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Topic: Back Bay Fens

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	Assignment 2 - Your Site Through Time
		Thus began the birth of the Back Bay and the Fens.
		The Back Bay was an amazing project that sprang up over the course of 40 years and managed to become almost indistinguishable from the rest of Boston.
		In 1849, the health department declared the area to be a “nuisance, offensive and injurious to the large and increasing population residing upon it.” (4) The solution to the new waste problem that the health department demanded was to fill in the area.
	architecture.mit.edu /class/city/projects03/back_bay_fens/bbf_as2_R.htm (1980 words)

	Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aerial view of Back Bay, Boston including the Prudential Center and John Hancock Tower with MIT and Cambridgeport across the Charles River.
		Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.
		The boundaries of the Back Bay, as defined by the Neighborhood Association of Back Bay, are "the Charles River on the North; Arlington Street to Park Square on the East; Columbus Avenue to the New York New Haven and Hartford right-of-way (South of Stuart Street and Copley Place), Huntington Avenue, Dalton Street, and the Mass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Back_Bay_(Boston) (1531 words)

	The Fenway - The Site Through Time
		The Muddy and the Back Bay remained essentially untouched up until the middle of the 19th century, although two railroads were built crisscrossing the Back Bay.
		Towards the end of the 1870's, the Back Bay project became reality, as a huge new area was reclaimed out of the river basin.
		Essentially, the Fens evolved from a nuisance area that was 'dealt with' to a natural haven integrated into the city.
	web.mit.edu /nikhiln/www/fenwaymfa/throughtime.html (1176 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Fens, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fens, the district, E England, a flat lowland, W and S of The Wash. Extending c.70 mi (110 km) from north to south and c.35 mi (60 km) from east to west, it is traversed by numerous streams.
		The region has extensive fens, drained and devoted to the cultivation of sugar beets and vegetables.
		The digging of canals for irrigation probably dates back to the beginnings of agriculture, and traces of canals have been found in the regions of ancient civilizations.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Fens, (785 words)

	Iowa's Wetlands and Riparian Areas: Homepage
		Fens are thousands of years old, spring-fed wetlands that have unusual soil and water conditions, and host a unique set of species.
		Because groundwater feeds fens, the water is usually high in calcium and other ions from the underlying rock and is slightly alkaline or neutral.
		Like their inhabitants, fens are also rare, but they can be found in all of the major landform regions of Iowa.
	www.ag.iastate.edu /centers/iawetlands/cases/Fens.html (510 words)

	Stormwater \| Managing Storm Flows
		Bank-to-bank dredging would be beneficial in the Back Bay Fens and sections of the Riverway where the phragmites must be removed to ensure that their future regrowth does not constrict the flood-control capacity.
		The dredging of the fens is to be accompanied by daylighting.
		In the Back Bay Fens, a combined sewer overflow still exists where a mixture of storm drainage and sewage is discharged during large storms.
	www.forester.net /sw_0209_managing.html (2412 words)

	Fens, the - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Romans attempted drainage and built a few roads across the Fens; however, the area had become marshy by Anglo-Saxon times, either from natural causes or from allowing Roman work to decay.
		Agriculture is plentiful on the fertile alluvial soils, with vegetables, fruit, and wheat being the principal crops.
		Science and nature: Water world; An ambitious project to bring back the lost fens of Cambridgeshire is now under way.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-fens.html (504 words)

	The Back Bay Fens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Back Bay Fens was a noxious tidal swamp and creek left over from the times when the whole Back Bay was a shallow body of salt water.
		Emptying into the Back Bay were two streams, the Stony Brook and Muddy River, that drained several thousands of surrounding acres and that tended to flood badly, when heavy rains and high tides backed up the tidal basins of the Charles.
		First, he devised a way to control the amount of water in the Back Bay, by building tidal gates where the Fens flowed into the Charles.
	www.fredericklawolmsted.com /back.html (416 words)

	The Fens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Fens, also known as the Fenland, are an area of former wetlands in the eastern part of England, stretching along the coast of Lincolnshire to Kings Lynn and reaching into the counties of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire and Norfolk.
		The term The Fens is used for any or all of a series of connected former wetlands (and their surrounding communities) stretching around the whole of the coast of The Wash between Norfolk and Lincolnshire and up around Lincolnshire.
		There is evidence for human settlement near the fens from mesolithic period on; indeed, the evidence suggests that mesolithic settlement in Cambridgeshire was particularly along the fen-edges and on the low islands within the fens, to take advantage of the hunting and fishing opportunities of the wetlands.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/The_Fens (2645 words)

	Housing \| fenway
		The center of the Fenway/Kenmore area (usually referred to as simply "the Fenway" or "the Fens") is the Back Bay Fens parkland.
		The Fenway is bordered by the Charles River and the Back Bay on the north, the South End, Roxbury and Mission Hill on the south and Brookline and Allston/Brighton to the west.
		The Back Bay Fens park provides an attractive green space for the area and includes the Museum of Fine Arts Rose Garden and the Fenway Urban Gardens.
	web.mit.edu /housing/och/fenway.html (709 words)

