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Topic: Bacterial spores

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The bacterial spores and/or cells separated from the air stream are then deposited as a specimen 22 on a metal coupon 20 that is disposed adjacent to spore collector and concentrator 18.
		The purpose of apparatus 10 is to collect, concentrate, lyse, and identify bacterial cells and bacterial spores in the ambient environment surrounding housing 12, particularly bacterial cells and spores that have been released as bacteriological warfare agents.
		The spore lysing apparatus, which is configured in accord with the present invention, facilitates cleavage and rupturing of the surface membrane around each of the bacterial cells and/or spores comprising the specimen.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/26405.000511&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4247 words)

	Chapter Abstracts: Bacterial Spore Formers: Probiotics and Emerging Applications
		Bacterial endospores are shielded against noxious chemicals and peptidoglycan-breaking enzymes by a protein coat that is also required for efficient spore germination.
		Bacterial spores are encased in a protein coat and, for some species, an additional structure called the exosporium.
		Spores of the genus Bacillus are used as probiotics especially in Europe and in Southeast Asia, where most of them are currently marketed to treat and prevent a broad variety of gastrointestinal disorders in man. Studies addressing the mechanism by which spores of Bacillus spp.
	www.horizonpress.com /hsp/abs/absspo.html (3259 words)

	spore -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Spores are agents of asexual reproduction, whereas gametes are agents of sexual reproduction.
		Thus spores are distinguished from gametes, which are reproductive cells that must unite with gametes of the opposite...
		Spores are often produced after sexual reproduction, enabling the parasite, in spore form, to survive the transfer from one animal host to another.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9277185?tocId=9277185 (770 words)

	Bacteria
		The shape of bacterial cells is of fundamental importance in the classification and identification of bacteria.
		The bacterial chromosomal DNA is located in a region of the cell known as the nucleoid.
		Bacterial cells may carry a single flagellum, and are thus described as monotrichous.
	www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk /mbiology/ug/ugteach/icu8/introduction/bacteria.html (2116 words)

	DNA in dormant Bacillus subtilis spores exposed to artificial UV-C, UV-B or solar radiation accumulates strand breaks ...
		First, spore samples shielded with a single layer of aluminum foil were exposed to solar radiation in parallel and treated identically to account for heat damage.
		Chromosomal DNA extracted from spores of strain WN356 exposed to UV-A sunlight on 5-16 October 1998 and full spectrum sunlight on 4-5 of August 1998 was electrophoresed through a neutral 0.8% agarose gel (A) or a 0.8% alkaline-agarose gel (B).
		The resistance of bacterial spores to solar UV is the sum of a number of protective, photochemical, and repair mechanisms.
	www.photobiology.com /photobiology2000/nichol (2663 words)

	SPORE DETECTION: NASA to develop biohazard 'smoke' detector
		Suspended spores were ruptured with microwaves to release a chemical from inside the spores called dipicolinic acid, which is unique to bacterial spores.
		The intensity of the luminescence corresponds to the concentration of bacterial spores in the sample.
		JPL initially became involved in monitoring bacterial spores to quantify the concentration of spores in spacecraft assembly facilities.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/802858/posts (1805 words)

	EPA: Pesticides - Bacillus popilliae Spores (054502) Fact sheet
		As a pesticide active ingredient, the spores of this bacterium are approved for use on lawns and ornamental plants around residential areas.
		When the spores are ingested by Japanese beetle larvae (grubs) as they feed in the ground, the spores become active bacteria and multiply in the grubs, which continue to live.
		When the larvae’s bacterial population reaches a high enough density, bacterial spores are released to the soil to await ingestion by future beetle larvae.
	www.epa.gov /oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_054502.htm (559 words)

	Bacterial structure MCQ
		Bacterial species with walls containing small amounts of peptidoglycan and, characteristically, lipopolysaccharide, are Gram-negative whereas bacteria with walls containing relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan and no lipopolysaccharide are Gram-positive.
		Bacterial spores are encapsulated concentrated cytoplasm and only one is formed per cell.
		Spores are produced by these bacteria under adverse conditions and are famous for their ability to survive heat, desiccation and radiation.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /dental/oralbiol/oralenv/mcqs/genmicro/structure2.htm (564 words)

	Sounding the Alarm for Anthrax
		For all known life forms, DPA is unique to bacterial spores and is not found in mold or fungal spores, so its presence can be used to sound an alarm for bacterial spores.
		The machine that he and Lester built involves three components: an aerosol capture device to haul in the anthrax spores, a microwave beam to release the DPA from the spores, and a luminescence spectrometer with a fiber-optic probe that detects the DPA.
		It could be used to quantify the concentration of bacterial spores in spacecraft assembly facilities, thus avoiding or at least reducing the possibility of contaminating other planets with microbes from Earth.
	pr.caltech.edu /periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v37/anthrax.html (1509 words)

	Welcome to the Ponce Group
		It is an inexpensive front-end monitor that detects increases in airborne bacterial spores as indicator of an anthrax attack.
		Since bacterial spores are the most durable form of life, a measurement of bacterial spore viability lifetime addresses this question directly.
		We have developed a bacterial spore live/dead assay that measures the viable fraction of spores in a sample.
	ponce.caltech.edu (631 words)

