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Topic: Backbone

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	Internet backbone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the decommissioning of the NSFNet Internet backbone network on April 30, 1995, the Internet now consists entirely of the various commercial ISPs and private networks (as well as inter-university networks), as connected at their peering points.
		These backbone providers usually provide connection facilities in many cities for their clients, and they themselves connect with other backbone providers at Internet Exchange Points such as MAE-East in New York or FreeIX in France.
		Backbone networks are usually commercial, educational or government owned, such as military networks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internet_backbone (362 words)

	Backbone cabal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The backbone cabal was a group of large-site administrators who pushed through the Great Renaming and reined in the chaos of Usenet during most of the 1980s.
		Gene Spafford is said to have organized the backbone in 1983 to stabilize the Usenet propagation.
		During most of its lifetime, the Cabal (as it was sometimes capitalized) steadfastly denied its own existence; it was almost obligatory for anyone privy to their secrets to respond "There is no Cabal" whenever the existence or activities of the group were speculated on in public.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Backbone_cabal (257 words)

	IA DNR: State Parks
		Backbone is named for its narrow and steep ridge of bedrock carved by a loop of the Maquoketa River.
		Backbone consists of 2,001 acres and is heavily wooded with a variety of tree species, predominantly oak and maple.
		Among the projects completed at Backbone were the dams on the Maquoketa River forming Backbone Lake, a cluster of rustic family cabins, beach and boat house, an auditorium, bridges, roads, picnic shelters, rest rooms and trails.
	www.iowadnr.com /parks/state_park_list/backbone.html (823 words)

	[No title]
		Backbones own or lease national or international high-speed fiber optic networks that are connected by routers, which the backbones use to deliver traffic to and from their customers.
		Backbones may thus refuse to peer with backbones hosting a high proportion of content providers on the grounds that they are bearing the expense for more capacity than the backbone that is actually hosting the content that utilizes this capacity.
		These smaller backbones would be able to resell these services to their own customers, and would not seem to face any barrier to acquiring either the infrastructure or customer base that could enable them eventually to join the ranks of the larger backbones and qualify for peering.
	www.fcc.gov /Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp32.txt (19093 words)

	Internet backbone -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Internet backbone was the central network that linked all the parts of the (A computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange) Internet together.
		With the decommissioning of the NSFNet Internet backbone network on April 30 1995, the Internet now consists entirely of the various commercial (Click link for more info and facts about ISP) ISPs and private networks, as connected at their (Click link for more info and facts about peering) peering points.
		The term "Internet backbone" is now sometimes loosely used to refer to the inter-provider links and (Click link for more info and facts about peering point) peering points.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/internet_backbone.htm (355 words)

	Backbone Cabling System Structure
		Equipment connections to backbone cabling should be made with cable lengths of 30m (98 ft.) or less.
		The backbone is limited to no more than two hierarchical levels of cross-connects (main and intermediate).
		A total maximum backbone distance of 90 m (295 ft.) is specified for certain applications.
	www.sacramentoelectronics.com /Network/backbone.html (317 words)

	Search Institute: Archives
		Their function is much like that of the scaffolds built around buildings during erection or repair to provide a temporary stability until the building is ready to stand on its own.
		Backbone was a quality urged by mothers onto sons, as in, "I hope to goodness you'll have backbone enough not to go driving around the contryside on back roads with those crazy Belton boys.
		One essential component of backbone is enthusiasm for the educational process, not only now but well into the future.
	www.search-institute.org /archives/bb.htm (1762 words)

	RSG: Features: The Towers of Backbone.
		Unfortunately, whilst mentioning a role for Backbone in both civil defence and air defence he assumed that the system linked “secret sites”, a belief founded on the mistaken, but perhaps understandable assumption that the civil defence sites the government said it would provide existed but because they could not be seen they must be secret.
		As many people have pointed out “backbone” is a common term in communications technology to simply mean a central carrying system, there are references from as early as 1909 to “backbone trunk telephone circuits”.
		Although Backbone is frequently mentioned in PRO files on home defence in the late 1950s it is hardly mentioned at all in the 1960s.
	www.subbrit.org.uk /rsg/features/backbone/index.shtml (4149 words)

	Internet Backbone
		Internet backbone is the physical network (usually relying on fiber optic cable) that carries Internet traffic between different networks and is measured in megabits per second.
		As a result, having a high capacity of Internet backbone in a metropolitan area relative to demand is a competitive advantage.
		Places with the most backbone capacity relative to demand tend to be located in the middle of the nation.
	www.neweconomyindex.org /metro/part4_page5.html (319 words)

	Backbone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The backbone is a synonym for the spine of a vertebrate organism.
		In polymer chemistry the backbone chain refers to the framework of the molecule.
		If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Backbone (157 words)

