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Topic: Backscatter

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	Backscatter
		Backscatter is a message you receive informing you that email you did not send was not delivered to someone you do not know.
		There are many possible reasons why a message that has been accepted can not be delivered but the most common reasons are that the recipient address does not exist or that the recipient's mailbox is full.
		Backscatter occurs when a DSN is sent to an email address forged in a spam run or forged by a virus that propagates by email.
	www.tuffmail.com /backscatter.php (299 words)

	Backscatter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the backscattered light attenuates exponentially as it travels along the optical fiber cable, the attenuation characteristic is represented in a logarithmic scale graph.
		Backscatter is particularly a problem in underwater photography, where particulate matter can be very dense and include plankton which would otherwise be near transparent.
		Backscatter can often also be removed digitally after the photo is taken with photo editing software using digital filters or cloning of areas of the photo near the backscatter spots.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Backscatter (1053 words)

	Ocean Optics. Reducing backscatter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Whatever the scale of backscatter it detracts from the cleanliness of shots and distracts the viewing eye from the subject in frame so should be avoided at all cost.
		Shooting in these conditions will reduce the backscatter but obviously natural light shots can be limited photographically unless you are either very shallow or the subject is a strong enough shape not to need any additional colour to improve it i.e.
		Whatever methods you choose backscatter is the single most irritating aspect in underwater photography and, in most cases, should be avoided at all costs.
	www.oceanoptics.co.uk /Backscatter.html (1052 words)

	HF Backscatter off Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances Identified with Pactor-II
		Backscatter has been ascribed to situations when stations are at closer proximity to each other than the typical "blind zone" but can still communicate with each other (as shown in the above figure) with their beams pointed to their sides rather than towards each other.
		In contrast, if there were a predominant and synchronous backscatter pattern from the ocean waves throughout this total illumination area, constructive interference patterns from all the individual wavefronts as seen at the receiving antenna could allow for the observation of ocean backscatter.
		The linear change in the calculated backscatter ranges with the wavelength suggests that a single primary mechanism is dominating the backscatter phenomenon being observed by amateur stations.
	ecjones.org /backscatter.html (7749 words)

	backscatter of sea-ice
		The backscatter coefficients decrease linearly with the incidence angles
		The derivative of the backscatter as a function of the incidence angle, chosen at the steep angle of 28°, is an efficient parameter for discriminating ice and water.
		By clicking on this image of backscatter coefficient at 50 degrees, you obtain an animation (mpeg) of the images for this parameter from may to august 1994.
	www.ifremer.fr /cersat/en/research/igloos/backscatter.htm (671 words)

	Backscatter Intensity map of Massachusetts Bay
		Backscatter intensity is a measure of surficial sediment texture and bottom roughness.
		In the image shown here, the backscatter intensity is represented by a suite of eight colors ranging from blue, which represents low intensity (fine-grained sediments), to red, which represents high intensity (rock outcrops and coarse-grained sediments).
		Some backscatter intensity is the result of bad weather, for example the single high intensity strip that runs northwest-southeast across the southern part of Stellwagen Bank.
	woodshole.er.usgs.gov /project-pages/bostonharbor/outfall_backscatter.html (698 words)

	Fisheries Acoustics Research - Kirchoff-Ray Mode Backscatter Model
		A backscatter response surface plots reduced scattering length as a function of fish aspect (q) and a ratio of fish length (L) to acoustic wavelength (l).
		Since maximum backscatter occurs when the top surface of the swimbladder is parallel to the transducer and corresponding incident wave front, maximum backscatter occurs at 85 degrees with the fish tilted slightly head down.
		The periodic peaks and valleys along the maximum backscatter ridge correspond to constructive and destructive interference between the swimbladder and body.
	www.acoustics.washington.edu /krmmodel.php (869 words)

	Seafloor Characterisation using Backscatter Angular Response
		This research has focused on extracting the angular response of backscatter from near-calibrated multibeam sonars as a tool for seabed classification.
		The variation in backscatter strength over this range of grazing angles has previously been ignored from conventional sidescan backscatter surveys due to their low aspect ratios.
		At this time the focus is on using empirical methods to attempt field calibration of the residual data artifacts so that the shape of the angular response may be repeatably extracted from sequential surveys.
	www.omg.unb.ca /omg/research/seafloor_characterization_using_backscatter_angular_response.html (196 words)

	Z Backscatter: power, effectiveness and safety
		By comparison, a Z Backscatter image captures data from X-ray photons that are scattered from the object undergoing inspection.
		Z Backscatter signal received is easily correlated with the particular region of the cargo undergoing inspection.
		Z Backscatter's photo-like images are easy-to-interpret, revealing both the presence and exact position of low Z (organic) components of the cargo.
	www.as-e.com /products_solutions/z_backscatter.asp (977 words)

