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	Scientific method - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The scientific method is a sequence or collection of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and the acquisition of new scientific knowledge based upon physical evidence.
		This method uses an estimate of the degree of belief in a hypothesis before the advent of some evidence to give a numerical value to the degree of belief in the hypothesis after the advent of the evidence.
		The study of the scientific method is distinct from the practice of science and is more a part of the philosophy, history and sociology of science than of science itself.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Scientific_method (3614 words)

	Baconian Methods: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary on Baconian Methods
		Baconian Methods The Baconian method corresponds roughly to what is known in logic as the inductive method of reasoning, of which Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was a great advocate, as contrasted with the deductive method.
		Considered to be the method of modern science, it consists in inferring general laws from the observation of particular instances; whereas in the deductive method, general laws are assumed because of the natural harmony of the universe, and particular instances or consequences are deduced as flowing forth from them.
		Actually the scientific method is a combination of both methods: we cannot interpret phenomena without having at the outset some principle in mind; moreover, no sooner have we established a general law than we begin to apply it for the discovery of other phenomena, thus using the deductive method.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Baconian_Methods/id/100447 (844 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Baconian method is the investigative method 7 developed by Francis 3 Bacon.
		The 9 English physician Sir Thomas 5 Browne (1605-82) was one 6 of the earliest 5 scientists to 9 adhere to the 8 scientific empiricism of 0 the Baconian method.
		The 1 method consists of procedures 7 for isolating the cause 1 of a phenomenon, including 4 the method of 8 agreement, method of 5 difference, and method of 9 concomitant variation.
	www.rutle.com /baconian_method_.htm (136 words)

	Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the scientific method, an '\experiment' is a set of actions and observations, performed to verify or falsify a hypothesis or research a causal relationship between phenomena.
		On the other hand, in other cases such as biology, and medicine, it is often hard to ensure that the conditions of an experiment be performed consistently; and in the social sciences, it may even be difficult to determine a method for measuring the outcomes of an experiment in an objective manner.
		This equivalency is determined by statistical methods that take into account the amount of variation between individuals and the number of individuals in each group.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/experiment (2100 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Baconian method
		In layman's terms, a method is a series of steps taken to accomplish an objective.
		In computer science, a method is another name for an action, algorithm, function, or procedure; more specifically, in object-oriented programming, it is an implementation of code responding to certain messages.
		Method acting is a style of acting in which the actor attempts to replicate the conditions under which the character operates.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Methods (250 words)

	PHILOSOPHIC METHOD
		By this method Socrates attempted to arrive at the meaning of certain concepts and the essence of things, that is, what they are, which the mind apprehends and expresses in definitions.
		Everywhere in his writings this method is grounded in system; and the transition from thesis and antithesis to synthesis is held to be necessitated by the structure of the system within which it is grounded.
		This is the characteristic of the method that Hegel calls its negativity, its "holding fast the positive in the negative"; this characteristic is to him the essense of the dialectic.
	fromdeathtolife.org /cphil/method.html (1808 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Baconian Cipher ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Baconian Cipher (or, rather, ciphers) are based on a binary encoding of the plain text.
		Another method is a generate a cipher text by specifying that a range of letters in the Ct will serve as an `a' and the rest will be `b's.
		Baconian ciphers are a lot of fun and can be an interesting way to spend the afternoon.
	longwood.cs.ucf.edu /~gworley/files/baconian_cipher.txt (643 words)

	Learn more about List of topics (scientific method) in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Those interested in the scientific method can monitor changes to related pages by clicking on on Related changes in the sidebar.
		Inductive reasoning appears to lie at the core of scientific method, yet also appears to be invalid.
		Paul Feyerabend argued that the search for a definitive scientific method was misplaced, and even counterproductive.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/li/list_of_topics__scientific_method_.html (538 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
		In this book, Wilson discusses methods that have been used to unite the sciences and might in the future unite the sciences with the humanities.
		A method for comparing and unifying knowledge from different disciplines; gives priority to facts which are generated by experiment and objective observation rather than subjective speculations.
		A method for comparing and unifying knowledge from different disciplines; gives priority to methods and techniques that can be demonstrated to work and have pragmatic value.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Consilience:_The_Unity_of_Knowledge (978 words)

	Question "Western Science" Continued. : İstanbul IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He begins by repeating the outline of the scientific method already given in Book I, and it may be appropriate to repeat it here to make clear the important place that the rules for induction occupy in the Baconian framework.
		In spite of Bacon and his method, we have to live with the knowledge that our knowledge of the world is always tinctured with the peculiar assumptions that we hold.
		In fact, Bacon's grouse against the method of induction prevalent in his day seems to be that it did not accord sufficient attention to the negative instance and induced axioms from what Bacon calls simple enumeration.
	istanbul.indymedia.org /print.php?id=2792 (5890 words)