	Backbone Networks (Linktionary term)
		In the collapsed backbone shown on the right, a cable runs from each department (or floor) network to a central hub or switch, usually located in a building wiring closet or management center.
		The backbone is reduced to a hub or switch and the network is configured with a star- wired topology.
		An old rule for backbones was that 80 percent of the traffic stayed in the department, while 20 percent crossed the backbone.
	www.linktionary.com /b/backbone.html (933 words)

	Backbone Security - Stopping Cyber Crime Before It Stops You
		Backbone, a privately owned business with offices in Stroudsburg, PA, Fairmont, WV, Sudbury, MA, and Hampton Roads, VA was established in 1999 with the objective of integrating government, industry, and academic computer security expertise to provide consulting in computer security and to serve as a source for solving computer and network security problems.
		Backbone offers continuous monitoring of your network on a 24 x 7 basis, 365 days a year.
		From this understanding, Backbone will prepare a security policy that defines the level of access to the system both by employees and others.
	www.backbonesecurity.com (235 words)

	The Backbone Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Backbone Awards are given to courageous community leaders, elected officials, and others in the public spotlight, in recognition of their willingness to take principled progressive stands at politically lonely moments.
		The Backbone Campaign and the After Downing Street Coalition are asking their members, allies, and all U.S. citizens to urge your Congress Member to Co-Sponsor Congressman Rush Holt's bill (H. Res.
		She has been nominated for three positions on the Backbone Cabinet and we thought that on this 100th anniversary of Columbus Day, we would be providing a valuable service to the movement to elicit Ms.
	www.backbonecampaign.org (773 words)

	BackBone, Inc. - Communications That Connect
		BackBone, Inc. (BBI) a high-tech marketing, PR and business development firm widely known for its innovative Startup 1.0 and PR.exe 2.0sm programs geared toward IT start-ups, today announces a new initiative designed to make non-profits profitable for technology companies.
		BackBone's new NFP practice, headed up by a respected industry veteran, provides IT companies with customized programs that give them the tools and direction they need to successfully access this rapidly expanding market.
		BackBone conducts a thorough review of competitors selling into the NFP sector and establishes clear market differentiators.
	www.backboneinc.com /company/news/press-nfp.html (533 words)

	BackBone Lures
		Actually, it was the success of the Backbone 1/4 ounce skimmer series jig which spawned two other sizes, fitting even a wider range of applications.
		Backbone Lures and Jigs are made with quality in mind, using the finest materials available.
		Backbone lures have a triangular head design, which enables the lure to sink slower, zigzagging upon retrieval, while allowing the hook to remain in an upright position.
	www.papajoesmarina.com /8_products/backbonelures.htm (611 words)

	BackBone Research — Research Services for the Public Relations Industry
		BackBone digs deep to uncover the industry trends and market impressions guiding your competitive landscape.
		Traditionally the agency model as it relates to PR is inherently reactive as opposed to thoughtfully responsive.
		Instead of squandering your precious resources, BackBone gives focused and in-depth research the time and energy needed to conceive, hone, develop, and conduct consistently successful public relations campaigns.
	www.backboneresearch.com (192 words)

	BackBone Solutions
		BackBone Film 1.5 is a FileMaker-based program tailored to manage almost every department of film production companies.
		The true power of BB 1.5 is felt when it runs off a server computer in a company network, feeding all the company computers with constantly updated information.
		BackBone 1.5 is also a valuable tool for individual users as well.
	www.backbone-solutions.com (93 words)

	FCC Releases Study of Internet Backbone Market: Study Concludes that Competitive Internet Backbone Market Should Remain ...
		Internet backbone providers must interconnect with one another in order to enable their customers to exchange traffic with the customers of other backbones, resulting in the universal connectivity that is the hallmark of today's Internet.
		This paper demonstrates that in a competitive backbone market, there may be legitimate reasons for a backbone provider to not peer with another backbone.
		There is concern that in the future, backbones may attempt to differentiate themselves by offering real-time services only to their own customers.
	www.fcc.gov /Bureaus/OPP/News_Releases/2000/nrop0002.html (865 words)

	Backbone Limestone
		The Backbone conformably overlies the drab fine-grained carbonate rocks of the Bailey Limestone (Silurian) in the deeper part of the Illinois Basin and probably conformably and unconformably overlies reef and nonreef rocks of the Wabash Formation (Silurian) toward the basin margin.
		In its approximately 10-county area of distribution in subsurface southwestern Indiana, the Backbone thickens southwestward from am erosional zero to a north-south elongate area of maximum thickness in the westernmost counties south of Vigo County.
		In the Indiana definition, lower Backbone rocks correlate (as facies) with the Grassy Knob of extreme southwestern Indiana and adjacent Illinois, and upper Backbone rocks probably have a partial complementary age relationship with lower Clear Creek rocks of Indiana and Illinois.
	igs.indiana.edu /geology/structure/compendium/html/comp3c10.cfm (637 words)

