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	Internet backbone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the decommissioning of the NSFNet Internet backbone network on April 30, 1995, the Internet now consists entirely of the various commercial ISPs and private networks (as well as inter-university networks), as connected at their peering points.
		With the advent of the dot-com bust of 2002, a number of major telecommunications carriers were threatened by bankruptcy, and some failed completely: for example, the EBONE network was decomissioned in its entirety.
		Backbone networks are usually commercial, educational or government owned, such as military networks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internet_backbone (362 words)

	[No title]
		Network Working Group H-W. Braun Request for Comments: 1222 San Diego Supercomputer Center Y. Rekhter IBM T.J. Watson Research Center May 1991 Advancing the NSFNET Routing Architecture Status of this Memo This RFC suggests improvements in the NSFNET routing architecture to accommodate a more flexible interface to the Backbone clients.
		At the periphery of the Backbone, the client networks were typically connected by using a gatedaemon ("gated") interface to translate between the Backbone's Hello Protocol and the interior gateway protocol (IGP) of the mid-level network.
		T3 Phase of the NSFNET Backbone The T3 (45Mbps) phase of the NSFNET Backbone is implemented by means of a new architectural model, in which the principal communication nodes (core nodes) are co-located with major phone company switching facilities.
	www.rpi.edu /AFS/campus/doc/rfc/rfc1222.txt (1949 words)

	Backbone Networks (Linktionary term)
		In the collapsed backbone shown on the right, a cable runs from each department (or floor) network to a central hub or switch, usually located in a building wiring closet or management center.
		The backbone is reduced to a hub or switch and the network is configured with a star- wired topology.
		An old rule for backbones was that 80 percent of the traffic stayed in the department, while 20 percent crossed the backbone.
	www.linktionary.com /b/backbone.html (933 words)

	[No title]
		Brief Description of a Generic ISP Network A generic network topology for an ISP can be divided into two main parts: the backbone network and customer connection networks.
		Steps in the Transition of Customer Connection Networks Customer connection networks are generally composed of a small set of PEs connected to a large set of CPEs and may be based on different technologies depending on the customer type or size, as well as the required bandwidth or even quality of service.
		However, because the network examples follow the implementation strategies recommended for the generic network scenario, it should be possible to scale the examples to fit a network with an arbitrary number, e.g., several hundreds or thousands of routers.
	www.mit.edu /afs/athena.mit.edu/reference/rfc/rfc4029.txt (7501 words)

	RFC 1074 (rfc1074) - NSFNET backbone SPF based Interior Gateway Protocol
		Network Working Group J. Rekhter Request for Comments 1074 T.J. Watson Research Center IBM Corporation October 1988 The NSFNET Backbone SPF based Interior Gateway Protocol Status of this Memo This memo is an implementation description of the standard ANSI IS-IS and ISO ES-IS routing protocols within the NSFNET backbone network.
		The routing protocol which is used between the backbone and the attached mid-level networks is the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) [3].
		The Network Entity Title (NET) (which is used in the IS-ES protocol) is eleven bytes long and is constructed by first encapsulating an IP address into a NSAP address, then taking the first 11 bytes of this address as a NET.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1074.html (1440 words)

	NACS - Network Backbone Plans for 1998
		The older portion of the backbone is the switched-10 infrastructure and an accompanying population of older-technology Cisco AGS routers.
		In cases where a no-fault backbone connection is required, it is possible to connect a building to two switches in the backbone mesh, to ensure no single point of failure.
		The existing campus backbone is based upon Cisco Systems routers, and this is one of the reasons the backbone has been so successful and trouble-free to date.
	www.oac.uci.edu /network/backbone-plan-1998.html (2027 words)

	An Atlas of Cyberspaces- ISP Backbone Maps
		The backbone network of Qwest for the Northeast of the USA and below the whole country.
		Below are backbone network maps, from early 2000, for Intermedia Communications and Genuity, both major players in the Internet infrastructure world.
		Map of backbone and international connections for the Rede Nacional de Pesquisa, the nation research network for Brasil.
	www.cybergeography.org /atlas/more_isp_maps.html (318 words)

	Core competency
		The backbone networks we targeted for testing collectively carry the majority of the global Internet's traffic, and access to the network infrastructure is very carefully controlled.
		By definition, a network (or parts of it) might be offline during a maintenance period.
		This does not mean Verio's network was down for six hours during our monthlong test; rather, it is merely the sum of all the outage durations at all locations.
	www.networkworld.com /research/2002/1216isptest.html (2851 words)

	The Stanford University Network: An Overview
		Network services within a building are the responsibility of the department(s) that occupy that building.
		Both the academic server networks in Sweet Hall and the administrative server networks in Forsythe Hall plan to deploy a Cisco Catalyst-5000 switching hub to provide a switched Fast Ethernet connection to the backbone network.
		Network management and monitoring has been as difficult at Stanford, as in all large network environments.
	www.stanford.edu /group/networking/SUNetov.html (1497 words)