	Archived conservation news articles on Fens
		The Fens are now a major attraction to the cult of the transport age, cars, coaches, trains and more notably river craft descending upon the area, and at the...
		A wicked wind was whistling in from the Fens at kick-off and a lake in the stadium car park was an indication to the volume of rain that had seeped into the...
		Fens are wetlands characterized by rare plant and animal species and by surface water rich in calcium and magnesium, she said.
	conservation.mongabay.com /news/Fens.htm (11441 words)

	Back Bay Fens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When Boston was first settled the town stood on a site that was connected to Roxbury by a spit of sandy ground called "The Neck." The rest of it was formerly wetlands, both the tidal — "Fens" — and salt marsh — in the shallow sea water body "Back Bay".
		Thus, the Fens became a freshwater lagoon part of the river Basin, regularly accepting storm water from the Charles River Basin.
		The Riverway linear park begins where the Fens meets the Charles River, at Charlesgate, and then extend southward to Franklin Park.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Back_Bay_Fens (619 words)

	AEGiS-BAYW: City officials raid ‘health club’
		The Safari Club was expected to receive the formal complaint and list of alleged violations from the BISD as Bay Windows was going to press, and Allen said he would then have 30 days to respond to the allegations.
		Regarding the alleged evidence of sexual activity, Allen ù who was not at the bar during the actual inspection ù said he was told by Safari Club management that the police and inspectors ôdidnÆt see anyone doing anything,ö but they considered the condoms and lubricant to be evidence of sexual activity.
		But Nancy Lo, director of the mayorÆs office of consumer affairs and licensing, told Bay Windows that any establishment with a large-screen TV or background music that is open to the public is required to obtain an entertainment license.
	www.aegis.com /news/bayw/1999/BY991003.html (1723 words)

	Boston Athletic Association
		The 13.1-mile, rolling course features a combined loop and out-and-back route, beginning and ending at Roberto Clemente Field in the Back Bay Fens neighborhood of Boston (also known as the Fenway).
		Returning from Franklin Park, the course follows the Arborway to the Jamaicaway to the Riverway before finishing back in the Fenway neighborhood at Roberto Clemente Field.
		Heading back towards the start/finish venue, the course follows the Arborway to the Jamaicaway to the Riverway.
	www.bostonmarathon.org /HalfMarathon/RaceCourse.asp (455 words)

	Symphony Properties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Back Bay Fens is a part of Boston’s Emerald Necklace, a park system designed by Frederick Law Olmstead (also known for designing New York City’s Central Park).
		The Fens is a great place to go for a walk, sunbathe, or play any number of sports.
		This neighborhood is bounded by the Charles River to the north, the Boston Common to the East, Huntington Ave and the Christian Science Center to the South and Massachusetts Ave to the west.
	www.symphonyproperties.com /pages/sni.php (1461 words)

	Amer. Landscape and Arch. Design: F. L. Olmsted
		The entire scheme comprised The Boston Public Garden, the Commons, Commonwealth Avenue, the Back Bay Fens, the Riverway, Olmsted Park, Jamaica Park, Arnold Arboretum, and Franklin Park, strung together with a series of parkways.
		The Back Bay Fens was not a park as such, but instead an attempt at sanitizing the area, which had been a health hazard for the residents of the Back Bay.
		Frederick Law Olmsted suggested a parkway along the river rather than a grand boulevard as the link between the Fens and Leverett Park in keeping with his concern for preserving the natural scenery of the landscape whenever possible.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/award97/mhsdhtml/olmsted.html (507 words)

	Archived conservation news articles on Fens
		On the 40-minute journey across the bleak landscape of the Fens the coach was preceded by a vanguard of police motorcycles with blue lights flashing.
		Along with large hemlocks, he says there is a "sloping fens," a peatland type of bog that is rare for the area and "an usual assemblage of plants," such as...
		The company's founder, William James Unwin, was from a rural family which had farmed the fens for generations and had settled in the village of Histon.
	conservation.mongabay.com /files/Fens.htm (4299 words)

	The Emerald Necklace Conservancy
		Devoting himself to combining landscape transformation with sanitary engineering, he turned a fowl-smelling tidal creek and swamp that periodically flooded into "scenery of a winding, brackish creek, within wooded banks; gaining interest from the meandering course of the water."
		Noted landscape architect Arthur Shurcliff added new features such as the Kelleher Rose Garden and ballfields, employing the more formal landscape style popular in the 1920s and 1930s.
		Within the Fens exists the oldest remaining wartime “Victory Garden” (1941) planted by citizens.
	www.emeraldnecklace.org /index.cgi?page=backbayfens (127 words)

	The Emerald Necklace--Reading 3
		Frederick Law Olmsted began his first Boston park project in 1878 in the newly created open land known as the Back Bay Fens (marshy area or swamp.) Olmsted worked with city engineers not only to solve the sanitation problem but to restore the area to its original salt marsh condition.
		At the same time that Olmsted was working to create the Back Bay Fens he also became involved in another project in Boston.
		He used Commonwealth Avenue as a connection between the Back Bay Fens and the Public Garden.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/86bostonparks/86facts3.htm (1137 words)

