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	Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
		Prior to that time, because of the tremendous number of anthrax bacilli observed in the blood of animals dying of the disease (>10^9 bacteria/ml), it was assumed that death was due to blockage of the capillaries, popularly known as the "log-jam" theory.
		Bacillus anthracis coordinates the expression of its virulence factors in response to a specific environmental signal.
		About 1-6 days after inhaling Bacillus anthracis spores there would be a gradual onset of vague symptoms of illness such as fatigue, fever, mild discomfort in the chest and a possibly a dry cough.
	www.drlera.com /bacterial_diseases/anthrax_bacillus_anthracis.htm (2130 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 15
		Several other Bacillus spp, in particular B cereus and to a lesser extent B subtilis and B licheniformis, are periodically associated with bacteremia/septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, and infections of wounds, the ears, eyes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract.
		Bacillus species are used in many medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial processes that take advantage of their wide range of physiologic characteristics and their ability to produce a host of enzymes, antibiotics, and other metabolites.
		Bacillus cereus and its close relatives B thuringiensis and B mycoides produce potent ß-lactamases and thus are not responsive to penicillin, ampicillin, or the cephalosporins.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch015.htm (4693 words)

	Bacillus
		The ubiquity of Bacillus species in nature, the unusual resistance of their endospores to chemical and physical agents, the developmental cycle of endospore formation, the production of antibiotics, the toxicity of their spores and protein crystals for many insects, and the pathogen Bacillus anthracis, have attracted ongoing interest in the genus since Koch's time.
		The vegetative cell surface is a laminated structure that consists of a capsule, a proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer), several layers of peptidoglycan sheeting, and the proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
		Bacillus antibiotics share a full range of antimicrobial activity: bacitracin, pumulin, laterosporin, gramicidin and tyrocidin are effective against Gram-positive bacteria; colistin and polymyxin are anti-Gram-negative; difficidin is broad spectrum; and mycobacillin and zwittermicin are anti-fungal.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /Bacillus.html (5350 words)

	Anthrax
		The anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis, was the first bacterium shown to be the cause of a disease.
		Bacillus anthracis clearly owes its pathogenicity to two major determinants of virulence: the formation of a poly-D-glutamyly capsule, which mediates the invasive stage of the infection, and the production of the multicomponent anthrax toxin which mediates the toxigenic stage.
		The anthrax vaccine for humans, which is used in the U.S., is a preparation of the protective antigen recovered from the culture filtrate of an avirulent, nonencapsulated strain of Bacillus anthracis that produces PA during active growth.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /Anthrax.html (3578 words)

	Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
		Bacillus anthracis is typically a disease of herbivores (plant-eating mammals), although it can affect other animals as well.
		Bacillus anthracis was cultured from blood and from cerebrospinal fluid.
		The assay was specific for 144 Bacillus anthracis strains from different geographical locations and did not cross-react with 175 strains of other related bacilli, with the exception of one strain.
	www.csa.com /discoveryguides/anthrax/overview.php (3595 words)

	Bacillus - MicrobeWiki
		Bacilli are an extremely diverse group of bacteria that include both the causative agent of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) as well as several species that synthesize important antibiotics.
		In addition to medical uses, bacillus spores, due to their extreme tolerance to both heat and disinfectants, are used to test heat sterilization techniques and chemical disinfectants.
		The Bacillus subtilis genome sequence: the molecular blueprint of a soil bacterium.
	microbewiki.kenyon.edu /mediawiki-1.6.6/index.php/Bacillus (1303 words)

	BACILLUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Bacillus represents a genus of Gram-positive bacteria which are ubiquitous in nature (soil, water, and airborne dust).
		anthracis is the bacterium which causes anthrax in cows, sheep, and sometimes humans.
		anthracis cells appear to have square ends and seem to be attached by a joint to other cells.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001437.htm (252 words)

	Bacillus anthracis (causes the disease anthrax)
		Bacillus species are rod-shaped bacteria that are able to turn into resistant spores when conditions get tough (such as when the host dies).
		Bacillus anthracis cells contain plasmids (independent circles of DNA, not part of the main genome) that produce a toxin consisting of three different proteins.
		Bacillus anthracis is famous in the history of bacteriology because it was the first bacterium that was shown to cause a disease.
	www.museums.org.za /bio/eubacteria/bacillus_anthracis.htm (1408 words)

	BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
		Bacillus anthracis est apparenté à ¤ Bacillus cereus, à Bacillus mycoides, à Bacillus pseudomycoides, à Bacillus thuringiensis et à ¤ Bacillus weihenstephanensis.
		Bacillus anthracis est aéro-anaérobie et il pousse en 24 heures sur les milieux ordinaires, incubés sous atmosphère normale, en donnant des colonies de 3 à 5 mm de diamètre qui ont un aspect R, "en tête de méduse".
		Bacillus anthracis est responsable du charbon bactéridien (ou fièvre charbonneuse ou maladie charbonneuse ou charbon ou, en anglais, anthrax), maladie mondialement répandue, atteignant de nombreuses espèces animales domestiques ou sauvages et transmissible à l'homme.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /bacdico/bb/anthracis.html (5135 words)

	Bacillus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes.
		Bacillus species are either obligate or facultative aerobes, and test positive for the enzyme catalase.
		An easy way to isolate Bacillus is by placing non-sterile soil in a test tube with water, shaking, placing in melted Mannitol Salt Agar, and incubating at room temperature for at least a day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bacillus (325 words)

	Pyrosequencing Bacillus anthracis Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		We used this technology to identify the warfare agent Bacillus anthracis by sequencing 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the rpoB gene as chromosomal markers for B. anthracis.
		Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that causes the acute mammalian disease anthrax when endospores enter the body.
		We studied 4 B. anthracis specific rpoB SNPs located at positions 911,912, 913, and 914 in duplex sequencing reactions by using a unique sequencing primer for each desired SNP in a collection of 17 anthracis and 10 non-anthracis Bacillus strains.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_10_11/ai_n15692050 (912 words)

	Bacillus anthracis
		Long regarded as the preferred biological warfare agent, Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax.
		Its potential for use as a bioweapon was infamously demonstrated by the autumn 2001 anthrax letter attacks in the U.S. Bacillus anthracis is an endospore-forming, Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium.
		anthracis has identified chromosomally encoded genes that may also contribute to pathogenicity, as well as identified surface proteins that might be targets for vaccines and drugs.
	pathema.tigr.org /pathema/b_anthracis.shtml (258 words)

	Bacillus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Members of the genus Bacillus are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-formers that require oxygen.
		anthracis produces a single antigenic type of capsule and several exotoxins.
		Inhalation anthrax; Bacillus spores are inhaled and ingested by aveolar macrophages.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/bacil.htm (529 words)

	Pyrosequencing Bacillus anthracis \| CDC EID
		anthracis plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 was analyzed to determine the virulence status of the bacterial strains.
		anthracis, and 2 fragments of virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2.
		Nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus anthracis edema factor gene (cya): a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol11no10/04-1316.htm (2202 words)

	Macrophage-Enhanced Germination of Bacillus anthracis Endospores Requires gerS -- Ireland and Hanna 70 (10): 5870 -- ...
		Role of the gerI operon of Bacillus cereus 569 in the response of spores to germinant.
		Identification and characterization of a germination operon on the virulence plasmid pXO1 of Bacillus anthracis.
		The role of antibodies to Bacillus anthracis and anthrax toxin components in inhibiting the early stages of infection by anthrax spores.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/10/5870 (1790 words)

	Preventing Foodborne Illness: Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Bacillus species are mesophilic bacteria that produce heat-resistant endosopores with a growth range of 10°C to 48°C, with optimal growth at 28°C to 35°C. In addition, they can grow in a broad pH range of 4.9 to 9.3.
		Bacillus anthracis is responsible for causing the disease anthrax in humans and animals, via direct contact with infected carriers or inhalation of endospores.
		Bacillus anthracis is a Gram positive, non-motile, aerobic, encapsulated spore-forming bacterial rod that produces exotoxins.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /FS103 (2398 words)

