
	Where results make sense

Topic: Background disambiguation

	Background - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Background, in journalism, is an understanding between a news source and a reporter on the privacy of a discussion.
		Background radiation refers to the natural radiation that is always present in a location.
		Cosmic microwave background radiation is a natural constant radiation emanating throughout the universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Background_(disambiguation) (239 words)

	Cosmic microwave background radiation - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe.
		The period after the emission of the CMB and the observation of the first stars is semi-humorously referred to by cosmologists as the dark age, and is a period which is under intense study by astronomers.
		Of these experiments, the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite that was flown in 1989-1996 is probably the most famous and which made the first detection of the large scale anisotropies (other than the dipole).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/CMB (1677 words)

	PK/CDPages/Disambiguation
		Disambiguation is apt: at a time when "ecstatic jazz" has become a marketing label for empty bluster, this quartet's concentration on precise quarter-tones produces a new, if sombre, light.
		The verb "disambiguate" is defined in Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary as follows: "to establish a single semantic or grammatical interpretation for." If applied to this disk, then, the title suggests that Pandelis Karayorgis is attempting to define his music in a single interpretation.
		Disambiguation is far too complex and far too worthy a disk to confine to one interpretation.
	karayorgis.com /Pages/CDPages/Disambiguation.html (3565 words)

	Sky Background -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		A background frame is often the first exposure in an astronomical observation with a CCD: the frame will then be subtracted from the actual observation result, leaving in theory only the incoming light from the astronomical object being observed.
		The galactic X-ray background is produced largely by emission from hot gas in the Local Bubble within 100 parsecs of the Sun.
		Background independence is a condition in theoretical physics, especially in quantum gravity, that requires the defining equations of a theory to be independent of the actual shape of the spacetime and the value of various fields within the spacetime.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/133/sky-background.html (1213 words)

	Syntax Definition for Language Prototyping: Introduction
		Although disambiguation filters give an abstract account of disambiguation, implementation of disambiguation by means of a filter applied to the parse forest after parsing can be too inefficient for a number of disambiguation methods.
		Disambiguation by means of priorities is implemented in the parser generator.
		It was presented under the title using filters for the disambiguation of context-free grammars at the ASMICS Workshop on Parsing Theory in Milan and appeared in the proceedings.
	www.cs.uu.nl /people/visser/thesis/intro.html (3900 words)

	Astronomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.
		Microwaves form the millimeter end of the radio spectrum and are important for studies of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
		Fundamental to modern cosmology is the well-accepted theory of the big bang, wherein our universe began at a single point in time and thereafter expanded over the course of 13.7 Gyr to its present condition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astronomy (4465 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| ProMiner: rule-based protein and gene entity recognition
		For disambiguation of found protein and gene name matches, names from external dictionaries are detected in the text.
		For match disambiguation, we detected occurrences according to additional external dictionaries containing biological processes and cellular component names from the Gene Ontology http://www.geneontology.org/, fly body parts from FlyBase http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/ and cell types.
		An analysis of the organism disambiguation performance revealed that the disambiguation failed when genes from different organisms are mentioned in one abstract.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/6/S1/S14 (5374 words)

	background - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		As he came to a little bridge across a dry ravine he saw the figure of a man standing upon it, clearly outlined against the gray background of a misty forest.
		They bristled with unknown perils, and he gazed at them, fascinated, till their dazzle became a background across which moved a succession of forecastle pictures, wherein he and his mates sat eating salt beef with sheath-knives and fingers, or scooping thick pea-soup out of pannikins by means of battered iron spoons.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /background (167 words)

	Word Sense Disambiguation: Timeline
		For competing senses, the one with the highest relatedness score is the disambiguated sense.
		In the word-sense disambiguation research area, there is the additional problem of manual tagging of word senses which is expensive.
		After training, disambiguation results over a certain threshhold are treated as handtagged, and used as further evidence for the disambiguation of the word in question.
	www.ics.mq.edu.au /~swan/readingroom/word_sense_disambiguation/timeline.htm (1297 words)