	About Verio - Verio Backbone SLA Terms and Conditions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Latency of the Verio Backbone of (i) 50 milliseconds or less for the North American Network, (ii) 90 milliseconds or less for the Trans-Atlantic Network and (iii) 130 milliseconds or less for the Trans-Pacific Network.
		Verio's goal is to keep Latency on the Verio Backbone to (i) 50 milliseconds or less for the North American Network, (ii) 90 milliseconds or less for the Trans-Atlantic Network and (iii) 130 milliseconds or less for the Trans-Pacific Network.
		Verio's goal is to keep Average Jitter on the Verio Backbone to 250 microseconds or less; and for Maximum Jitter not to exceed 10 milliseconds more than 0.1% of a calendar month.
	www.verio.com /about/legal/sla/global_backbone.cfm (1081 words)

	Delivering Democrats a backbone - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The group -- the Backbone Campaign -- is not only unhappy with the Bush administration, but they find their own party somewhat compliant because many will not stand up to President Bush and his policies.
		According to her, the campaign wanted to tie in with the ideals of the Progressive Movement from the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries.
		The Backbone Campaign was formed by artists and activists on Vashon Island, Wash., in January 2004.
	washingtontimes.com /upi-breaking/20050121-054922-2261r.htm (685 words)

	Devil's Backbone Open Space
		The Devil's Backbone Open Space protects wildlife habitat, a rare plant community and provides for expanded recreational activities.
		The Devil's Backbone is located off Hidden Valley Drive, approximately 2 miles west of the intersection of Wilson and Eisenhower in Loveland.
		In future years, the Devil's Backbone trailhead will be the southern access point of an estimated 14-mile regional trail system.
	www.co.larimer.co.us /parks/openlands/os_devils_backbone.htm (331 words)

	ISP-Planet - Market Research - Is the Landscape Changing for Backbone Providers?
		The current economic climate in the U.S. requires that players in the highly competitive Internet backbone market adapt to suit the needs of their ISP clients, according to a new report by CyberAtlas Research Series, a division of Jupitermedia.
		Ninety-four percent of the ISPs said a backbone provider's network quality—specifically latency and packet delivery performance—is the key secondary factor that determines the which operator they select, while 86 percent said customer care—timely order fulfillment and human contact—are as important as cost-effective pricing for services.
		The report found that 58.2 percent of ISP CEOs or owners are very satisfied with their current backbone provider, while 27 percent are somewhat satisfied and 14.8 percent are dissatisfied.
	isp-planet.com /research/2001/backbone_study.html (678 words)

	You're On The Air with Backbone Radio
		By unleashing the power of Quicktime 4, Backbone makes it easy for you to broadcast your own streaming audio onto the internet, using your own personal computer.
		Backbone helps you create your own automated radio station, simple enough to master by yourself, powerful enough to change the future of broadcasting.
		Backbone Radio is the first true internet radio production software.
	www.backbone.com /iradiob.html (238 words)

	Magma Communications - About Magma > Performance/Backbone
		If one connection fails or one of the backbone providers is having problems, network traffic is automatically redirected to the other backbone connections.
		You are a customer of Internet provider A (in Ottawa) with a single backbone connection to backbone provider B. You want to access the website of a company who is using Internet provider C (also in Ottawa) to host their website.
		If a provider has only one backbone connection and that connection fails, the provider (and you, the customer) is effectively cut off from the entire Internet.
	www1.magma.ca /aboutmagma/backbone.cfm (607 words)

	backbone on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Broadband for European eBusiness: Backbone and access networks in Europe and the future demand and supply outlook.
		ATM Switch ATM switches such as this are used in large networks, including Internet backbones.
		ATM in the Enterprise This shows how ATM is used as a network backbone or "switch fabric" within the enterprise..
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-backbone.asp (480 words)

	Devil's Backbone, The (2001): Reviews
		The Devil's Backbone has been compared to "The Others," and has the same ambition and intelligence, but is more compelling and even convincing.
		As the orphans whittle away their sticks in order to overpower their capturer with spears, it hits you that "The Devil's Backbone" could be a Disney film, had the orphans been plucky, and the villain not some benign threat to their welfare.
		But the unwritten taboo is broken in "The Devil's Backbone", a purportedly sophisticated film that also has the base mentality of a slasher pic in how women are punished for desiring sex.
	www.metacritic.com /film/titles/devilsbackbone (1055 words)

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