	Radar Remote Sensing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The amount of backscatter varies as a function of incidence angle, surface roughness and soil moisture (depending on the wavelength).
		A smooth surface acts like a mirror when the angle is small, but with angles greater than 20 degrees the amount of backscatter sharply declines because the signal bounces off the surface away from the antenna.
		By changing the incidence angle and comparing how the backscatter changes with different angles it is possible to map different types of surfaces (such as smooth vs. rough lava).
	www.geog.ucsb.edu /~jeff/115a/remote_sensing/radar/radar2.html (440 words)

	Backscatter
		Backscatter is one of the largest obstacles to great underwater photography.
		Backscatter only shows up when the flash fires, so there is effectively no way to tell, before taking the picture, how it will come out.
		In general, backscatter will be an issue for shots taken in water with less than 50' (15m) visibility at the surface.
	www.hackingfamily.com /Underwater/UW_Photo_How-to/backscatter.htm (535 words)

	Locating Backscatter Positions
		Thus, any pair of radio stations communicating via Aurora backscatter is associated with an exclusive geographical band that includes the geographical position of the scatter volume - so far, we however lack information in which part of that geographical band the Aurora may be actually found.
		However, it is unlikely that any Aurora backscatter has occured outside of that green area because of the many dx stations considered in the analysis, i.e.
		However, it is important to understand that the spot of highest Auroral backscatter activity does not exclude the existence of secondary activity centers.
	www.df5ai.net /ArticlesDL/Aurora_310301/A310301_locBS.html (2399 words)

	ORBITAL EFFECTS ON ERS-1 SAR TEMPORAL BACKSCATTER PROFILES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS
		Multitemporal radar backscatter characteristics of crops and their underlying soils are analyzed for an agricultural area in southwestern Ontario, Canada using nine dates of ERS-1 SAR imagery acquired during the 1993 growing season.
		First, the temporal backscatter profile for each individual field was generated; then the general temporal backscatter profile for each crop was generated by averaging the s ° of all fields for that crop type on each date.
		In general, radar backscatter was primarily influenced by soil in the early season when fields were bare or exhibited a limited crop canopy.
	earth.esa.int /workshops/ers97/papers/banyi (1977 words)

	Backscatter Statistics and Doppler Spectra
		Based on the insights derived in Thompson and Gotwols [1994], this paper makes the assumption that the backscatter statistics are driven by the Gaussian slope statistics of the waves on a scale of the antenna footprint.
		The nonlinear transformation from slope to backscatter crossection is approximated by a parabola in log space.
		Chapman, Rick, B. Gotwols, R. Sterner II, On the statistics of the phase of microwave backscatter from the ocean surface, J. Geophys.
	fermi.jhuapl.edu /scatterometry/statistics_spectra/overview.html (573 words)

	backscatter body scanning - a Whatis.com definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The process involved is sometimes referred to as "backscatting." Backscatter devices have been used for several years in prisons, diamond mines, and customs searches, and are currently being tested as an alternative to metal-detection and pat-downs for airport security.
		In a backscatter portal, a single ray is passed rapidly over a person's body, taking just eight seconds to scan each side.
		However, some critics of the devices claim that because the X-rays used in backscatter devices do not penetrate skin, the devices could be foiled by people with certain physical characteristics, such as overlapping body parts, that make it possible for them to hide an object on their naked bodies.
	searchcio.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid19_gci1117044_alpB,00.html (438 words)

	EPIC Spotlight on Surveillance
		The backscatter machines use high-energy X-rays that are more likely to scatter than penetrate materials as compared to lower-energy X-rays used in medical applications.
		More importantly, low-dose backscatter x-ray does nothing to eradicate the risk of explosives and other contraband being brought aboard aircraft in carry-on or other baggage, for which Rapiscan technology is ineffective.
		Backscatter devices are reportedly in use in American prisons.
	www.epic.org /privacy/surveillance/spotlight/0605 (2188 words)

	In Depth: Email Backscatter
		Users are allowed to have a forward for their UEA, and they can also have a forward for any PMDF account they have, or any account on any mail server that lets them forward.
		This is a huge problem with our lists on the listserver, as about 1/4 of our backscatter email on our fallback hosts at any given time is caused by broken forwards of folks subscribed to these lists.
		As of the writing of this document, there is only one sub-domain that does this, but it contributes at least 25% of the backscatter email we send out, because of the poor configuration.
	www.mcgill.ca /ncs/products/security/bestpractice/email/backscatter (2858 words)

	Backscatter towards monitor ion chamber
		In some linear accelerators, the charge collected by the monitor ion chamber is partly caused by backscattered particles from accelerator components downstream from the chamber.
		In this work, the contribution of backscattered particles to the monitor ion chamber response of a Varian 2100C linac was determined for photon beams (6, 10 MV) and for electron beams (6, 12, 20 MeV).
		The Monte Carlo code EGS4/BEAM was used to study the contribution of backscattered particles to the dose deposited in the monitor ion chamber.
	stacks.iop.org /0031-9155/45/3159 (436 words)