	The Chronicle: Daily news: 02/12/2002 -- 01
		Managers of high-speed computer networks say the best way to keep up with scientists' research needs may be to build a new international backbone network capable of handling the fast, large-capacity connections the researchers require.
		International collaboration is also an essential part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, whose purpose is to produce a detailed, three-dimensional map of the sky by calculating the positions and brightness of roughly 1 million galaxies and 100,000 quasars.
		To serve large, international projects effectively, a global backbone would need to be at least as fast as the networks connected to it, according to Mr.
	chronicle.com /free/2002/02/2002021201t.htm (987 words)

	Data Center Tour - FutureQuest, Inc.
		The Level(3) network was designed to evolve as technology evolves, taking advantage of the fact that a new generation of fiber becomes available every 18-24 months.
		ATandT’s OC48/OC-192 IP Backbone Network is one of the industry’s largest and most reliable IP networks with more than 61,000 miles of fiber-optic cable and service to more than 500 points.
		The Sprint OC-192 backbone was built from the ground up with a 100% native IP platform making reliability as its number 1 priority.
	www.visionquest.net /Network.php (854 words)

	Backbone - Americas Network
		Carriers operating IP networks traditionally have had two choices for network restoration in the event of a network topology change-such as during an outage or if a location is added.
		The carriers could allow the network to reconfigure itself automatically in about 20 seconds using the Internet protocol-an easy choice for traffic that is not delay-sensitive.
		The Shasta device, which sits at the network edge and is often used for DSL aggregation, now can support a prepaid billing model for broadband access.
	www.americasnetwork.com /americasnetwork/article/articleList.jsp?categoryId=10 (390 words)

	NC: Upgrading Your Network Backbone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Or you might change the technology of a backbone network, retaining the same backbone routers or switches.
		In these cases, everything outside the backbone remains the same, and with planning, the disturbance to users and system administrators is minimized.
		Because of the many factors and options involved in a major upgrade-the variations in the type of institutions, the myriad ways backbones are constructed, the number of vendors and proprietary technologies and the decisions regarding outsouring-this chapter cannot give you step-by-step procedures likely to fit your situation.
	www.networkcomputing.com /netdesign/bone1.html (634 words)

	Superb Internet NSSSC: Core Network & Backbone Connectivity
		Our fully redundant core network and backbone connectivity is unsurpassed in its efficiency and performance.
		The network is fully fault tolerant and able to withstand a major disaster.
		In addition, we are committed to under 50% network capacity utilization at all times; we ensure that our network always has double the capacity it needs, even at peak hours.
	nsssc.superb.net /information/corenet-info.php (1488 words)

	American Diabetes Association Network Backbone Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Under the terms of this agreement, Diversified Networks becomes supplies resources to ADA for the day-to-day operations of their backbone network.
		Diversified Networks was chosen because of their unique expertise in the size and type of network deployed by ADA.
		Diversified Networks is a Systems Integrator and Nortel Networks Premium Partner specializing in voice systems, converged voice and data networks as well as voice and data network security systems.
	www.div-net.com /pr_ADA_network.html (223 words)

	Campus Backbone Network
		The Campus Backbone Network (CBN) is a high-performance network of networks that interconnects the UCLA community.
		The redundancy incorporated in the network architecture ensures that failure of a critical component is isolated at the lowest possible level and does not cause a major portion of the network to fail.
		Development, implementation, operation, and maintenance of UCLA’s Campus Backbone Network and related infrastructure is the responsibility of the CTS Systems Operations unit.
	www.cts.ucla.edu /backbone.html (277 words)

	Unified Control Infrastructure for Carrier Network Evolution
		In this article migration strategies for the network control infrastructure are discussed, to evolve carrier networks toward an optical transport backbone optimized for IP traffic.
		The network control system, including signaling, addressing, and routing, is analyzed in detail to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed infrastructure.
		Consequently, two different types of network operation and management, as well as their interworking functions, are required in the network.
	www.comsoc.org /~ci/private/2000/nov/hache.html (2250 words)

	University Telecommunications Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Problems that originate on a department network and that are caused by a misuse of backbone services, whether accidental or intentional, will not be allowed to impact the operations of another department network or the backbone network.
		Additionally, Network Managers and other department technical contacts should be aware that customers connecting to the backbone network via Remote Network Access (RNA) are subject to the rules and guidelines of the Remote Network Access Acceptable Use Policy.
		The network manager for that segment was not able to identify exactly who was using the computer at the time of the incident.
	www.utd.rochester.edu /documentation/network_connection/nca_acceptable_use.htm (691 words)

	vBNS collaboration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		MCI is also expected to participate in the development and use of advanced Internet routing technologies as well as enhance the speed at which the network operates.
		The NSFNET is completing a transition from a single backbone network to a competitively provisioned set of Internet services.
		It is envisioned as a unique resource for network and application researchers nationwide to explore performance issues with new technologies (e.g., how host systems and interfaces interact with ATM components of the wide area network).
	www.nlanr.net /VBNS/vBNS.html (338 words)