	Contextual weighting for Support Vector Machines in literature mining: an application to gene versus protein name ...
		In this paper, we consider the disambiguation of the sense "gene" or "protein" when the name is not disambiguated explicitly by the author with the word "gene" or "protein" (e.g.
		For each distance from the name to be disambiguated, we estimated the conditional probability that there is a word in the context at that distance and the word is another ambiguous name with the same sense, as well as the conditional probability that the word is a name with the opposite sense.
		These probabilities are illustrated in Figure 1, where the solid line denotes the probability of an occurrence of a name with the same sense and the dashed line denotes the probability of the opposite sense.
	bmc.ub.uni-potsdam.de /1471-2105-6-157/text.htm (7804 words)

	Word sense disambiguation patent invention
		Systems and methods for word sense disambiguation, including discerning one or more senses or occurrences, distinguishing between senses or occurrences, and determining a meaning for a sense or occurrence of a subject term.
		In order to achieve commercially acceptable performance, some means must be found to reliably discern the presence of a word sense, reliably distinguish between different senses of the same term, and reliably determine the correct sense for the terms that are encountered.
		Such discerning, distinguishing, or determining of the sense of terms in written or spoken language is referred to, generally, as word sense disambiguation (WSD).
	www.freshpatents.com /Word-sense-disambiguation-dt20060601ptan20060117052.php (915 words)

	background - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Background : Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898) [home, info]
		Phrases that include background: background noise, background music, cosmic microwave background radiation, background retinopathy, background signal, more...
		Words similar to background: backcloth, backdrop, desktop, ground, scope, setting, background knowledge, background signal, play down, rear, screen background, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=background (459 words)

	Learning Rules for PP-Attachment Disambiguation (York) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		P-Progol is applied to a natural language processing task of learning rules for PP-attachment disambiguation (Kazakov et al.).
		The background predicates map word-forms into lexical entries, and semantic classes, e.g.
		Progol rules covering each of the classes are learned and then applied to associate semantic classes with a test example of a given class, therefore reducing semantic ambiguity in the phrase.
	www-ai.ijs.si /~ilpnet2/apps/ppa.html (126 words)

	Until recently, most NLP research has been focused on the understanding of a larger text
		The methods used for word-sense disambiguation on a larger text cannot successfully be applied to such a domain.
		the word plant is disambiguated to refer to a factory by the surrounding words (corporation, business, expenses, manufacturing, factory, etc.) which all point to the current domain of a manufacturing plant.
		The same techniques used here to allow disambiguation to be applied to small collocations of words should also be more broadly applicable to other areas of word sense disambiguation where the current methods fail due to a lack of domain-dependence exhibited by the target word.
	www.cs.utah.edu /~phillips/RevisedProposal.htm (1976 words)

	Test diary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		This document documents the testing of the parser and disambiguator.
		Background info and test plan is found in the test plan document.
		What is found here is an overview of what has been tested, both vocabulary testing, testing of the disambiguator, and testing of the morphological analysis.
	giellatekno.uit.no /doc/lang/sme/sme-testdiary.html (528 words)

	BG - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		background as for art (in particular traditional animation).
		This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
		If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/BG (222 words)

	Summary notes for chapters one and two in Constraint Grammar: A Language-Independent System for Parsing Unrestricted ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The parser should moreover enable the user option of basing the disambiguation of unclear cases on clear cases with the same content words from the text at hand; this may be particularly relevant for domain-restricted input text.
		Another option is to invoke manual disambiguation mode requiring the user to manually disambiguate cohorts (alternative readings of a word form) of unresolved ambiguities after context-sensitive disambiguation.
		Heuristic disambiguation constraints are a feature in CG enabling a regimented use of "riskier" constraint.
	www.hum.sdu.dk /institut/isk/kasch/PhD-thesis.htm (15474 words)

	Word-Sense Disambiguation
		The knowledge-based method disambiguates nouns by matching context with information from a prescribed knowledge source.
		WordNet is used because it combines the characteristics of both a dictionary and a structured semantic network, providing definitions for the different senses of the English words and defining groups of synonymous words by means of synsets, which represent distinct lexical concepts.
		In the following section a summary of the background of word sense disambiguation is presented.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/jair/pub/volume23/montoyo05a-html/node3.html (474 words)

	Learning Part of Speech Disambiguation Rules for Swedish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Compared to the previous study, a much richer, more linguistically motivated, background knowledge has been supplied in this task, consistmg of examples of noun phrases, verb chains, auxiliary verbs, and sets of part of speech categories.
		The aim has been to create the background knowledge rapidly, without laborious hand-coding of linguistic knowledge.
		In addition to the new background knowledge, new, more expressive rule types have been induced for two part of speech categories and compared to the corresponding rules of the previous bottom-Iine experiment.
	www-ai.ijs.si /~ilpnet2/apps/pos-swe.html (217 words)