	LAB MANUAL, EXERCISE #6: Gram Stain, Spore Stain & Streaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Recently, Jurassic spores that are approximately 65 million years old were reported to have been germinated after recovery from insects in amber.
		The spore is shown containing the genome (DNA) and surrounded by a thick spore coat.
		The spore is shown inside of the vegetative cell, however, with time the vegetative cell parts are lost and only the spore remains.
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/101lab6.html (889 words)

	Hepatitis C Despite Commercial Sterilants and Disinfectants
		Spores labeled with [14C]methionine were diluted in LB broth, and identical aliquots were either titrated for viability or counted for radioactivity.
		The spore load on each device was estimated by immersing the loaded devices in scintillation liquid, measuring radioactivity, and multiplying this value by the specific activity of the preparation.
		The increase in the number of spores loaded onto the stainless steel screws or silicone rubber tubing was approximately linear with increasing concentrations of the loading suspension in the range of 107 to 1010 spores/ml.
	www.hcvets.com /data/transmission_methods/SterilantsDisinfectants.htm (5308 words)

	Environment News Service ENS Latest Environmental Information Education Current Issues RSS
		Current methods of detecting bacterial spores which require a trained operator constantly on duty are too costly for widespread use.
		Suspended spores were ruptured with microwaves to release a chemical from inside the spores called dipicolinic acid, unique to bacterial spores.
		The automatic bacterial spore detector will permit continuous monitoring of public facilities such as airports, hospitals, schools, and government buildings to increase the level of security against biohazards.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/oct2002/2002-10-28-01.asp (649 words)

	Inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus Spores by High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Treatment -- Watanabe et al. 69 ...
		Influence of pressurized carbon dioxide on the thermal inactivation of bacterial and fungal spores.Lebensm.
		Bacterial inactivation by using near- and supercritical carbon dioxide.
		Kinetics of death of bacterial spore at elevated temperatures.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/12/7124 (3053 words)

	CHAPTER #3: BACTERIAL ARCHITECTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In #GRAM NEGATIVE cells the cell wall consists of three components; the cytoplasmic membrane, a thin layer of a rigid sugar MOLECULE NET immediately exterior to the cytoplasmic membrane that covers the entire cytoplasmic membrane and an outermost lipid bilayer called the OUTER MEMBRANE.
		Spores are resistant to UV-light, to drying and many harmful chemicals.
		The size, shape, and location of a spore in the cell are all identifying genetic characteristics.
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap3.html (2277 words)

	Ultrasound shown to be potentially safe, effective way to kill bacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the experiments, bacterial spores contained in a paper envelope, were placed slightly (3mm) above the active area of a specially equipped source of inaudible, high frequency (70 to 200 kHz) sound waves and hit for 30 seconds.
		The number of bacterial spores that survived was determined by counting the number of colonies that grew.
		The researchers described their findings in a paper, Destruction of Bacterial Spores by Phenomenally High Efficiency Non-Contact Ultrasonic Transducers," which is posted at http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10019/tocs.htm by the publication Materials Research Innovations and will be brought out in hard copy.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/ps-ust121302.php (625 words)

	NASA Tech Briefs: Live/dead bacterial spore assay using DPA-triggered Tb luminescence
		A method of measuring the fraction of bacterial spores in a sample that remain viable exploits DPA-triggered luminescence of Tb^sup 3+^ and is based partly on the same principles as those described in the immediately preceding article.
		It has been found that in the case of a sample comprising bacterial spores suspended in a solution, the DPA can be released from the viable spores into the solution by using L-alanine to make them germinate.
		Then the fraction of viable spores is calculated as the ratio between the measured luminescence intensities of the first and second parts of the sample.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3957/is_200303/ai_n9233387 (397 words)

	MSN Money - US:CXN Recent Stock News: Investing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Anthrax, as well as other bacterial spores have been known about and used in warfare by a number of countries including the U.S. Although clean-up efforts were implemented in the various outbreaks in the US, spores continued to be found over an extended period of time.
		Unlike bacterial cells, bacterial endospores are not easily killed by bleach, alcohol, acids, bases, UV radiation or solvents.
		In the third stage of the device, the stream of newly activated spores is exposed to alpha particle bombardment via a small, safe, self-contained, low-level polonium source that damages the spores' DNA containing protoplast - effectively killing the spore and making it incapable of germinating or producing infection.
	www.crgq.com /press/06_24_2003.html (755 words)

	Detection of airborne bacterial spores
		Detection of aerosolized bacterial spores using honey bees as collectors.
		Figure 1: Effects of electrostatic charge and season on bacterial spore adsorption onto tethered honey bees in a wind tunnel.
		Bacterial spores collected from bees after 5-20 seconds contact with flowers dusted with spores.
	www.open.org /~lighthab/bees.html (570 words)