	Bacillus anthracis Ames Genome Sequence - Questions and Answers
		anthracis have been identified over time and most of them are encoded on the plasmids, ie lethal toxin, and capsule.
		We have identified a number of genes and proteins that may play accessory roles in virulence, such as genes that allow increased survival in the human macrophage including catalases and dismutases that mitigate damage by free-oxygen radicals, an increased number of iron acquisition complexes (a common feature of human pathogens), hemolysins and phospholipases.
		anthracis Florida was isolated form a patient and was sequenced in relation to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's enquiry into the 2001 bioterror attacks, whereas B.
	www.tigr.org /tdb/b_anthracis/faq.shtml (654 words)

	Disease Listing, Anthrax, Technical Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Bacillus anthracis is an encapsulated gram-positive, nonmotile, aerobic, spore-forming bacterial rod with a spore size of approximately 1 µm x 2 µm.
		anthracis are edema toxin, lethal toxin, and an antiphagocytic capsular antigen.
		anthracis spores were distributed through the U.S. mail have further underscored the potential dangers of this organism as a bioterrorism threat.
	www.cdc.gov.cob-web.org:8888 /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/anthrax_t.htm (559 words)

	CDC - Ruling Out Bacillus anthracis
		As anthracis strains cured from one or both plasmids exist naturally or may be obtained in vitro (3), and false-negative results may be encountered with plasmid-specific PCR assays (4), the availability of a chromosomal PCR is desirable.
		Evaluation and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis.
		Differential diagnosis of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus cereus var.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no4/03-0544.htm (2214 words)

	Bacillus - ACT 2005 \| Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis International Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This is a joint conference of two meetings otherwise known as the 6th International Conference on Anthrax and the 4th International Workshop on the Molecular Biology of Bacillus cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis conferences.
		In the long tradition of the Winchester, Oslo, Plymouth, Taos, Annapolis and Nice meetings, the mission of this conference is to bring together researchers involved in scientific research related to the physiology, genetics, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of these bacteria.
		Bacillus - ACT 2005 is proudly powered by Drupal and valid XHTML and CSS.
	bacillus-act.org (160 words)

	Bacillus anthracis - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		anthracis can also be isolated from other body fluids including pleural effusions, pleural biopsies, lymph nodes, and other tissues.
		Nearly all cases were acquired from exposure to the endospores of Bacillus anthracis which was sent through the mail, although in several cases the source of inhalational anthrax has remained unclear.
		Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic, Gram-positive bacillus with a large polypeptide capsule.
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/bioterrorism/bi000400.aspx?lid=1093 (1534 words)

	Bacillus anthracis
		anthracis germinating in wet, warm soils, there is very little evidence that this does occur outside the laboratory.
		anthracis spores seem to perform like other bacterial spores, in that they have a negative surface charge and thus adhere to organic matter in soil.
		PCR : single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are increasingly recognized as important diagnostic markers for the detection and differentiation of Bacillus anthracis.
	focosi.immunesig.org /pathobacteria_anthrax.html (5047 words)

	Bacillus anthracis -- Spencer 56 (3): 182 -- Journal of Clinical Pathology
		Bacillus anthracis, the organism that causes anthrax, derives
		Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers.
		Bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with eukaryotic cells.
	jcp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/56/3/182 (4015 words)

	Bacillus anthracis
		Anthrax or woolsorter's disease is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus anthracis.
		anthracis is a large, Gm+ aerobic, non-motile, endospore-forming rod occurring in chains.
		anthracis spores are extremely resilient and may remain naturally viable in the soil for decades.
	microbes.historique.net /anthracis.html (676 words)

	eMedicine - Anthrax : Article by Burke A Cunha, MD, MACP
		B anthracis remains in the capillaries of invaded organs, and the local and fatal effects of the infection result, in large part, to the toxins elaborated by B anthracis.
		B anthracis is present in high numbers in the ulcer/eschar of cutaneous anthrax, bloody pleural fluid, the CSF in anthrax meningitis, or the blood in septicemic anthrax.
		Tabatabaie P, Syadati A: Bacillus anthracis as a cause of bacterial meningitis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic148.htm (6149 words)

	Anthrax Fact Sheet
		Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis.
		anthracis spores can live in the soil for many years and humans can become infected with anthrax by handling animal products from infected animals or by inhaling anthrax spores from contaminated animal products.
		anthracis from the blood, skin lesions, or respiratory secretions or by measuring specific antibodies in the blood of suspected cases.
	health.utah.gov /epi/fact_sheets/anthrax.html (586 words)

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