	What Is Science?
		The Baconian Scientific Method is given as follows and applies only to naturally recurring processes that occur in the present.
		Since the scientific method deals only naturally recurring processes that occur in the present., historical events are by definition outside of the scientific method.
		This is not to say that such views can not motivate or "inspire" the formulation of hypotheses in accord with their view of origins, however, in order to be classified as scientific theories it must be possible, at least in principle, to test the predictions made through repeatable observations in the present.
	www.thingsrevealed.net /science1.htm (1181 words)

	Francis Bacon - Metaweb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is in these works that he summed up the faults which the widening of knowledge in his own day was disclosing in ancient and medieval thought and set forth the necessity of slow laborious observation of facts as antecedent to the assumption of any general principle.
		Empiricism is generally regarded as being at the heart of the modern scientific method, that our theories should be based on our observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith; that is, empirical research, inductive reasoning and deductive logic.
		This simplified method is useful for teaching, since it describes the way in which scientists often think of themselves as acting.
	www.metaweb.com /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Francis_Bacon&printable=yes (1950 words)

	Questioning "Western Science" Continued. : İstanbul IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In fact, it seems that the idea of Baconian science generating benefits for all mankind is a misreading of the idiom of his time.
		First, we feel that the Baconian project of orienting all knowledge towards a search for power, towards control over both man and nature, and at the same time insisting that this knowledge has some unique validity, is inherently violent.
		Baconian truth, which is synonymous in Bacon's system with power, necessarily requires an 'other' in the form of nature, society of man, on whom the power is to be exercised, through whom the 'truth' is to be made manifest.
	istanbul.indymedia.org /print.php?id=2793 (5875 words)

	Chapter 4
		This emphasis on the collection of facts, while an improvement on the medieval method of citing authorities, can be overemphasized to the point of obliterating the contributions of the creative imagination of man. Furthermore, the motto "observe and compile all the facts" is demanding the unattainable.
		The method attributed to Bacon, therefore, overstresses observation or "fact" gathering without giving proper role to man's judgment in the formulation of hypotheses by his creative imagination.
		For many hypotheses this method of induction couldn't possibly have been used for the simple reason that these hypotheses contain theoretical terms whose instances either have not as yet been observed or even more importantly for some cases, observation is in principle impossible.
	www.ditext.com /lashchyk/kuhn4a.html (1504 words)

	Francis Bacon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Inductive Method, Induction In logic, the process of reasoning from the parts to the whole, from the particular to the general, or from the individual to the universal; contrasted with the deductive method, which reasons from the whole to the parts, from the general to the particular from the universal to the individual.
		This method endeavors to come to an understanding of nature by a continued process of trial and error, the formulation of its laws becoming ever wider.
		But an essential part of this method itself is deductive, since we continually reason back from the provisional hypotheses we have laid down to the new facts which we seek to discover in support or in refutation of them.
	www.experiencefestival.com /francis_bacon (1290 words)

	Psychology: 2
		psychometry and psycho-physics are more especially employed to denote sundry methods employed for measuring the duration of simple mental processes and also the relation between the intensity of sensations and their stimuli.
		Some recent authors appear at times to believe that these methods of inductive inquiry are a result of modern discovery, and that surprising advances of an undefined character have been, or in the immediate future will be, effected by their means in our knowledge of the nature of the mind.
		As a consequence, the worship of the Baconian method in its most exaggeratedly vicious form wrought that evil in the science of the mind which it would assuredly have effected, had it been as faithfully followed, in the study of external nature.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/psych002.htm (3514 words)

	Francis Bacon [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		His method is to proceed “regularly and gradually from one axiom to another, so that the most general are not reached till the last.” In other words, each axiom — i.e., each step up “the ladder of intellect” — is thoroughly tested by observation and experimentation before the next step is taken.
		And while Bacon admits that such a method can be laborious, he argues that it eventually produces a stable edifice of knowledge instead of a rickety structure that collapses with the appearance of a single disconfirming instance.
		On the other hand, it must be added that Bacon did not present himself (or his method) as the final authority on the investigation of nature or, for that matter, on any other topic or issue relating to the advance of knowledge.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/b/bacon.htm (6065 words)

	Baconian method -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "Baconian method" when you join.
		This essentially empirical method was formulated early in the 17th century by Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, as a scientific substitute for the prevailing systems of thought, which, to his mind, relied all to often on fanciful guessing and the mere citing of authorities to...
		For these reasons modern irrigation methods vary widely, but they fall into one of five general categories: flooding, furrow irrigation, subirrigation, sprinkling, and drip irrigation.
	secure.britannica.com /eb/article-9011665 (821 words)