	Microbial Spore Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The spore has a hard protective coating that encases the key parts of the bacterium—think of this coating as the sarcophagus that protects a mummy.
		Then, the rubbery cell membrane that surrounds the bacterial cell fluid begins pinching inward around this chromosome copy, until there’s a little cell within the larger bacterial cell.
		Microsporidia spores are usually round, oval or rod-shaped, although many species have elaborately shaped spores that may help hide them from their host immune systems.
	www.microbe.org /microbes/spores.asp (732 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Use of Negative Ari Ionization for Reducing Bacterial Pathogens and Spores on Stainless ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In this study, the power of the charge was varied by adjustment of the voltage and/or moving the ground plane closer or further from the electrode points.
		In this study, ion density was varied by adjustment of the ionizer power supply voltage and/or moving the ground plane closer or further from the electrode points to achieve ion densities at 1 m from 103 to106 negative ions/cm3.
		Counts of bacterial pathogens were significantly less from ionized surfaces than from non-ionized surfaces.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=144346 (495 words)

	LAB MANUAL, EXERCISE #6: Gram Stain, Spore Stain & Streaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		They are so resistant to destruction that some scientists have proposed that life arrived on earth when bacterial spores drifting through space landed here.
		Recently, Jurassic spores that are approximately 65 million years old were reported to have germinated after recovery from insects in amber.
		The vegetative cell has none of the resistant properties of the spore; that is, it is easily killed by heat, UV light, and drying.
	www.towson.edu /~gekpenyo/315lab6.html (931 words)

	Spore Stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The spore that remains is highly resistant to environmental influences.
		Because bacterial spore walls are not readily permeated by materials in solution, the inner contents of spores are not easily stained by ordinary bacterial dyes.
		The spore develops in a characteristic position within the cell; and as development proceeds, the vegetative cell eventually gives way to the formation of a free spore.
	www.bsu.edu /web/00cewarnes/Bio_341/Lab_13A.htm (562 words)

	Technology Commercialization Center - TLOnline Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The bad news is that although it can tell the difference between dust and bacterial spores, it cannot differentiate between spores and many other bioaerosols like pollen.
		Bacterial spores have been called "amazing life forms," some of them found to be viable after millions of years.
		Apparently, the key to spores' amazing longevity lies in the presence of an acid called DPA in the spores living core where its DNA, RNA and proteins reside.
	tlo.tamu.edu /tlo/News/archives/2002/11-07.shtml (645 words)

	J Water Health - 01 (2003) 91-100 - Sophie Verhille et. al. - Indigenous bacterial spores as indicators of ...
		Indigenous bacterial spores as indicators of Cryptosporidium inactivation using chlorine dioxide
		Surface and ground water from seven drinking water treatment plants across North America that use chlorine dioxide were surveyed for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial spore concentrations.
		The concentrations of total spores were usually high enough in both raw and treated water to allow 4- to 5-log reductions to be observed across the treatment train by filtering up to 2 l of sample.
	www.iwaponline.com /jwh/001/jwh0010091.htm (310 words)

	EMSL: Monthly Report - July/August 2003 - Research Highlights
		Research at PNNL has led to a new technique for identifying strains of bacterial spores that requires a minimum of test sample preparation and provides highly accurate results.
		With this spectroscopic/statistical approach, it was proven possible to differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial materials, determine which bacterial samples corresponded to ones in the FTIR-PAS reference library, and identify the exact strain of those bacterial spores.
		Further research is planned to expand the range of bacteria in the library, to determine the effect of varying growth conditions, and to test the applicability of the technique to mixtures of spores.
	www.emsl.pnl.gov /new/highlights/200308 (1983 words)

	VM Balasubramaniam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		PhD student investigating kinetics of inactivation of bacterial spores by pressure assisted thermal processing.
		Masters student investigated inactivation of bacterial spores by pressure assisted thermal processing.
		Masters student studied the inactivation of bacterial spores by pressure assisted thermal processing.
	www.fst.osu.edu /cv/bala.htm (703 words)

	Effects of hydration on molecular mobility in phase-bright Bacillus subtilis spores -- Leuschner and Lillford 146 (1): ...
		Beaman, T. and Gerhardt, P. Heat resistance of bacterial spores correlated with protoplast dehydration, mineralization, and thermal adaptation.
		C nuclear magnetic resonance of bacterial spores: identification of the alpha-carbon signal of dipicolinic acid.
		Murrell, W. Chemical composition of spores and spore structure.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/146/1/49 (3283 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although spores produced by these particular growth conditions are preferred, spores produced by any compatible growth conditions are suitable for producing a Bacillus coagulans useful in the present invention.
		In one embodiment of the bacterial supernatant composition, the bacterial strain is a member of the Lactobacillus genus including, but not limited to: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus delbrukil, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus gaserli, Lactobacillus jensenii and Lactobacillus sporogenes.
		In various other embodiments of the present invention, the bacterial strains which are utilized are members of the genus Micromonospora, Sporolactobacillus, Micrococcus, Berkholderia, Rhodococcus and any of the other bacteria which possess the ability to produce a metabolite that has anti-bacterial, anti- mycotic, or anti-viral activity.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/13927.010301&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (10548 words)

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