	HDM Current Issue 17
		It is impossible and inappropriate to go back to Frederick Law Olmsted’s picturesque design vocabulary, but we would do well to remind ourselves about his underlying agenda.
		He argued for many things: the landscape as a fundamental part of urban infrastructure and social life; public spaces as a critique of and commentary on the cities they belonged to; the revelation and intensification of natural process in urban life; and the raising of public consciousness about the importance of the built environment.
		Projects like Boston’s Back Bay Fens—where an urban drainage system powered by tidal fluctuation also organized transportation infrastructure, provided respite from the crowded, polluted conditions of the city, and enhanced an estuarine ecological system—demonstrate a deep engagement with both urbanity and nature.
	www.gsd.harvard.edu /research/publications/hdm/back/17books_wolff.html (2995 words)

	ALLCACH2002 - abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Boston's Back Bay Fens project is using computer technology to document, research, and interpret the history of the infrastructure of Boston's Back Bay Fens park and surrounding area from 1878 until the present.
		The Salem Witch Trials and the Boston's Back Bay Fens projects are socio- cultural historical studies.
		The Boston Back Bay Fens Project:http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/backbay/fens.site/html/maps/contextmap/ greatbay/greatbay.html This case study of Boston's Back Bay Fens and its surrounding urban landscape demonstrates the extreme data density that Flash can manage, while maintaining small file sizes and a high level of interactivity.
	www.uni-tuebingen.de /cgi-bin/abs/abs?propid=55 (3610 words)

	Boston Athletic Association
		Race begins on Park Drive adjacent to the Emerald Necklace park system’s Roberto Clemente Park in the Back Bay Fens neighborhood of Boston (also known as The Fenway).
		The race begins on the north side of Roberto Clemente Field on Park Drive at Queensbury Street in the Back Bay Fens, heading north.
		Heading back towards the start/finish venue, the course follows the Arborway to the Jamaicaway to the Riverway and the Fenway (runs parallel to Park Drive and begins across from the Landmark Center).
	www.bostonmarathon.org /Archives.asp?id=28 (522 words)

	Pressley Associates - Landscape Architecture, Site Planning & Urban Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Originally designed and constructed in the 1890’s, the four parks are the Back Bay Fens, The Riverway, Olmsted Park and Jamaica Pond.
		The Master Plan for the four parks focuses on the following objectives: addressing the physical and aesthetic breaks and barriers that impact the system today; reestablishing Olmsted’s intended separation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation; recreating Olmsted’s intended passage of space and perceptions of distance; and creating a practical means of managing and maintaining the parks.
		As a result of these events the City of Boston and the Town of Brookline are jointly acquiring funding to design and carry through to completion flood control measures within the Emerald Necklace from Back Bay Fens to Olmsted Park.
	www.pressleyinc.com /historic-emerald.html (656 words)

	The Fenway (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As Olmsted’s engineering masterpiece, the Back Bay Fens was designed to solve the increasing problems caused by flushing out the stagnant Muddy River waterway at low tide.
		Transformed from a salt- to a fresh-water marsh after 1910 with the creation of the Charles River Dam, the Fens encompasses a variety of features; the elegant Rose Garden, War Memorials, and the community "Victory Garden".
		This section at the western end of the Fens was covered by a parking lot used by Sears, Roebuck.
	www.emeraldnecklace.org.cob-web.org:8888 /fenway.htm (215 words)

	Pressley Associates - Landscape Architecture, Site Planning & Urban Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The master planning work which began in 1993 shaped the Phase I restoration design and construction on the four parks: The Back Bay Fens, The Riverway; Olmsted Park, and Jamaica Pond.
		The Master Plan focuses on the following objectives: addressing the physical and aesthetic breaks and barriers that impact the system today; re-establishing Olmsted's intended separation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation; recreating Olmsted's intended passage of space and perceptions of distance; and creating a practical means of managing and maintaining the parks.
		The goal of the Master Plan is to recover the historical image, while bringing the Commons back to full viability as a neighborhood resource.
	www.pressleyinc.com /historic.html (932 words)

	FCD - Gardens
		The Back Bay Fens encompasses a variety of features; the elegant Rose Garden, War Memorials, Clemente Ball Field, and the community Victory Gardens.
		The Rose Garden, located in the Back Bay Fens across from the MFA is the setting for the annual Rose Garden Party, a fundraiser held each June.
		Located in The Back Bay Fens, near Fenway Park.
	www.fenwayculture.org /gardens.htm (422 words)

	Boston's Back Bay - Boston.com
		Boston’s Back Bay combines history and distinctive architecture with modern-day sophistication.
		Literally built from the ground up (Back Bay was created by filling swampy land in the Charles River Basin), Back Bay is affluent Boston at its best.
		When the sun goes down, the activity and excitement shifts to the restaurants and bars in the area – there are plenty of places to get a good meal and to see and be seen.
	www.boston.com /travel/boston/neighborhoods/back_bay (159 words)

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