	G8 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		For the Australian league of universities, see Group of Eight (Australian Universities).
		For other uses, see G8 (disambiguation) and G7 (disambiguation).
		The Group of Eight (G8) consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Russian Federation.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/G8 (1415 words)

	CPS 370 - FALL 1997
		Unsupervised learning of disambiguation rules for part of speech tagging.
		Disambiguating noun groupings with respect to WordNet senses.
		Word sense disambiguation using a second language monolingual corpus.
	www.cs.duke.edu /~mlittman/courses/cps370-97 (1176 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Contextual weighting for Support Vector Machines in literature mining: an application to ...
		These words may be located near to the name to be disambiguated, being strong indicators of its sense.
		Note also that memorizing the names does not help the classifier to disambiguate names that do not exist in training data, for example, names introduced only recently.
		However, the distances of the words with respect to the word to be disambiguated seem intuitively to be important.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/6/157 (7928 words)

	CS 288: An AI Approach to NLP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Other topics include lexical and grammatical disambiguation, the computational use non-literal language, and language acquisition.
		The course covers a variety of approaches to these fundamental problems, but also examines practical techniques that implement partial solutions to problems such as lexical disambiguation and parsing, and some applications of these solutions to tasks such as information retrieval and machine translation.
		While extensive familiarity with Artificial Intelligence or linguistics is not presumed, some background in AI is helpful.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~wilensky/cs288/description.html (211 words)

	Poynter Online - Anonymous Sources
		"On background" and "not for attribution" mean reporters may quote sources but identify them only vaguely, such as a Pentagon official.
		"Deep background" means reporters can use the information, but with no attribution.
		Such a strategy would not affect investigative stories where individual reporters deal with sources who really have something to say, but for good reason don't want their names next to the information.
	www.poynter.org /content/content_view.asp?id=69848 (542 words)

	security background checks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		AZCentral.com - The district also failed to receive documentation that ABM ever conducted Social Security verifications or background checks in states other than Arizona, which is required by the contract, district spokesman Keith Sterling said.
		Aspen Daily News - Things like security perimeter checks, more thorough background checks on new employees, compliance with new mandates and more staff interaction with federal agencies are all part of doing business in a post-9/11 world.
		This is a paragraph of text that could go in the sidebar.
	www.brokenminded.net /security-background-checks (1064 words)

	Combining Knowledge- and Corpus-based Word-Sense-Disambiguation Methods
		In this paper we concentrate on the resolution of the lexical ambiguity that arises when a given word has several different meanings.
		The task of WSD consists of assigning the correct sense to words using an electronic dictionary as the source of word definitions.
		Our hypothesis is that word-sense disambiguation requires several knowledge sources in order to solve the semantic ambiguity of the words.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs/project/jair/pub/volume23/montoyo05a-html/Montoyo05a.html (197 words)

	Word disambiguation apparatus and methods (US5541836)
		Multiple-parts-of-speech disambiguating method and apparatus for machine translation system
		Method and system for automatically disambiguating the synonymic links in a dictionary for a natural language processing system
		R. Krovetz, W. Bruce Croft, "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Machine-Readable Dictionaries", Proceedings of the 12th Annual International ACMSIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Jun. 1989, Cambridge.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05541836 (511 words)

	[No title]
		Are there instances correctly disambiguated by one feature set and not by the other ?
		Optimal Ensemble: accuracy of a hypothetical ensemble which predicts the sense correctly if either of the individual feature sets do so.
		We show that simple lexical and part of speech features can achieve state of the art results.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /~smm/WebDocs/MThesis.ppt (901 words)

	Historical Biographies, Nova Scotia, 1764-1800.
		Most of those in the legislature became sympathetic to Binney and determined to go over on his side as the result of a general gang up that was just then occurring against the executive, i.e., Legge.
		With Legge going back to London and the outbreak of the American Revolution, the "Binney Affair" was to soon recede to the background.
		As for Binney, himself, he continued to be embroiled in other legal difficulties stemming from his time in Canso, including certifying New Englanders to be Nova Scotians at the cost of two dollars each thus qualifying them for fishing licenses.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/BiosNS/1764-00/List.htm (3798 words)

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