	H-Net Review: John Henry on Solomon's Child: Method in the Early Royal Society of London
		Given the fact that one of the main strengths of the Baconian method lay in its attempt to avoid the distortion which inevitably follows from seeking evidence to support preconceived theories, this is somewhat ironic.
		Recent scholarship, therefore, has shown how a particular version of Baconian scientific method was used for promotional and propaganda purposes by the leading spokesmen for the Royal Society in their published works, while in their actual practice, these same fellows did things in a variety of different ways.
		The author provides an outline of a threefold Baconian method and argues that each of the fellows he deals with can be seen as pursuing this tripartite Baconian method in different directions.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=290671048100579 (1985 words)

	Baconian method -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Methods of irrigation depend on local conditions, including topography, crops to be irrigated, the nature and location of the water supply, and drainage characteristics of the soil.
		The use of observation is appropriate in early phases of investigation when the basic issues and parameters of a problem are not well known.
		The method used to mine a specific commodity depends chiefly on the shape and location of the deposit.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9011665&query=Novum%20Organum&ct=eb (517 words)

	[No title]
		It is being recognized that the existing "scientific" method is fundamentally inadequate to solve the complex problems of organizations encompassing numerous social, technological, psychological and economic dimensions.
		The three pillars of the foundation of the scientific method are the Cartesian philosophy, Baconian method, and Newtonian physics.
		In his new method, he argued for collection of large amounts of data through experiments and observations, and a judicious interpretation of this data to discover the patterns, laws, and secrets of nature.
	www.bauer.uh.edu /parks/fis/saraswat3.htm (4946 words)

	Online Ethics Center: Chapter 1- How Ethics and Values Intersect with Science (Ethics in the Science Classroom, Sec. I) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Debunked is the notion of a rigid Baconian scientific method by which scientists derive truth about the universe by making observations with no preconceptions about what they may discover.
		On the contrary, when students are taught that scientists are mere mortals who are subject to the same social pressures and temptations, in their work as well as in their private lives, that influence all human endeavor, they are more likely to identify with scientists.
		Other ethics and values issues related to research methods include such questions as whether a double-blind protocol is needed in cases where subjective interpretations of research data may influence experimental results.
	onlineethics.org /edu/precol/classroom/chapt1.html (3904 words)

	SEDHE: Toward a definition of science fiction
		This does not mean that the novelty is primarily a matter of scientific facts or even hypotheses; and insofar as the opponents of the old popularizing Verne-to-Gernsback orthodoxy protest against such a narrow conception of SF they are quite right.
		Science in this wider sense of methodically systematic cognition cannot be disjoined from the SF innovation, in spite of fashionable currents in SF criticism in the last 15 years -- though it should be conversely clear that a proper analysis of SF cannot focus on its ostensible scientific content or scientific data.
		Indeed, a very useful distinction between "naturalistic" fiction, fantasy, and SF, drawn by Robert M. Philmus, is that naturalistic fiction does not require scientific explanation, fantasy does not allow it, and SF both requires and allows it.
	www.sedhe.net /blog/archives/000199.html (1120 words)

	CMI Resources - Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Francis Bacon (1561-1626) perceived that this method of reasoning led to nonsense and while there were many wise statements in the writings of the Greeks, it is now admitted that Aristotle and Galen particularly retarded real science by almost two thousand years.
		In contrast, the method of deduction begins with the general statement then the facts are worked through to explain the specific case.
		The Encyclopedia Britannica for 1898 was more forthright and said that the method of induction is one which no science has ever followed and that while the deductive method is the most powerful, Bacon can hardly be said to have recognized it.
	www.creationmoments.com /resources/article.asp?art_id=29 (1658 words)

	Theory & Psychology
		It is thus evident that already in the 18th century we could have used a method of induction and come up with a rule saying that 'fresh vegetable food and greens' cure scurvy.
		Philosophers of science have convincingly argued against the Baconian view of scientific method; it and its offspring are not regarded as effective methods of science.
		In spite of this the Baconian method is dominating some fields of research.
	www.psych.ucalgary.ca /thpsyc/VOLUMES.SI/1991/1.4.Sahlin.html (8060 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Baldwin (1901) Definitions Ba - Bk
		The method of investigating experience which proceeds from given particular facts, and applies no general conceptions that have not themselves been gained from and tested by comparison with particulars.
		This produces a 'relaxing' or softening effect on the body, and this in turn produces the passion of love in the mind, which is the psychological counterpart of beauty in the object.
		Biological science has made it possible to explain many of the simpler instances of beauty by showing their relation either to the welfare of the organism as a whole, to the mechanism of the special senses, or to the sex instincts.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Baldwin/Dictionary/defs/B1defs.htm (12770 words)

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