	MODELING AND MAPPING SPORADIC E USING BACKSCATTER RADAR
		The aim of this study is to develop techniques to both model Es echo traces on, and map Es from, sporadic E traces on a Backscatter Ionogram (BSI).
		Their technique has been developed further in this study (see also Norman et al 1998) such that synthesized backscatter ionograms in conjunction with an ionospheric model containing a sporadic E layer are used to map and model different types of Es.
		Two example backscatter ionograms from the Jindalee Stage B data (after Houminer et al 1996) containing Es echo traces are also presented and clearly demonstrate the ease and effectiveness of the modeling and mapping techniques.
	www.ips.gov.au /IPSHosted/STSP/meetings/aip/robert/paper.htm (3300 words)

	The Citizen Scientist
		"Backscatter" is where we publish letters from our readers.
		If you would like to respond to one of our article or something you've read in "Backscatter", click here to contact us.
		Backscatter is always interested in thoughtful, articulate letters from our readers.
	www.sas.org /tcs/backscatterPage.html (248 words)

	X-Ray Backscatter
		Backscatter radiation can have a significant effect on the quality of a radiograph.
		Backscatter radiation is radiation that is scattered from an object on the film side of the specimen.
		This exercise can be used to develop an appreciation for just how significantly backscatter radiation can affect radiograph quality.
	www.ndt-ed.org /TeachingResources/NDT_Tips/X-rayBackscatter.htm (138 words)

	CAIDA : publications : papers : 2001 : BackScatter
		Our motivation is to understand quantitatively the nature of the current threat as well as to enable longer-term analyses of trends and recurring patterns of attacks.
		We present a new technique, called "backscatter analysis", that provides an estimate of worldwide denial-of-service activity.
		We use this approach on three week-long datasets to assess the number, duration and focus of attacks, and to characterize their behavior.
	www.caida.org /outreach/papers/2001/BackScatter (224 words)

	Avoiding Backscatter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Backscatter is caused when strobe light illuminates out-of-focus particles that are between your subject and your film.
		Whether hand holding or using a strobe arm, the key to minimizing backscatter is to position your strobe to the side of your lens.
		This technique is called edge lighting, because you light your subject with the inside edge of the beam of light emitted from your strobe.
	www.skin-diver.com /departments/AskThePro/jan00_avoid.asp?theID=1532 (409 words)

	Radar Backscatter Measurements
		Radar backscatter (also known as radar cross section or RCS) is measured in units of area (i.e.
		The radar cross section of an object is often related to its actual size, as seen by the radar.
		There is often considerable overlap between the backscatter ranges, so it might be difficult to differentiate between forest and shrubs, using backscatter alone.
	southport.jpl.nasa.gov /cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DOCUMENT/HTML/SLIDES/MODULE02/MEASURES.HTM (364 words)

	Neutron Backscatter Level Measurements
		ScanTech's Neutron Backscatter equipment consists of a small radioactive neutron source mounted next to a sensitive electronic detector in a scanning head.
		The Neutron Backscatter Technique works due to the principles of the interaction of neutrons with matter.
		The Neutron Backscatter Technique is a non-invasive / non-contacting service that remains external to your vessel.
	www.scanningtech.com /Neutron_Backscatter.html (875 words)

	DATA VISUALIZATION EXAMPLE FOR GLOBE AEROSOL BACKSCATTER DATA
		The field of log aerosol backscatter mixing ratio (B) for the flight is shown.
		By 03 UTC, the midtropospheric backscatter decreased, and the GSFC data indicate the presence of an interface between high and low backscatter that tilted southward and eastward with height.
		The plumes of backscatter seen in the 1.06 um image around 03:45 UTC are also evident at the 9.25 um wavelength.
	www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov /globeflt14.html (912 words)

	Screening Individuals with Backscatter X-Ray Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The strip-search alternative is not without risk to the person doing the searching, as he or she is potentially exposed to infectious disease carried by the person being searched.
		When placed in the context of the benefit of increased security for all, the comparison of backscatter x-ray screening with alternative technologies that provide the same improvement in security shows that the benefits far outweigh the risks.
		Furthermore, the risk to any individual from frequent backscatter x-ray scans is truly trivial, so that the notion of collective risk, spread out over a huge population, is not meaningful.
	hps.org /hpspublications/articles/screenindx-ray.html (1053 words)

	spambag.org backscatter listing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By now, I have heard every imaginable excuse from all over the world as to why someone believes that they deserve a special exception and be delisted despite the fact that their mail server is sending abusive backscatter bounces.
		And that's why backscatter bounce generation is generally considered to be a security vulnerability on today's Internet, that must be fixed immediately.
		For more information on backscatter, and why it is considered to be mail abuse, subject to fllisting, a plenty of useful information can be found in Google.
	www.spambag.org /backscatter.html (835 words)

	Filtering Backscatter Mail
		The last source of junk mail, pretty annoying, is backscatter mail (unsollicited failure notices from viruses/spam).
		On my personal domains, I have a few accounts, with public exposure, who are totally filled with backscatter, and I cannot filter out ALL failure notices, since it would be a big breach in the mail protocol.
		I was just asking for help on backscatter, for "general" purposes which could typically even work with all MTA on the market..
	www.webservertalk.com /message656082.html (1848 words)

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