	Current ACITS, May 2000, UTnet Backbone Network Upgrade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Instead, the vast majority of the funds used for developing the network have come from the IT budgets of the schools and departments on campus who paid for their network equipment and cabling.
		Those sites on campus that need the highest level of network reliability must provide routing and switching equipment in their buildings that can connect to both backbone networks on separate switches in the core.
		The new ACES building network will be installed with dual connections as well, and several other dual-connection building designs are in the planning stages.
	www.utexas.edu /acits/newsletter/may2000/utnet.html (1097 words)

	Backbone Radio Streaming for Mac OS X
		Backbone Radio helps new and established radio stations assemble, automate and stream their content onto the Internet with intuitive, easy-to-use tools for the professional broadcast environment.
		Backbone Radio is a complete radio station application, consisting of a control unit for Mac OS X and an RTP/RTSP standards-compliant server, which stores and transmits the program onto the Internet.
		Backbone Radio allows operators to combine a fluid mix of live and cross-faded recorded material on the air.
	www.backbone.com /OSX_PressRelease.html (421 words)

	RedIRIS - Network Services
		The backbone that supports communications services provided by RedIRIS is made up by a set of nodes distributed throughout the country.
		A node is a set of communications equipments that concentrate the backbone transmission media and access lines of the centres of each region.
		With regard to international connections, RedIRIS participates in the GÉANT Project which is a Pan-European IP network with a 10 Gbps backbone and 2,5 Gbps accesses.
	www.rediris.es /red/index.en.html (366 words)

	Single network ATM backbone to put Health First on the road to telemedicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One single network backbone is transmitting all the medical information between the various locations of the health care organization.
		To answer this purpose, the ATM network solution had to be of superior reliability and scalability to process the huge amount of information with as less downtime or performance degradation as possible during the network's migration.
		Moreover, a medical record system will be installed on the network as a repository for the caregiver at no matter what location in the continuum of care he or the patient are finding themselves.
	www.hoise.com /vmw/articles/LV-VM-12-98-1.html (712 words)

	Network Services Guidelines
		ISD Network Services is responsible for administering the backbone network, and Facilities Management Communications is responsible for administering the backbone and cabling infrastructure.
		The downtown backbone is currently FDDI and exclusively uses high-speed Cisco routers to maintain a common interface.
		A limited number of network protocols are supported by Network Services over the backbone in order to maximize support and communication without having to purchase additional gateways, and to ensure interoperability.
	www.co.pima.az.us /networks/guide.htm (1254 words)

	Mapnet
		Commercial Internet service providers grow increasingly hesitant to voluntarily publish topology or peering information about their networks, and those that do so use no standard format, leading to the problem that any existing maps are fairly incomparable with each other.
		At the same time, the evolution of cooperative research networks, currently framed by the NSF, new connections to the vBNS, and cooperating U.S. federal agencies, has given rise the the desire to be able to share performance information across infrastructures, perhaps even commerical ones.
		We have developed a tool for visualizing the infrastructure of multiple backbone providers simultaneously (Mapnet), and for updating and correcting information that may be invalid or out of date (Mapnet Update).
	www.caida.org /tools/visualization/mapnet/Backbones (326 words)

	Project Name: Next Generation Backbone, Phase I
		The Backbone Engineering Group has been working for the past 7 months on developing a design for enhancing the backbone network services available at UCSB.
		This networking bottleneck limits the ability of departments to take advantage of their 100Mb bandwidth when communicating with other on-campus locations (e.g., between a server in English and the Residence Halls) or off-campus (e.g., to take advantage of the increased external bandwidth that Calren has brought to campus).
		The redistribution of network routes between devices using the current OSPF protocol and devices using the older RIP protocol has been problematic, and has resulted in the periodic inability of some areas of campus to connect to services on other areas of campus.
	www.physics.ucsb.edu /~itpg/ngb[1].htm (1653 words)

	BYTE.com
		Collapsed-backbone networks are fundamentally different from traditional backbone networks, in which each LAN is connected via a router or a hub to a backbone cable or fiber that runs thr oughout a building.
		This means that in a distributed network, networking staff frequently are dispatched to locations throughout a company's facilities to maintain the routers.
		Considerations include the architecture of the existing network, the type and amount of traffic on the network, and whether the delivery of the data is time-sensitive.
	www.byte.com /art/9410/sec10/art5.htm (2667 words)

	FTP Hosting Network, FTP Networks, Network FTP
		MCI's IP web hosting network maintains high levels of reliability with redundant and diverse paths to avoid single points of failure and provide optimal routing and traffic flow.
		A continuously upgradeable network with high-capacity, scalable peering interconnections ensures uncongested connectivity between the world's largest Internet backbone networks.
		The current AboveNet network consists of a set of sites interconnected in a partial mesh extended to accommodate a larger number of sites moving toward a two level hierarchy.
	www.ftptoday.com /networks.htm (407 words)

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