian calendar is derived from the initial equivalence of Daisos with Aiaru in 323 BCE, the year Alexander died.
		The calendar drift that required the change to the Gregorian calendar occurs in reverse as the Julian calendar is artificially projected backwards.
	doig.net /NTC02.htm (7314 words)

	Hebrew Calendar
		This figure, in a detail of a medieval Hebrew calendar, reminded Jews of the palm branches (Lulav) and the citron (Etrog) to be brought to the synagogue at the end of sukkot, closing the solemn convocations of the calendar in autumn.
		Their calendar used the same epacts in nineteen year cycles that were to become canonical in the Easter computus used by almost all medieval Christians, both those in the Latin West and the Greek East.
		This is done to ensure that the months of the Jewish calendar always fall in roughly the same seasons of the solar year, and in particular that Nissan is always in spring.
	www.measuroo.com /rel-H/Hebrew_Calendar.php (3675 words)

	Babylonian - Tower of Babel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Babylonians, who lived in what is now Iraq, added an extra month to their years at irregular intervals.
		Their calendar, composed of alternate 29-day and 30-day months, kept roughly in step with the lunar year.
		However, the Babylonian calendar was quite confused until the 300's B.C., when the Babylonians began to use a more reliable system.
	www.crystalinks.com /babylonian2.html (171 words)

	The Jewish Calendar \| polysyllabic
		The Hebrew calendar looks much like the Babylonian one, and there is clear influence from the time of the Babylonian captivity.
		Another difference between the Hebrew and the Babylonian calendar is the treatment of the 7-day cycle.
		Recall that the Babylonians had a 7-day cycle, but the days around the new moon when it was invisible were not included.
	www.polysyllabic.com /?q=calhistory/earlier/jewish (481 words)

	The Babylonian Calendar: Introduction
		The easiest way to follow the Babylonian calendar nowadays is to buy a Jewish calendar and write in the significant dates.
		The calendar presented here is a synthesis of information spanning from the most ancient to the most recent, about 4300 years.
		This calendar uses the month names of the Standard Babylonian Calendar, with the names of the equivalent Jewish months in brackets.
	www.angelfire.com /tx/tintirbabylon/caledarintro.html (568 words)

	Babylonian, Jewish, Muslim, Luni-Solar, Indian, Iranian Calendars
		The beginning of the month in the Babylonian calendar was determined by the direct observation by priests of the young cresecent moon at sunset after the astronomical New Moon.
		For a lunar calendar adjusting to the solar year, the best approximations (by continued fractions) to the difference between twelve synodic months and the tropical year would be to add one month every three years, three every eight, four every eleven, seven every nineteen, or 123 every 334.
		While the religious Islâmic calendar is of course used in Irân, the ancient solar calendar also continues to be used as a civil calendar.
	www.friesian.com /calendar.htm (8375 words)

	Babylonian calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Babylonian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with years consisting of 12 lunar months, each beginning when a new crescent moon was first sighted low on the western horizon at sunset, plus an intercalary month inserted as needed by decree.
		Until the fifth century BC the calendar was fully observational, but beginning about 499 BC the months began to be regulated by a lunisolar cycle of 19 years equaling 235 months.
		After no more than three isolated exceptions, by 380 BC the months of the calendar were regulated by the cycle without exception.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Babylonian_calendar (227 words)

	The New Testament Church & the Calendar
		In addition to the Old Testament Jewish calendar, the other calendars in the Middle East that were based on the appearance of new moons included: the Babylonian calendar, the Macedonian calendar, the Old Persian calendar, and the Achaemenid Elamite calendar.
		He wanted a calendar in which the seasons would always be kept constant; in other words, a calendar in which the two equinoxes and the two solstices would remain on the same days of the year every year.
		I don't believe the Jewish calendar even featured in their thinking--even though in practice they would have been almost always in full agreement with the Jewish calendar that was at that time still based on visual observations.
	www.israelofgod.org /ntchurch.htm (7102 words)

	Biblical Holidays Jewish Feasts Reveal Messiah Yeshua -Jesus
		The Jewish calendar is based on a lunar year of twelve months, each month of twenty-nine or thirty days.
		Israel adopted all twelve months of the Babylonian calendar as their civil calendar, but not all of the twelve months are listed in the Bible.
		God changed the civil calendar to the religious calendar in Exodus 12:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you.
	biblicalholidays.com /Excerpts/hebrew_calendar.htm (566 words)

	The Holy Order of O:N:E:
		The annual celebrations of the Manichean church were determined by the lunar year of the Babylonian calendar as it had been known by Mani.
		Holidays were determined by the position of the sun in the ecliptic and certain phases of the moon.
		Calendar lists which had to be created every year anew were used for the conversion of these dates into the common Sogdian calendar (Henning, 1945, pp.
	essenes.net /new/manicalendar.html (140 words)

	The Jewish Calender
		Of course, you realize that the Jewish calendar follows the Moon: "Rosh Chodesh," the beginning of the month, is always supposed to fall on the new Moon--the time when the Moon's position in the sky passes that of the Sun.
		In the general calendar, we now have Y2K, a special "millenium" year--but I still remember in 1940 or 1941, when I was 9 years old, the teacher told us that the current year 5700 was special, because it marked exactly 300 cycles since the creation of the world, according to the Jewish calendar.
		The Babylonians did not have a sabbath--but they preferred not to work on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of the month, because they thought those were unlucky days.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /stargaze/Sjewcale.htm (1532 words)

	Egyptian Calendar -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy
		1000 BC, the Egyptians put the solar calendar, which consisted of 12 30-day months with five extra festival days at the end of the year, into use.
		It required no astronomical adjustments or observations and became the standard used throughout the Middle Ages and used by Copernicus.
		Rose, L. Sun, Moon, and Sothis: A Study of Calendars and Calendar Reforms in Ancient Egypt.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /astronomy/EgyptianCalendar.html (82 words)

	The Babylonian Calendar
		This file is on the attested intercalary months in the calendar of the Babylonians.
		What we know of the Babylonian Calendar, is the following: The Babylionian year comprised about 354 days, or 12 months with either 29 or 30 days.
		Parker, Richard A., and Waldo Dubberstein, Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizaioorn, Oriental Institute of the university of Chicago, Chicago, 1942, 1956
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/cplawassist/paper/80000.html (722 words)

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